Microfinance aims to provide financial services like loans, savings, and insurance to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. In India, microfinance grew out of efforts to provide credit to the poor, starting in the 1970s with organizations like Grameen Bank. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) spearheaded India's microfinance program through partnerships with non-profits, banks, and cooperatives. Studies show microfinance has empowered women, improved health and education outcomes, and reduced dependency on informal lenders in rural India. However, some argue microfinance needs reforms to foster greater economic growth through support for real businesses and improved infrastructure.
Microfinancing provides small loans and other basic financial services to low-income individuals who otherwise lack access to traditional banking services. It began in the 1970s with programs in Bangladesh and Brazil that made very small loans to rural poor groups, often women, to establish microenterprises and lift themselves out of poverty. Professor Muhammad Yunus pioneered microfinancing by founding Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1976, which today has over 6 million borrowers, most of whom are women. Microfinancing has since expanded globally and plays a key role in providing financial access to the poor in developing countries like India.
This document provides an overview of microfinancing and how it aims to help alleviate poverty. It discusses the two types of poverty, absolute and relative, and how absolute poverty affects over 1.5 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day. Microfinancing attempts to address this through small loans (microcredit) to help the poor establish small businesses or improve their economic circumstances. Key aspects covered include high repayment rates of microloans, the emphasis on female borrowers, and debates around the long-term effectiveness of microfinancing.
Microfinance :a step towards women empowermentNishu Kanwar
The document discusses microfinance as a strategy for poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. Microfinance involves providing small loans, savings opportunities, and insurance to poor and low-income individuals without collateral. It focuses on empowering women through self-help groups that provide access to credit and financial services. Microfinance helps rural women start small businesses and builds their confidence by providing an alternative to moneylenders. While it allows rural women to save and participate in the economy, there are also threats like women becoming unpaid debt collectors; however, these can be overcome through self-governance and portfolio diversification.
A report on microcredit system in bangladeshneha0175120
The document provides background information on microcredit in Bangladesh. It discusses the origins and modern development of microcredit, with a focus on pioneering institutions like Grameen Bank. It outlines the key principles of microcredit, including group lending and lending to women. It also examines the typical users and suppliers of microcredit services in Bangladesh, how borrowers use loans, and the economic and social impacts of microcredit programs.
Plan Canada supports microfinancing to help alleviate poverty. Microfinancing provides small loans to those without access to capital, allowing people to start small businesses and become financially independent. Microfinancing has benefits like improved access to credit, higher loan repayment rates, better education and health outcomes, sustainability, and job creation. Plan Canada works with partners like Arariwa in Peru to facilitate village savings programs and bring microfinancing services to rural communities. Kiva and FINCA are also microfinancing organizations that provide loans and financial services to low-income entrepreneurs around the world.
Microcredit organizations in Bangladesh include Grameen Bank, around 1500 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), commercial and specialized banks, and government programs. These organizations provide small, uncollateralized loans to impoverished individuals and groups to support entrepreneurship, alleviate poverty, and empower communities. Microcredit is sustained through financial regulations tailored to objectives, increasing customer base to boost savings, large coverage, and addressing development needs of the poor. The Microcredit Regulatory Authority regulates and supervises microfinance operations in Bangladesh.
Microcredit provides small loans to low-income individuals to help them become self-employed entrepreneurs. The concept originated in the 18th century and was pioneered by organizations like the Grameen Bank founded by Muhammad Yunus in 1983. Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for establishing microcredit as an effective anti-poverty strategy. In Pakistan, microcredit is offered through various microfinance institutions including NGOs, rural support programs, and commercial banks to support entrepreneurship among the 24% of Pakistanis living below the poverty line, which is double the urban rate.
Microfinance in India has evolved over three phases from 1960 to today:
1) Social banking phase from 1960-1980 focused on expanding rural branch networks.
2) Financial systems approach from 1990-2000 saw the emergence of NGO-MFIs and self-help groups.
3) Current phase of financial inclusion since 2000 features MFIs partnering with diverse entities and increased policy regulation.
The microfinance industry in India is dominated by self-help groups initiated by NABARD and MFIs that emerged in the late 1990s to provide financial services to low-income individuals through mechanisms like group lending.
Microfinancing provides small loans and other basic financial services to low-income individuals who otherwise lack access to traditional banking services. It began in the 1970s with programs in Bangladesh and Brazil that made very small loans to rural poor groups, often women, to establish microenterprises and lift themselves out of poverty. Professor Muhammad Yunus pioneered microfinancing by founding Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1976, which today has over 6 million borrowers, most of whom are women. Microfinancing has since expanded globally and plays a key role in providing financial access to the poor in developing countries like India.
