As a scientist/physicist I view microgravity as another system state parameter: in early stages, systems behavior was studied at standard temperature and pressure. Next, observations took place over an entire range. Significant scientific discoveries and engineering advances were made when observing systems at low temperatures or low pressures. There is an immense database of information specific to 1g. Microgravity would provide a second dataset to explore further values of gravity ranges...
As a pragmatic person (entrepreneur? business? maker?) I view microgravity as benefiting and improving life on Earth in almost every aspect of it as a result of the serendipitous and cascading effects originating in the new knowledge gained in space.
I hope the presentation speaks to this effect
This document discusses the challenges of achieving higher resolution subsurface imaging of hydrocarbons. It begins by providing context on the importance of clear subsurface imaging for resource exploration and exploitation. The main challenges to higher resolution imaging are the physical properties of rocks that obscure and complicate seismic signals, as well as limitations of instrumentation and computing power. The document then examines emerging research aimed at addressing these challenges through techniques like multicomponent seismic data collection, improved algorithms, and nanotechnology. The goal is to continuously improve subsurface images needed to optimize hydrocarbon discovery and production.
This document discusses quantum dots, which are semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit quantum mechanical properties due to their small size on the order of nanometers. It describes three main methods for producing quantum dots: lithography, colloidal synthesis, and epitaxy. Potential applications of quantum dots include computing, biology, photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, and photodetectors. Advantages are their small energy requirements and suitability for applications like fluorescence tagging, while disadvantages include potential for blinking and low quantum yields.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on quantum dots solar cells. It begins with an introduction to the history of solar cells, from early experiments in the late 1800s to modern developments. It then discusses quantum dots, describing them as semiconductor nano crystals that can be tuned to different bandgap energies depending on their size. The document outlines different classifications of solar cells and compares the advantages and disadvantages of monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film solar cells. Finally, it discusses coating techniques used to apply quantum dots, such as spin coating, spray coating, and blade coating, and why quantum dots are promising for improving solar cell performance.
Perovskite solar cells have increased in efficiency from below 5% in 2009 to over 20% in 2014, making them a promising solar cell technology. Researchers have discovered ways to improve perovskite solar cells using liquid inks, upconversion and downconversion techniques, light-absorbing dyes, quantum dots, organic and polymer materials, and adaptive and nanostructured surfaces. These techniques aim to lower the cost and increase the efficiency of solar cells.
The document discusses several advanced materials processing techniques including powder processing, sol-gel processing, thermal oxidation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. It also discusses applications of these techniques such as coating ceramic outer air seals on gas turbine blades and depositing optical fibers. MEMS applications are explored including uses in biotechnology, chemical detection, adaptive optics, and miniature sensors and actuators.
This document summarizes various methods for self-assembly of photonic crystals, including opals and inverse opals. It discusses how self-assembly provides an alternative to top-down fabrication for creating 3D periodic structures. Specifically, it describes how sedimentation, centrifugation, and physical confinement can be used to assemble colloidal spheres into crystalline structures. It also introduces methods like vertical deposition and floating assembly that rely on capillary forces and evaporation. The document concludes by presenting examples of using atomic layer deposition of TiO2 to infiltrate opal templates and coat ZnO nanorod arrays, creating novel 2D and 3D photonic crystal structures through self-assembly approaches.
Solar Cells -- Faissal's Presentation to Dorsinville Group and Guests, on Fri...M. Faisal Halim
The document discusses nanocrystal-polymer hybrid solar cells as an alternative to traditional crystalline solar cell technology. It outlines the advantages of hybrid solar cells, which include lower cost, mechanical flexibility, higher efficiency, and ease of fabrication. The basic architecture of a hybrid solar cell is described, using quantum dots to absorb light, carbon nanotubes to conduct electrons, and a p-type polymer to conduct holes. Various tasks involved in fabricating these solar cells are summarized, such as synthesizing and purifying materials, depositing active layers, and assembling full devices.
This document provides an overview of using neutron scattering techniques to study the structure and dynamics of materials at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Neutron scattering is well-suited for probing liquids and glasses due to its sensitivity to light elements like hydrogen. The document discusses using neutron scattering to investigate the structure of calcium aluminosilicate liquids and glasses through measurements of the pair distribution function. It also describes studying atomic diffusion in these materials using quasielastic neutron scattering. The techniques discussed provide information about the liquid state that is important for various technological applications involving high-temperature materials processing.
This document discusses the challenges of achieving higher resolution subsurface imaging of hydrocarbons. It begins by providing context on the importance of clear subsurface imaging for resource exploration and exploitation. The main challenges to higher resolution imaging are the physical properties of rocks that obscure and complicate seismic signals, as well as limitations of instrumentation and computing power. The document then examines emerging research aimed at addressing these challenges through techniques like multicomponent seismic data collection, improved algorithms, and nanotechnology. The goal is to continuously improve subsurface images needed to optimize hydrocarbon discovery and production.
This document discusses quantum dots, which are semiconductor nanocrystals that exhibit quantum mechanical properties due to their small size on the order of nanometers. It describes three main methods for producing quantum dots: lithography, colloidal synthesis, and epitaxy. Potential applications of quantum dots include computing, biology, photovoltaics, light-emitting devices, and photodetectors. Advantages are their small energy requirements and suitability for applications like fluorescence tagging, while disadvantages include potential for blinking and low quantum yields.
The document summarizes a seminar presentation on quantum dots solar cells. It begins with an introduction to the history of solar cells, from early experiments in the late 1800s to modern developments. It then discusses quantum dots, describing them as semiconductor nano crystals that can be tuned to different bandgap energies depending on their size. The document outlines different classifications of solar cells and compares the advantages and disadvantages of monocrystalline, polycrystalline, and thin film solar cells. Finally, it discusses coating techniques used to apply quantum dots, such as spin coating, spray coating, and blade coating, and why quantum dots are promising for improving solar cell performance.
Perovskite solar cells have increased in efficiency from below 5% in 2009 to over 20% in 2014, making them a promising solar cell technology. Researchers have discovered ways to improve perovskite solar cells using liquid inks, upconversion and downconversion techniques, light-absorbing dyes, quantum dots, organic and polymer materials, and adaptive and nanostructured surfaces. These techniques aim to lower the cost and increase the efficiency of solar cells.
The document discusses several advanced materials processing techniques including powder processing, sol-gel processing, thermal oxidation, sputtering, pulsed laser deposition, and chemical vapor deposition. It also discusses applications of these techniques such as coating ceramic outer air seals on gas turbine blades and depositing optical fibers. MEMS applications are explored including uses in biotechnology, chemical detection, adaptive optics, and miniature sensors and actuators.
This document summarizes various methods for self-assembly of photonic crystals, including opals and inverse opals. It discusses how self-assembly provides an alternative to top-down fabrication for creating 3D periodic structures. Specifically, it describes how sedimentation, centrifugation, and physical confinement can be used to assemble colloidal spheres into crystalline structures. It also introduces methods like vertical deposition and floating assembly that rely on capillary forces and evaporation. The document concludes by presenting examples of using atomic layer deposition of TiO2 to infiltrate opal templates and coat ZnO nanorod arrays, creating novel 2D and 3D photonic crystal structures through self-assembly approaches.
Solar Cells -- Faissal's Presentation to Dorsinville Group and Guests, on Fri...M. Faisal Halim
The document discusses nanocrystal-polymer hybrid solar cells as an alternative to traditional crystalline solar cell technology. It outlines the advantages of hybrid solar cells, which include lower cost, mechanical flexibility, higher efficiency, and ease of fabrication. The basic architecture of a hybrid solar cell is described, using quantum dots to absorb light, carbon nanotubes to conduct electrons, and a p-type polymer to conduct holes. Various tasks involved in fabricating these solar cells are summarized, such as synthesizing and purifying materials, depositing active layers, and assembling full devices.
This document provides an overview of using neutron scattering techniques to study the structure and dynamics of materials at the Institut Laue-Langevin (ILL). Neutron scattering is well-suited for probing liquids and glasses due to its sensitivity to light elements like hydrogen. The document discusses using neutron scattering to investigate the structure of calcium aluminosilicate liquids and glasses through measurements of the pair distribution function. It also describes studying atomic diffusion in these materials using quasielastic neutron scattering. The techniques discussed provide information about the liquid state that is important for various technological applications involving high-temperature materials processing.
The document discusses the Panel Processing of DebriSat project. DebriSat was a representative low earth orbit satellite that was destroyed in a hypervelocity impact test to generate debris fragments. The fragments were caught by foam panels in the test chamber. This summary discusses how the University of Florida processes these panels using archaeological techniques to maintain fragment integrity, tag locations, and organize large teams of workers. It also summarizes the extensive instrumentation used to document the catastrophic collision of DebriSat during the impact test.
Microelectronics involves the study and fabrication of very small electronic components, usually on the micrometer scale. The document discusses the evolution from discrete components to integrated circuits and the advantages of integrated circuits. It describes the basic process of integrated circuit fabrication including wafer preparation, epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, metallization, testing, dicing, packaging, and encapsulation. Key steps like Czochralski growth, oxidation, lithography, and diffusion are explained in more detail.
Quantum dots - A potential elixir in the field of biologyBalaganesh Kuruba
This document discusses quantum dots, which are nanoscale semiconductor crystals with size-dependent optical and electronic properties. It covers their properties like tunable light emission, photostability, and ability to be functionalized. Methods of fabricating quantum dots are described, including colloidal synthesis and growth on substrates. Applications discussed include biological imaging, drug delivery, and sensing. Both advantages like brightness and disadvantages like potential toxicity are mentioned.
Introduction to thin film growth and molecular beam epitaxyOleg Maksimov
This document provides an introduction to thin film growth techniques focusing on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It describes various physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition methods. MBE is explained in detail, including the advantages of growth in an ultra-high vacuum environment with independent material sources and in-situ monitoring via RHEED. Different growth modes such as Frank-van der Merwe, Volmer-Weber, and Stranski-Krastanov are also summarized.
This research sought to develop a simple method for precisely arranging metal nanoparticles in a hexagonal close-packed array and applying it to thin film solar panels. The researchers were able to self-assemble micrometer-sized polystyrene beads into large (15 cm2) hexagonal non-close packed arrays at a water-hexane interface by optimizing various conditions. They also investigated methods for depositing the arranged particles onto a substrate. In the future, they aim to improve the longevity of the arrays, perfect the deposition process, and substitute metal nanoparticles for the polystyrene beads to potentially increase the efficiency of thin film solar panels.
The Henn na hotel in Nagasaki, Japan has been testing solar cells made from perovskite materials on its sign since December. Perovskites have rapidly developed from a laboratory curiosity to a promising new material for solar power within the last decade. Several companies worldwide are now testing perovskite solar cells and panels outside of the lab, hoping to commercialize them soon. However, perovskite solar cells still need to demonstrate their durability and efficiency at larger scales before they can widely replace conventional silicon solar panels.
The document discusses different techniques for epitaxial deposition used in semiconductor thin film technology. Epitaxy involves the crystalline growth of a film on a crystalline substrate, where the film takes on the properties of the substrate. The key techniques described are liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, and sputtering. The techniques are compared in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, and applications for growing semiconductor films for electronic and optoelectronic devices.
This document discusses several nanomaterials and their properties and uses. It describes graphene as a one atom thick layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice. It is the strongest, most conductive and flexible material. The document also covers carbon nanotubes, which are cylindrical tubes of carbon atoms that were discovered in 1991. They have excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Finally, it discusses smart fabrics that integrate digital electronics and conductive materials to create fabrics with responsive properties for uses in healthcare, fashion and transportation.
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
The Use of Nanostructured Silicon in PhotovoltaicsJames Allan
This document summarizes a student's master's thesis project on using nanostructured silicon to improve photovoltaic efficiency. The student aimed to reduce the size of silicon nanoparticles to exploit quantum confinement effects, deposit the nanoparticles onto an existing solar cell, and test the cell's performance. While the student was unable to achieve quantum confinement, nanoparticle size was reduced. However, coating the cell reduced its performance by blocking some light. Overall, the project established methods for future work to optimize nanoparticle production and integration into solar cells.
The document summarizes biomimicry research on sea urchins and potential applications. It discusses the important features of sea urchins like their radially symmetrical shell design and spines for protection. Current research applications include mimicking the shell's stable fractal design for architectural structures and the sea urchin's ability to absorb CO2. Potential future applications discussed are using the sea urchin's light-sensitive genes to develop advanced eyes and creating underwater military drones, submarines, and excavators that mimic the sea urchin's stable shape, spines, movement abilities, and other features.
1. The document discusses nanoparticles, which are particles between 1-100 nanometers in size. Their properties can differ from bulk materials due to their large surface area to volume ratio.
2. Nanoparticles are synthesized through various methods like sol-gel processing, ion implantation, and thermal plasma techniques. Their applications include medicine, manufacturing, materials, and the environment.
3. The document provides examples of how nanoparticles are used in medicine for targeted drug delivery, vaccines, and cancer treatment. Their use in manufacturing includes strengthening materials, protective coatings, and antibacterial fabrics. Environmental applications involve oil spill cleanup and water purification.
Templated solid-state dewetting can be used to controllably produce complex patterns of silicon-based Mie resonators. Electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling is used to pattern templates on a silicon-on-insulator substrate with a thin silicon layer. Upon annealing, the templated areas dewet according to surface attachment limited kinetics while non-templated areas dewet by surface diffusion limited kinetics, allowing for specific placement of individual silicon islands or complex arrangements of islands. The method provides control over island size, spacing, and placement and can produce resonator patterns with fluctuations in structural parameters below 10%.