This document provides an overview of microfinancing and how it aims to help alleviate poverty. It discusses the two types of poverty, absolute and relative, and how absolute poverty affects over 1.5 billion people living on less than $1.25 per day. Microfinancing attempts to address this through small loans (microcredit) to help the poor establish small businesses or improve their economic circumstances. Key aspects covered include high repayment rates of microloans, the emphasis on female borrowers, and debates around the long-term effectiveness of microfinancing.
Microfinance :a step towards women empowermentNishu Kanwar
The document discusses microfinance as a strategy for poverty alleviation and women's empowerment. Microfinance involves providing small loans, savings opportunities, and insurance to poor and low-income individuals without collateral. It focuses on empowering women through self-help groups that provide access to credit and financial services. Microfinance helps rural women start small businesses and builds their confidence by providing an alternative to moneylenders. While it allows rural women to save and participate in the economy, there are also threats like women becoming unpaid debt collectors; however, these can be overcome through self-governance and portfolio diversification.
A report on microcredit system in bangladeshneha0175120
The document provides background information on microcredit in Bangladesh. It discusses the origins and modern development of microcredit, with a focus on pioneering institutions like Grameen Bank. It outlines the key principles of microcredit, including group lending and lending to women. It also examines the typical users and suppliers of microcredit services in Bangladesh, how borrowers use loans, and the economic and social impacts of microcredit programs.
Plan Canada supports microfinancing to help alleviate poverty. Microfinancing provides small loans to those without access to capital, allowing people to start small businesses and become financially independent. Microfinancing has benefits like improved access to credit, higher loan repayment rates, better education and health outcomes, sustainability, and job creation. Plan Canada works with partners like Arariwa in Peru to facilitate village savings programs and bring microfinancing services to rural communities. Kiva and FINCA are also microfinancing organizations that provide loans and financial services to low-income entrepreneurs around the world.
Microcredit organizations in Bangladesh include Grameen Bank, around 1500 non-governmental organizations (NGOs), commercial and specialized banks, and government programs. These organizations provide small, uncollateralized loans to impoverished individuals and groups to support entrepreneurship, alleviate poverty, and empower communities. Microcredit is sustained through financial regulations tailored to objectives, increasing customer base to boost savings, large coverage, and addressing development needs of the poor. The Microcredit Regulatory Authority regulates and supervises microfinance operations in Bangladesh.
Microcredit provides small loans to low-income individuals to help them become self-employed entrepreneurs. The concept originated in the 18th century and was pioneered by organizations like the Grameen Bank founded by Muhammad Yunus in 1983. Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize for establishing microcredit as an effective anti-poverty strategy. In Pakistan, microcredit is offered through various microfinance institutions including NGOs, rural support programs, and commercial banks to support entrepreneurship among the 24% of Pakistanis living below the poverty line, which is double the urban rate.
Microfinance in India has evolved over three phases from 1960 to today:
1) Social banking phase from 1960-1980 focused on expanding rural branch networks.
2) Financial systems approach from 1990-2000 saw the emergence of NGO-MFIs and self-help groups.
3) Current phase of financial inclusion since 2000 features MFIs partnering with diverse entities and increased policy regulation.
The microfinance industry in India is dominated by self-help groups initiated by NABARD and MFIs that emerged in the late 1990s to provide financial services to low-income individuals through mechanisms like group lending.
Microcredit is a system that provides small loans to poor individuals without collateral to start self-employment projects. Muhammad Yunus pioneered microcredit by providing small loans to 42 poor women in Bangladesh in 1976. This led to the founding of Grameen Bank in 1983, which has since loaned over $6 billion to over 7 million people, mostly women. Microcredit works by providing loans in small group through community support and accountability. It has significantly reduced poverty by generating income and empowering the poor, especially women. However, some critiques argue it can increase debt cycles and over-dependence on loans.
This document is a paper presentation on microfinance as an innovative tool for poverty reduction. It was presented by Mrs. B. Ramya HariGanesan at a national conference on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The paper discusses how microfinance has evolved over time from ancient rotating savings and credit associations to modern microcredit pioneered by Muhammad Yunus. It analyzes the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation in India through case studies. Data from mix-market.org shows that as the number of microfinance institutions has increased from 2000 to 2012, average asset positions and deposit balances have also risen, indicating microfinance has helped improve living standards for the poor. The paper concludes that microfinance plays an
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
The document discusses several topics related to microfinance including:
- The theory and concepts of microfinance including providing financial services to marginalized groups and ethical lending practices.
- Different microfinance products like insurance, loans for various purposes, and pension plans.
- Challenges in microfinance like high interest rates, lack of legal protections, and high operating costs.
- The need to study fundamentals of microfinance concepts, design client-focused services, and analyze institutions' financial and risk profiles to strengthen the industry.
Microfinance is a general term to describe financial services to low-income individuals or to those who do not have access to typical banking services.