This overview of N. Herbots's SiO2 group research on Surface Engineering for Bio-Medical and Medical Electronics in 2010 describes the background to our nest technologies in NanoBonding™ and VitreOX™.
PATENTS & TECHNOLOGY DISCLOSURES RELATED TO THIS RESEARCH:
[1] Methods for Wafer Bonding & for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R.Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/ 31/2011
[2] Molecular Film Containing Polymeric Mixture for Hydrophobic Implant Surfaces N. Herbots, A, M. Murphy, R. Kennett-Bennett, D.A. Sell S.D. Whaley, R.J. Culbertson, US Patent filed 11/3/ 2011
[3] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-163P "H2O Nano-‐Bonding “ Synthesis via compressive strain from sursaturated water vapor at low temperatures (T< 175°C) of a siloxane-‐silica mixed nano-‐bonding phase catalyzed by H2O, nano-scale smoothing and ordering of Si(100) & silica, and room temperature chemical reactivity arising from surface polarization through surface charge generation in SiO2. N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R. Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, filed June 24th, 2011
[4] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-164 P ProteinKnox" - A Temporary and Permanent Surface Bio-Compatible Adsorbate to Control in Conjunction with Hydroaffinity the Blood Proteins Adsorption, Build-up and/or Clot Formation on Surface of Medical Implant Devices and Grafts using LVPL's (Low Viscosity Polar Liquids)" , filed June 24th, 2011
[5] A Method for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases
N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell, S. D. Whaley, R.J Culbertson Provisional Patent Application SN 61/174,138 , ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009).
Molecular films for controlling hydrophobic, hydrophilic, optical, condensation and geometricproperties of silicone implants surfaces, including intra-occular lenses used in cataract surgeries. N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell & S. D. Whaley
ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009). Provisional patent application filed October 2, 2009
Methods for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, Ross Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/31/11
CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS
[1] Nanobonding between 2-nm β-crystobalite SiO 2 on OH(1x1)Si(100) & SiO x for Monolithic Electronics by Surface Smoothing via Wet Chemical and Spin Processing: TMAFM Study and Modelling of Interphases “ S.D. Whaley, N. Herbots, J.D. Bradley, R.J. Culbertson, M.A. Hart, D.A. Sell, Q.X. Bradley, R.L.Rhoades, S.N. Drews, R.B. Bennett-Kennett, 58th International American Vacuum Society Symp, Nashville, TN, Oct 31-Nov. 4th, 2011
[2] Controlling the Hydroaffinity of Silicone/Hydrophobic Acrylic Surfaces of Intraocular
Lenses using Visco-Elastic Colloids and Blood Proteins, N. Herbots, R.J. Culbertson, Q.X. Bradley, D.A
Professor Yves Chabal and his collaborators are investigating the surface properties of semiconductors, like silicon, at the atomic scale to develop nanoelectronic devices. They have made progress stabilizing and functionalizing hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces, which act as a "blank canvas" for chemical modifications without oxidation. Recently, they developed a method to produce a nanopattern of functional groups on silicon surfaces, extending possibilities for functionalization. Their collaborative, fundamental research aims to further applications using silicon-based materials through a multiscale understanding of interface formation between materials.
The document summarizes a PhD thesis on numerically and experimentally studying melt flow under the influence of electromagnetic fields. It discusses motivations for improving directional solidification of silicon for solar cells. This includes increasing crucible size and using lower purity feedstock. Electromagnetic field stirring is proposed to tailor convection and address challenges from these trends. A model experiment is developed using a GaInSn melt, and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry is used to validate numerical simulations of melt flow patterns under symmetric and asymmetric electrode configurations. The flow structures are analyzed in terms of Lorentz forces and radial pressure gradients.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
Epitaxial deposition is a method for growing high quality crystalline films on crystalline substrates. There are two main types: homoepitaxy, where the film and substrate are the same material, and heteroepitaxy, where they differ. Key parameters that affect the epitaxial growth process include temperature, pressure, and reactant flow. Common techniques include vapor phase epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy, and molecular beam epitaxy, each with their own advantages and disadvantages for producing films for semiconductor and optoelectronic devices.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
The document discusses the Panel Processing of DebriSat project. DebriSat was a representative low earth orbit satellite that was destroyed in a hypervelocity impact test to generate debris fragments. The fragments were caught by foam panels in the test chamber. This summary discusses how the University of Florida processes these panels using archaeological techniques to maintain fragment integrity, tag locations, and organize large teams of workers. It also summarizes the extensive instrumentation used to document the catastrophic collision of DebriSat during the impact test.
Microelectronics involves the study and fabrication of very small electronic components, usually on the micrometer scale. The document discusses the evolution from discrete components to integrated circuits and the advantages of integrated circuits. It describes the basic process of integrated circuit fabrication including wafer preparation, epitaxial growth, oxidation, photolithography, diffusion, metallization, testing, dicing, packaging, and encapsulation. Key steps like Czochralski growth, oxidation, lithography, and diffusion are explained in more detail.
Quantum dots - A potential elixir in the field of biologyBalaganesh Kuruba
This document discusses quantum dots, which are nanoscale semiconductor crystals with size-dependent optical and electronic properties. It covers their properties like tunable light emission, photostability, and ability to be functionalized. Methods of fabricating quantum dots are described, including colloidal synthesis and growth on substrates. Applications discussed include biological imaging, drug delivery, and sensing. Both advantages like brightness and disadvantages like potential toxicity are mentioned.
Introduction to thin film growth and molecular beam epitaxyOleg Maksimov
This document provides an introduction to thin film growth techniques focusing on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE). It describes various physical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition methods. MBE is explained in detail, including the advantages of growth in an ultra-high vacuum environment with independent material sources and in-situ monitoring via RHEED. Different growth modes such as Frank-van der Merwe, Volmer-Weber, and Stranski-Krastanov are also summarized.
This research sought to develop a simple method for precisely arranging metal nanoparticles in a hexagonal close-packed array and applying it to thin film solar panels. The researchers were able to self-assemble micrometer-sized polystyrene beads into large (15 cm2) hexagonal non-close packed arrays at a water-hexane interface by optimizing various conditions. They also investigated methods for depositing the arranged particles onto a substrate. In the future, they aim to improve the longevity of the arrays, perfect the deposition process, and substitute metal nanoparticles for the polystyrene beads to potentially increase the efficiency of thin film solar panels.
The Henn na hotel in Nagasaki, Japan has been testing solar cells made from perovskite materials on its sign since December. Perovskites have rapidly developed from a laboratory curiosity to a promising new material for solar power within the last decade. Several companies worldwide are now testing perovskite solar cells and panels outside of the lab, hoping to commercialize them soon. However, perovskite solar cells still need to demonstrate their durability and efficiency at larger scales before they can widely replace conventional silicon solar panels.
The document discusses different techniques for epitaxial deposition used in semiconductor thin film technology. Epitaxy involves the crystalline growth of a film on a crystalline substrate, where the film takes on the properties of the substrate. The key techniques described are liquid phase epitaxy, molecular beam epitaxy, metalorganic chemical vapor deposition, hydride vapor phase epitaxy, and sputtering. The techniques are compared in terms of their strengths, weaknesses, and applications for growing semiconductor films for electronic and optoelectronic devices.
This document discusses several nanomaterials and their properties and uses. It describes graphene as a one atom thick layer of carbon atoms in a hexagonal lattice. It is the strongest, most conductive and flexible material. The document also covers carbon nanotubes, which are cylindrical tubes of carbon atoms that were discovered in 1991. They have excellent mechanical and thermal properties. Finally, it discusses smart fabrics that integrate digital electronics and conductive materials to create fabrics with responsive properties for uses in healthcare, fashion and transportation.
Solar cell absorber Kesterite- type Cu2ZnSnS4 (CZTS) thin films have been prepared by Chemical Bath Deposition (CBD). UV–vis absorption spectra measurement indicated that the band gap of as-synthesized CZTS was about1.68 eV, which was near the optimum value for photovoltaic solar conversion in a single-band-gap device. The polycrystalline CZTS thin films with kieserite crystal structure have been obtained by XRD. The average of crystalline size of CZTS is 27 nm
Molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) is a method for growing thin films one layer at a time under ultra-high vacuum conditions. It involves heating solid sources of material in effusion cells to create molecular beams that are deposited on a heated substrate. The absence of carrier gases and ultra-high vacuum environment result in films of the highest purity. MBE is widely used to manufacture semiconductor devices and is considered a fundamental tool for nanotechnology development due to its precise control over layer thickness down to a single atomic layer.
The Use of Nanostructured Silicon in PhotovoltaicsJames Allan
This document summarizes a student's master's thesis project on using nanostructured silicon to improve photovoltaic efficiency. The student aimed to reduce the size of silicon nanoparticles to exploit quantum confinement effects, deposit the nanoparticles onto an existing solar cell, and test the cell's performance. While the student was unable to achieve quantum confinement, nanoparticle size was reduced. However, coating the cell reduced its performance by blocking some light. Overall, the project established methods for future work to optimize nanoparticle production and integration into solar cells.
The document summarizes biomimicry research on sea urchins and potential applications. It discusses the important features of sea urchins like their radially symmetrical shell design and spines for protection. Current research applications include mimicking the shell's stable fractal design for architectural structures and the sea urchin's ability to absorb CO2. Potential future applications discussed are using the sea urchin's light-sensitive genes to develop advanced eyes and creating underwater military drones, submarines, and excavators that mimic the sea urchin's stable shape, spines, movement abilities, and other features.
1. The document discusses nanoparticles, which are particles between 1-100 nanometers in size. Their properties can differ from bulk materials due to their large surface area to volume ratio.
2. Nanoparticles are synthesized through various methods like sol-gel processing, ion implantation, and thermal plasma techniques. Their applications include medicine, manufacturing, materials, and the environment.
3. The document provides examples of how nanoparticles are used in medicine for targeted drug delivery, vaccines, and cancer treatment. Their use in manufacturing includes strengthening materials, protective coatings, and antibacterial fabrics. Environmental applications involve oil spill cleanup and water purification.
Templated solid-state dewetting can be used to controllably produce complex patterns of silicon-based Mie resonators. Electron beam lithography or focused ion beam milling is used to pattern templates on a silicon-on-insulator substrate with a thin silicon layer. Upon annealing, the templated areas dewet according to surface attachment limited kinetics while non-templated areas dewet by surface diffusion limited kinetics, allowing for specific placement of individual silicon islands or complex arrangements of islands. The method provides control over island size, spacing, and placement and can produce resonator patterns with fluctuations in structural parameters below 10%.
This overview of N. Herbots's SiO2 group research on Surface Engineering for Bio-Medical and Medical Electronics in 2010 describes the background to our nest technologies in NanoBonding™ and VitreOX™.
PATENTS & TECHNOLOGY DISCLOSURES RELATED TO THIS RESEARCH:
[1] Methods for Wafer Bonding & for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R.Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/ 31/2011
[2] Molecular Film Containing Polymeric Mixture for Hydrophobic Implant Surfaces N. Herbots, A, M. Murphy, R. Kennett-Bennett, D.A. Sell S.D. Whaley, R.J. Culbertson, US Patent filed 11/3/ 2011
[3] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-163P "H2O Nano-‐Bonding “ Synthesis via compressive strain from sursaturated water vapor at low temperatures (T< 175°C) of a siloxane-‐silica mixed nano-‐bonding phase catalyzed by H2O, nano-scale smoothing and ordering of Si(100) & silica, and room temperature chemical reactivity arising from surface polarization through surface charge generation in SiO2. N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, R. Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, filed June 24th, 2011
[4] ASU/AZTE Technology Disclosure M11-164 P ProteinKnox" - A Temporary and Permanent Surface Bio-Compatible Adsorbate to Control in Conjunction with Hydroaffinity the Blood Proteins Adsorption, Build-up and/or Clot Formation on Surface of Medical Implant Devices and Grafts using LVPL's (Low Viscosity Polar Liquids)" , filed June 24th, 2011
[5] A Method for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases
N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell, S. D. Whaley, R.J Culbertson Provisional Patent Application SN 61/174,138 , ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009).
Molecular films for controlling hydrophobic, hydrophilic, optical, condensation and geometricproperties of silicone implants surfaces, including intra-occular lenses used in cataract surgeries. N. Herbots, J. D. Bradley, M. Hart, D. A. Sell & S. D. Whaley
ASU/AZTE (filed 3/30/2009). Provisional patent application filed October 2, 2009
Methods for Wafer Bonding and for Nucleating Bonding Nanophases Using Wet and Steam Pressurization, N. Herbots, S.D. Whaley, Ross Bennett-Kennett, R.J. Culbertson, A.M. Murphy, S.J. Farmer, US Patent filed 10/31/11
CONFERENCE PRESENTATIONS
[1] Nanobonding between 2-nm β-crystobalite SiO 2 on OH(1x1)Si(100) & SiO x for Monolithic Electronics by Surface Smoothing via Wet Chemical and Spin Processing: TMAFM Study and Modelling of Interphases “ S.D. Whaley, N. Herbots, J.D. Bradley, R.J. Culbertson, M.A. Hart, D.A. Sell, Q.X. Bradley, R.L.Rhoades, S.N. Drews, R.B. Bennett-Kennett, 58th International American Vacuum Society Symp, Nashville, TN, Oct 31-Nov. 4th, 2011
[2] Controlling the Hydroaffinity of Silicone/Hydrophobic Acrylic Surfaces of Intraocular
Lenses using Visco-Elastic Colloids and Blood Proteins, N. Herbots, R.J. Culbertson, Q.X. Bradley, D.A
Professor Yves Chabal and his collaborators are investigating the surface properties of semiconductors, like silicon, at the atomic scale to develop nanoelectronic devices. They have made progress stabilizing and functionalizing hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces, which act as a "blank canvas" for chemical modifications without oxidation. Recently, they developed a method to produce a nanopattern of functional groups on silicon surfaces, extending possibilities for functionalization. Their collaborative, fundamental research aims to further applications using silicon-based materials through a multiscale understanding of interface formation between materials.
The document summarizes a PhD thesis on numerically and experimentally studying melt flow under the influence of electromagnetic fields. It discusses motivations for improving directional solidification of silicon for solar cells. This includes increasing crucible size and using lower purity feedstock. Electromagnetic field stirring is proposed to tailor convection and address challenges from these trends. A model experiment is developed using a GaInSn melt, and ultrasound Doppler velocimetry is used to validate numerical simulations of melt flow patterns under symmetric and asymmetric electrode configurations. The flow structures are analyzed in terms of Lorentz forces and radial pressure gradients.
Analysis Of Carbon Nanotubes And Quantum Dots In A Photovoltaic DeviceM. Faisal Halim
Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes and Quantum Dots in a Photovoltaic Device
A poster prepared by Francis and me; presented by Francis. I modified on of the photographs used, in this copy.
Epitaxial deposition is a method for growing high quality crystalline films on crystalline substrates. There are two main types: homoepitaxy, where the film and substrate are the same material, and heteroepitaxy, where they differ. Key parameters that affect the epitaxial growth process include temperature, pressure, and reactant flow. Common techniques include vapor phase epitaxy, liquid phase epitaxy, and molecular beam epitaxy, each with their own advantages and disadvantages for producing films for semiconductor and optoelectronic devices.
Salesforce Integration for Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions A...Jeffrey Haguewood
Sidekick Solutions uses Bonterra Impact Management (fka Social Solutions Apricot) and automation solutions to integrate data for business workflows.
We believe integration and automation are essential to user experience and the promise of efficient work through technology. Automation is the critical ingredient to realizing that full vision. We develop integration products and services for Bonterra Case Management software to support the deployment of automations for a variety of use cases.
This video focuses on integration of Salesforce with Bonterra Impact Management.
Interested in deploying an integration with Salesforce for Bonterra Impact Management? Contact us at sales@sidekicksolutionsllc.com to discuss next steps.
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1. MOTTO:
The difficult we do immediately,
The impossible takes a little longer
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
Microgravity:
The future of innovation
Ioana Cozmuta
Science and Technology
Corporation
Space Portal, NASA Ames
Research Center
For further inquiries including citation or
distribution of material contained herein please
contact: Ioana.cozmuta AT nasa.gov
STC
2. The value of ISS/microgravity research
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
ISS-US taxpayers investment ~$70 billion spent over 30 years
What is the ISS’s Return on Investment ? Return on Innovation?
Reformulate question:
What is the cost of NOT innovating and NOT exploring in
microgravity?
Resources, capabilities
Yes
Ground
Desired outcome
State of the art
No
Disruptive innovation
and technologies
Space
otherwise-not-accessible-knowledge
Keep track of:
Publications
Patents
Spin-offs
Comprehensive, searchable, public microg database
3. International Space Station Truss
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Challenged by the extreme environment, severe mass limitations
and the innate desire to explore the Universe in which we live,
humanity has developed many innovative space technologies
and acquired unique knowledge with great ancillary benefits here
on Earth.
3
4. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
1. Connecting the dots: products in our daily lives emerged
out of microgravity research
–
Microgravity impact for basic science
2. Capabilities
3. Cultural Adjustments
opportunities
for
improved
outcomes
and
6. Microgravity research:
Viscous Liquid Foam-Bulk Metallic Glass
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Bulk Metallic Glasses are a new family of glasses obtained by
undercooling an alloy (Zr, Ti, Cu, Ni, Be) and forming a solid,
non-crystalline structure under precise conditions (STS 1990’s)
Properties:
-low surface roughness: <0.05mm (Cu, steel, Fe=5-150)
-high yield strength: 1900 MPa (alumina, aluminum, boron
carbide ~100-300 MPa)
-high corrosion and wear resistance (>336 hours)
-unique acoustical properties
- lightweight with considerably reduced thermal conductivity.
Caltech has an Electrostatic Levitation (ESL) facility for
containerless materials processing. It is used to manufacture
glass-forming alloys and measure thermal properties of
materials
SPINOFF: http://liquidmetal.com/
6
7. PRODUCT: Optical fibers for telecommunications, optical
computers, etc
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
IBM –integrates optical computing onto standard (90 nm) silicon
7
chips
8. ISS: ZBLAN-fluoride glass fiber/Physical Optics
Corporation
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Fluoride Glass Fibers (blend of zirconium, barium,
lanthanum, aluminum and sodium) uniquely manufactured in
space. On Earth gravity causes convection or mixing in a
melt thus the melt becomes more fluid/less viscous and
tends to crystallize before glass can form.
-attenuation rate ~0.0001dB/km (current Si-based fibers
have an attenuation rate of 0.2dB/km)
-ensure wide spectral band optical transmission for satellite
track systems
-enable expansion of the detection range from UV to midinfrared wavelengths (for satellite spectral identification)
ZBLAN-prepares superior infrared transmitting optical fibers
with applications to both optical and quantum computers
Payload is selfcontained and automated
(left) a defect-free ZBLAN fiber
pulled during a low-g arc aboard
the KC-135; (right) a crystallized
fiber pulled from the same
apparatus under 1-g.
8
9. PRODUCT: cosmetics, household items, packaging
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
P&G studies systems in space that we will all benefit from in 9
everyday life: improved shelf life, enhanced product quality and
STC
10. ISS: binary colloids and phase diagrams
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
With gravity turned on, a binary mixture prepared with a composition between the binodal and the spinodal curves
spontaneously decomposes, quickly driving the composition to the coexistence curve. Microgravity can 'fixate'
unstable regions in the phase diagram.
The spinodal is the limit of stability of a solution, denoting the boundary of absolute instability of a solution to
decomposition into multiple phases. Below this curve, "infinitesimally small fluctuations in composition and density
will lead to phase separation via spinodal decomposition. Outside of the curve, but below the binodal
10
(coexistence) curve, the solution is metastable with respect to fluctuations. It is in this region where microgravity
experiments can afford new materials with new properties.
11. ISS: binary colloids and phase diagrams
Courtesy: NASA/Peter Lu et al., Harvard University
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
BCAT–3 critical point samples evolving in microgravity. Colloidal/polymer mixtures that are near the critical point
are already starting to phase separate into two components: a colloid-rich phase (blue areas) and a colloid-poor
phase (black areas). The quickly changing dynamic data captured in these photographs will help determine the
11
boundary conditions for future models of critical behavior. The long-term observation of which samples phase
separate will allow to precisely determine the critical point of this colloidal mixture. (Colloidal engineering)
12. ISS: binary colloids and surface crystallization
Courtesy: NASA/Arjun Yodh and Jiang Zhang, Penn State
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
BCAT–3 two months following mixing. The pink region is the phase separation region showing possible indication
of surface crystallization. The black asterisk indicates possible bulk crystal nucleation. Results help scientists
develop fundamental physics concepts previously unobserved due to the effects of gravity. Ordered arrays of
12
these micron-sized particles may be ideal for the development of next generation optical devices.
13. PRODUCT: ZEOLITE CRYSTALS
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Honda hydrogen
storage tanks
Lanfax Labs:
Phosphate free
detergents
• The reversible physisorption of hydrogen on
porous solid state materials is important for
storing hydrogen and scales with the surface
area
• Reduction
of
by-products,
increased
cleaning/detoxification efficacy
13
14. ISS: ZEOLITES CRYSTAL GROWTH
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Zeolites are microporous, aluminosilicate minerals with pore diameters less than 2nm. The pores make zeolites
highly adsorbent; materials are attracted to the zeolite and adhere to the surface without changing state.
Production challenges for synthetically produced zeolites are:
1.Elucidation of the nucleation and growth mechanism of zeolites
2.Controlling zeolite crystal size and growth
3.Preparation of extra-large pore zeolites and layered zeolites
4.Synthesis of zeolitized mesoporous materials and chiral zeolites
5.Preparation of true molecular sieve membranes
The ZCG investigations examined how subtle changes in the chemical formulation affected nucleation and
growth of zeolite crystals. The microgravity environment allowed researchers to grow larger (average >10%) and
higher-quality crystals. The nutrients have to be added to the solution at a precise moment after onset of
crystallization to result in larger crystals. These crystals have a number of useful commercial applications as
catalysts and absorbents, chemical sensors.
SUSTAINABILITY: Everywhere we go today we come across pollutionZEOLITES =“nature’s detoxifier
Zeolite Crystals grown on the
ground (left) are smaller than
the ones grown in space (right)
Scanning Electron Microscopy image of flight (a)
and Earth (b) control zeolite crystals
15. PRODUCT: SE-FIT SOFTWARE; Advanced Wicking
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
• Software design of fluid systems for
spacecraft life support, thermal
control, cryogen and liquid propellant
management (bubbles, droplets and
unexpected wetting have significant
effect on system performance, crew
activity and comfort)
• Complex interface design for
microfluidic devices
• Capillary action and fluid surface
tension in small scale devices
15
16. ISS: Capillarity and bubble migration in mg
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Single and multi-bubble migration and phase separation are
driven passively by specific control of container shape. A
taper in a polygonal sectioned conduit leads to capillary
pumping of liquid from right to left driving bubble left to
right. Application: fluid systems aboard spacecraft to
separate and store fluids by phase without moving parts
SUSTAINABILITY: Use knowledge from
Microgravity to design better tools that on earth are
used for microfluidic applications for energy and
sustainability:
• enzymatic conversion of biofuels
• rapid microfluidic analysis of cellular processes
in species with significant impact on the global
carbon cycle
• biohydrogen generation
Various container shapes change transition in
fluid location. As a central vane is rotated in the
elliptic cylinder container, critical wetting
geometries are established leading to wicking
along the vane-wall gap and/or a shift of fluid from
right to left
SPINOFF
16
17. ISS: Advanced Environmental Monitoring and Control
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
The JPL Electronic Nose (ENose) is a full-time, continuously operating event monitor designed to detect air
contamination from spills and leaks in the crew habitat in the International Space Station. It fills the longstanding gap between onboard alarms and complex analytical instruments. ENose provides rapid, early
identification and quantification of atmospheric changes caused by chemical species to which it has been
trained.
•
•
Use the electronic nose for dangerous airborne chemicals, monitor cleanup
processes after a leak or a spill, etc
Sniffer for lung and brain cancer detection (City of Hope, World Brain Mapping)
17
18. PRODUCT: Photodynamic therapy
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
SpectraLife-custom fabricated monochromatic array of
GaAiAs light emitting diodes to emit diffused
monochromatic light
Prof. Harry T Whelan (Medical College of Wisconsin)
uses photodynamic therapy as an unprecedented,
unique treatment of brain tumors in children and adults
(Clinical Trials.gov identifier: NCT01682746)
Photodynamic therapy uses light mediated activation of
a photosensitizer (Photofrin) that is selectively
accumulated in the target tissue causing tumor cell
destruction through singlet oxygen production
CERES-solid state modular LED lighting system for life
science applications (JSC use for small-scale food plant
production)
18
Quantum Devices, Inc: www.quantumdev.com/
19. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
ISS INVESTIGATION:Advanced Astroculture (ADVASC)
STC
Objectives: To understand the effects of gravity on plant life by:
1. Determine if plants can complete their seed-to-seed life cycle in microgravity
3. Determine the effects of microgravity on gene expression levels
Secondary objective:
Develop a plant growth chamber w controlled environmental parameters
Light source used to simulate photosynthesis in the growth chamber needs to:
1. Deliver high intensity light energy with specific peak photon wavelengths
2. Should not heat/overheat chamber
SUSTAINABILITY:
Light source (light
emitting diode) used for
mimicking natural light
indoors?
SPINOFF: Quantum Devices Inc/QBMI PhotoMedicine
1. PDT (Photodynamic Therapy) for cancer treatment: intravenous injection of a
photosensitizer that accumulates preferentially in cancer cells. Activated by the light
source the photosensitizer results in free radical generation and cell death
2. Increased effectiveness of wound healing upon exposure to the light
SPINOFF:
http://www.quantumdev.co
m/
Second Phase of Clinical Trials in the US and foreign hospitals with extremely good results from the
first round of tests (healing of bone marrow transplant patients, mucositis, pediatric brain cancer)
20. PRODUCT: BrightMark Tissue Site Marker/NuVue Chemo
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Diagnostic: Microcapsule for biopsy site marker
lodged in the interstitial space of tissue without
migration for ultrasound monitoring via repeat
biopsies, or for marking the site before and/or after
surgery.
Current tissue site markers typically
consist of metal clips that tend to migrate within
tissue, and so do not reliably mark the targeted
tissue with accuracy over the long term.
Therapy: Encapsulated FDA approved generic chemotherapy drugs
for the deposition, retention and imaging of the drug in the tissue;
microcapsules designed for release in a specific time desired
timeframe
SPIN-OFF: http://www.nuvuetherapeutics.com/
20
21. PRODUCT: CHI hair styling products/Farouk
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
1. Nanoceramic materials used in the CHI hair iron,
brushes, curling irons, nail lacquers and hair dryers
2. Liquid formulation line for hair color protection,
nutrition and conditioning
The combination of (1) and (2) improves moisture
retention during the styling process
1. Incorporation of nanosiliver particles inhibits
microbial growth
2. Scalp healing and stimulation of growth phase of
hair follicles that have become dormant
Microgravity finding:
-liquid filled microballoons formed an outer membrane in space
-ceramic nanoparticles containing unique mixture of metal oxides for
controlled delivery
-efficiency of microencapsulation of three antioxidants
-application of near-infrared light for improved skin healing and bone cell
replacement in astronauts
Farouk Systems: http://www.farouk.com/ official hair care sponsor of Miss
21
Universe-first experiments sent in outer space by a hair care company
22. ISS: microencapsulation
Courtesy: NASA/Denis Morrison
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
Microencapsulation containing anti-tumor drugs
made on ISS
STC
Single cell microencapsulation
The Microencapsulation Electrostatic Processing System-II experiment (MEPS-II), included innovative
encapsulation of several different anti-cancer drugs, magnetic triggering particles, and encapsulation of genetically
engineered DNA. The experiment system improved on existing microencapsulation technology by using
microgravity to modify the fluid mechanics, interfacial behavior, and biological processing methods as compared to
the way the microcapsules would be formed in gravity. Two immiscible liquids were combined in such a way that
surface tension forces (rather than fluid shear) dominated at the interface of the fluids. The significant performance
of the space-produced microcapsules as a cancer treatment delivery system (Le Pivert et al. 2004) motivated the
development of the Pulse Flow Microencapsulation System (PFMS), which is an Earth-based system that can
replicate the quality of the microcapsules created in space.
22
SPIN-OFF: http://www.nuvuetherapeutics.com/
23. PRODUCT: ZEN perfume by Shiseido
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
23
24. The most romantic space experiment?
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
A lab technician demonstrates the use of a
silicon fiber to collect scent-molecules from a
rose. Credit: International Flavors & Fragrances.
How do roses smell in space? Overnight
Scentsation cultivated by International Flavors
and Fragrances.
In microgravity the rose produced fever volatiles than it did on Earth but the fragrance that it did generate was
critically altered. Scents were collected using a tiny silicon fiber coated with a special liquid to which molecules
around the flower petal adhere. The fragrance was analyzed on ground and it is made up of nearly 200 different
compounds. Every sampling of the rose was different and the average of those samplings resulted in a new
fragrance incorporated in ZEN
24
PRODUCT: Perfume ZEN by Shiseido
25. PRODUCT:
engineering
Microgravity-enhanced
genetic
plant
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Agriculture and food production:
transgenic soybeans for more
appetizing taste, texture; pest
resistance; transfer of one plant
characteristic to another (cotton, corn)
Target market: $14 billions a year
(even 1% product improvement has
significant interest)
Microgravity finding:
• In the low gravity environment of space, the transfer
of genetic information from one kind of plat to
another is enhanced due to lack of gravity induced
buoyancy and convection effects
• Leads to improved or new agricultural products
25
26. PRODUCT: Low-lignin OR high-lignin trees
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
• Environmental friendly/less
expensive paper production: lowlignin trees would reduce the
necessity of chemically removing
lignin from trees
• Stronger wood products for the
lumber industry: high-lignin trees
Microgravity finding/BioServe
•Plants growing in space produce less lignin
•The reminder metabolic energy leads to production of
secondary metabolites used by the pharmaceutical industry ($50
billion/year)
Key to BioServe success was the development of a set of
generic space-flight hardware that can be shared by multiple life
26
science disciplines –increased/shared utilization
27. PRODUCT: Proleukin/Chiron and Alendronate/Merck
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
• Space was used to advance the
development of drugs
• Proleukin: used for treating metastatic
renal cell cancer, immune disorders,
influenza, some infections due to AIDS
• Biophosphonates/Alendronate: used
effectively to maintain bone mass, slow
down evolution of Paget disease,
osteoporosis
Microgravity finding:
• Space induced immune-system depression in mice was used
to test effectiveness of the drug resulting in a shortened
testing schedule for the drug
• Astronauts treated with Biophosphonates showed reduced
27
bone loss and reduced risk of renal stone formation
28. Microtumors to validate chemo-drugs efficacy
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
28
32. Statements regarding microgravity
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
•
•
When the force of gravity is present other forces are
lost in the noise OR when you remove the force of
gravity other forces become predominant and drive a
different system dynamics
Gravity is another physical parameter defining the
state and behavior of a system (similar to pressure or
temperature).
Similarly,
earlier
on,
major
breakthroughs and innovations were achieved when
systems were studied for example at low
temperatures.
STC
33. Microgravity benefits for material science
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
1.
2.
3.
4.
STC
Defect free materials
Containerless processing
Avoidance of nucleation or single nucleation
No contribution from convective flow (purely diffusive transport
at L-S interface)
5. Free suspensions
6. Perfect spherical shape
7. Symmetric growth
8. Controlled growth (good success with dendritic systems)
9. Low undercooling
10. No solute buildup
11. No sedimentation
12. No wetting
13. Larger stable crystals with improved resolution vs ground
controls
14. More homogeneous materials
34. Microgravity benefits for life science
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Contrary to earlier beliefs microgravity induces changes in single cells or
simple organisms not only in large, complex organisms
Response to gravity is complex:
•Cells affected by gravity/lack thereof: The molecular mechanisms by which
gravity affects biological systems are still largely unknown. A “gravity sensor”
has not yet been identified
•Cells respond to gravity/lack thereof: Adaptation to force of Earth’s gravity (updown asymmetry, structural strength, sensory systems) is encoded in genes.
An organism expects to experience the physical effects of unit gravity:
sedimentation, convection, transport processes, hydrostatic pressure,
boundary conditions, friction
1.
2.
3.
4.
Presence of pressure: cell structure, adhesion and signaling
Sedimentation and buoyancy (root growth)
Stirring/thermal convection-slower heat and nutrient exchange
Surface forces-important for “chemical communication”: development,
disease, function (different gene expression, activation/deactivation of
mechanisms for inflammation, immunity, bacterial growth)
35. Microgravity benefits for life science
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
1. SEM of 3D cultures in space more closely resembled natural tumor cells
found in cancer patients than ground controls grown on Earth
2. Cytoskeletal modifications affect cell proliferation in microgravity
3. Alteration in genes involved in the response of the microbe to the space
flight environment were observed. Increase virulence (Salmonella,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans)-vaccine resulted
4. Lymphocyte/monocyte system is most affected by space flight
5. Protein Crystal Growth-microgravity stimulates growth of structurally
superior crystals and polymers of biomolecules. Helps elucidate the
structure of hormones, enzymes, nucleic acids, other proteins –design of
more effective drugs
6. Tissue engineering: 3D tissue models of small intestine, placenta, lung,
bladder, neurons, prostate, ovarian, breast endocrine (NIH)
7. Human Research-developing and testing drug countermeasures (muscle,
bone loss, improved immune response )
8. Regenerative nanomedicine: BioNanoScaffolds
36. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
•
•
•
The Game Changer
Commercial space services
Transportation infrastructure
STC
37. The Game Changer
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
Commercial cargo and crew enables:
1. Increased frequency of flight
2. Sample return capability
3. New perspective on the commercial
value of ISS
1.
2.
3.
4.
How to engage key US ground technologies?
What are the customers needs?
What are the business/commercial opportunities that open up?
How do we appropriately communicate the value of ISS microgravity research?
STC
38. Dragon Lab
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Dragon Lab is a free-flying microgravity laboratory, unmanned, designed for
research and testing in microgravity
6000 kg total bulk upmass capability
3000 kg bulk downmass-10m3 pressurized and 14m3 unpressurized payload
volume
Payload integration timeline: nominal: L-14 days; Late-load: T-9 hours
Payload return: nominal EOM+14 days; Early Access: EOM + 6hours
www.spacex.com/
39. Nanoracks
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
Perform all aspects of space operations (testing, safety,
paperwork, manifesting on launch vehicle, astronaut services,
data retrieval) for affordable, low costs
NanoLabs-1U: 10cmx10cmx10cm with a circuit board that
activates the experiment
Centrifuge to simulate Earth, Moon and Mars gravity
Microplate reader-repeatable experiments; returnable samples
Microscope-operated by the astronauts
MixStix-24 per module, 3 levels of containment for biological
samples; fluid and biological research
External Platform Program: access to the extreme
environment of space (sensor development,
testing of materials and electronics)
Nanoracks.com
STC
40. BioServe
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
Specialized in conducting microgravity life science research;
designing and developing space flight hardware to support it
Full service organization with its own full suite of space flight
certified hardware available to use:
1. Commercial Generic Bioprocessing Apparatus (CGBA) for life
and physical science
2. Fluid Processing Apparatus (FPA) for microorganisms, small
invertebrates, plants/seed germination, viruses, Protein crystal
growth, biomaterials
3. Group Activation Pack (GAP) for cell and tissue culture,
microbiology
4. Culture Habitat (CHAB) for cell and tissue culture,
microbiology, small and model organisms
http://www.colorado.edu/engineering/Bi
oServe/about.html
STC
41. Current on-orbit transportation infrastructure
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
UPMASS
CAPABILITY
ATV
ORBITAL
HTV
SPACE-X/DRAGON
CYGNUS/ORBITAL
STC
DOWNMASS/
LANDING
CAPABILITY
SPACE-X/DRAGON
Bulk mass return from ISS
1-3/year
42. Enhanced/customized transportation infrastructure
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
DOWNMASS CAPABILITY
BULK MASS
for supplies
CUSTOMIZED
/on-demand
Ballistic
L/D
Targeted
Not powered
Frequent: 1/week
Targeted
Controlled
Powered
Frequent: 2/month
MARKETS:
New materials; communication, next-gen computers;
Biotech; Genetic Engineering, etc
44. Changing Landscape
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
•
Billionaires have started their own space program and are driving down costs while
opening the door to a more diverse set of customers.
•
An increasingly space capable international community is developing
•
More customers want to fly smaller payloads so aggregation/integration of multiple
customers makes sense
•
NASA is an important -- but no longer primary! It is a customer of the space
industry.
•
Focus needs to be on developing new customers:
–
–
Payload Aggregation and Commitment to purchase multiple flights containing smaller
payloads opens new opportunities at lower costs
Important new opportunities emerge if you can return CUSTOMIZED ON-DEMAND payloads
from orbit
.
•
Future space industry advances and commercialization both on ground and in
space will rely on:
1.
2.
3.
a solid, reliable and frequent transportation infrastructure to (upmass) and from orbit (downmass,
customized on-demand)
identification of products that can be UNIQUELY manufactured in microgravity
identification of products that require microgravity research to ENABLE new terrestrial products or
breakthroughs
45. ISS, a learning platform in space: one facet oriented
towards the Earth, the other towards the depths of space
Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
Different people can realize different kinds of possibilities.
Realizing these possibilities together makes the impossible possible.
Very different futures are available to those that thrive beyond their
planet of origin versus those whose destinies are constrained to a single
world.
47. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
1.
STC
Proactively support national and commercial needs and track microgravity results
based on their relevance to key national technology needs and opportunities rather
than only ISS disciplines of origin to provide a more direct route of assessing their
true potential for commercialization and to better define the necessary infrastructure
(facilities, instrument, transportation, operations) improvements necessary to
support emerging markets.
• Determine where gravity limits or precludes advances in key US terrestrial
technology and public health arenas and assess the potential of microgravity to
provide unique solutions. Provide near term opportunities to validate most
promising areas in space.
• Increase the dialog between NASA and the external technical community.
Engage, learn from, educate and incentivize the private sector and nonaerospace sectors by supporting ISS scientists and technologists to regularly
attend key meetings and conferences of the external communities to understand
their needs and discuss opportunities offered by space flight. Provide an annual
process to recommend to ISS management and decision makers where there
are new opportunities for growth and development and how those serve the
general welfare of the United States.
48. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
2. Introduce new areas of microgravity research and new researchers annually to
ensure a steady stream of new ideas, discoveries and innovation and provide the
hardware improvements and operational practices to support them.
•
•
•
•
•
Seek and motivate new and unexpected areas of research to be added annually to the
current pool of ISS investigations through an open call for innovative and exploratory
research ideas in addition to current targeted NRAs. Keep the opportunity open for
multiple years so that researchers know it is available and can begin to develop wellconceived research ideas.
Institutionalize the process of obtaining feedback from the external community that
translates into new best practices that enable new discoveries and developments.
Provide sufficient government funds to explore a wider range of exploratory developments
to accelerate public benefits.
Provide guides, mentors, and investment support to help new entrants in the field craft
successful flight experiments and upgrade or develop new hardware to enable new
classes of research. No laboratory researcher on Earth conducts research as it must be
done in space.
Incentivize the research community at large by introducing a microgravity prize in their
field of research and microgravity sessions at major conferences in all the fields of
research. Microgravity results remain mostly unknown. It is not customary for scientists
and engineers without spaceflight experience to explore opportunities for solutions beyond
Earth.
49. Ames Research Center, Space Portal/Emerging Space Office
STC
3. Annually improve ISS access and operability and upgrade facilities and
capabilities, to support new science/technology endeavors. This will
enable the ISS to maintain the breadth of the existing investigations and
add the required depth (statistical aspects), and enable new discoveries,
increased synergies and growth in important areas. Some commonly
requested improvements include:
• Install a greater range of on-board analytical equipment for “on-site”
sample qualitative and quantitative analysis; allow ground teleoperation
of equipment; upgrade data downlink speed and amount; enable better
options for sample return.
• Enable and encourage scientist and technologists to conduct research
in person on-board the ISS.
• Synergize and increase flight research opportunities across platforms by
supporting research on multiple spacecraft, e.g. ISS-NL, DragonLab,
Bigelow Laboratory, robotic free-flying laboratories, etc.