Microfinance involves providing small loans, savings, insurance, and other financial services to low-income clients who traditionally lack access to banking. It aims to help the poor lift themselves out of poverty through self-employment opportunities and entrepreneurship. Key features include providing small, short-term loans without collateral through group lending models. Microfinance has grown significantly since the 1970s when pioneers like the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh demonstrated that the poor can repay loans and access financial services through market-based approaches. It now serves over 100 million clients worldwide through thousands of microfinance institutions.
Microcredit programs in Bangladesh help reduce poverty by providing small loans to poor individuals for self-employment projects. Two prominent microcredit organizations discussed are Grameen Bank and BRAC, which lend primarily to women in rural Bangladesh. Grameen Bank pioneered the group lending model and its borrowers own most of the bank. Both organizations have had success in helping people rise out of poverty and improve their standards of living.
Contribution of microfinance and women empowermentkayirangad
Microfinance contributes to women's empowerment in Rwanda through organizations like Profemmes Twese Hamwe (PTH) and microfinance institutions like Duterimbere. Duterimbere provides credit to empower unemployed women by enabling them to start small businesses. While microcredit has increased women's economic role and decision making, the study found it has not been enough to fully empower women. Challenges include limited business knowledge, education, and loan amounts. Recommendations include expanding services to reach more impoverished groups and improving training programs to better meet clients' needs.
1) Microfinance institutions provide small loans and financial services to low-income populations, playing a key role in creating economic opportunities for the poorest.
2) The Self Help Group (SHG) - Bank linkage program was conceived to develop supplementary credit services for the unreached poor, build trust between bankers and the poor, and encourage banking activity among the poor.
3) Through SHGs, over 22 million poor households have gained access to formal banking, with nearly 90% being women's groups. Banks have provided over $2 billion in loans to SHGs.
Microfinance & its impact on women entrepreneurship developShingla Prabha
This document summarizes microfinance and its impact. It discusses how microfinance provides small loans, savings, and insurance to the poor, especially women. This empowers women economically and helps families rise out of poverty. Microfinance has increased household incomes, improved health, education and social outcomes. However, simply providing access to loans is not enough - business training is also needed to help women gain self-confidence and ability to make their own decisions to fully benefit from microfinance opportunities.
Reaserch report on micro credit and women empowerment Mahetab Khan
This document summarizes a research report on microcredit and women's empowerment. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings and insurance to low-income individuals and families. It then outlines different microfinance models including self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs). The report analyzes data showing increasing loan amounts and numbers of women-led SHGs over time. It also discusses challenges women entrepreneurs face and recommendations to overcome them through improved training, access to credit and support networks.
Microfinance provides financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It began in the 1970s when Muhammad Yunus pioneered the concept of lending small amounts to groups of poor women in Bangladesh without collateral. This joint liability model produced very high repayment rates. Yunus went on to establish Grameen Bank based on this group lending approach. Microfinance has since expanded globally and within India, supported by the establishment of organizations like NABARD, SEWA, and SIDBI to promote self-help groups and connect them to banking institutions.
Micro finance for agriculture, A report on how Microfinance and Agriculture are to go hand in hand in the coming years, Showing a good business opportunity.
This document discusses microfinance, including:
1) Microfinance provides financial services like loans, savings, insurance, and remittances to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. The goal is to help the poor become self-sufficient.
2) Microfinance services can be provided by both formal sectors like banks and non-formal sectors like NGOs. Common services include loans, savings, insurance, remittances, and training.
3) Microfinance uses innovative methods to provide small, uncollateralized loans to borrowers, often using group lending models where groups guarantee each other's loans. Repayment of one loan enables access to future loans.
This document discusses a study on empowering women through microfinance in Lebanon. The study found that microfinance positively influenced women's decision-making power and socio-economic status by making them financially independent and allowing them to increase household income. The study revealed that microfinance is an effective tool for women's empowerment in Lebanon by enhancing their economic security and role in household and family decision making. The conclusion suggests further studies on the impact of culture on women's empowerment through microfinance in Lebanon's diverse population would be valuable.
The document discusses microfinance and its role in rural development in India. It begins with a quote emphasizing the importance of support for growth. It then outlines that microfinance provides financial services to low-income clients, helping them create sustainable livelihoods, reduce vulnerability, and empower people, mainly women. It discusses challenges faced by microfinance institutions in India including regulatory issues and risks. Potential solutions proposed include reforms to regulations and greater transparency for the industry. The conclusion emphasizes that microfinance can play a key role in poverty alleviation as part of India's development strategy.
MICRO FINANCE
HISTORY OF MICRO FINANCE Fully-incorporated microfinance and community development bank-ShoreBank, founded in 1973 in Chicago. First microloan in Bangladesh in 1974 Economics professor Muhammad Yunus. Accion International, began disbursing microloans in Recife, Brazil as early as 1975.
SOURCES OF MICRO FINANCE SERVICES FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Such as rural banks and cooperatives; NGOs. INFORMAL SOURCES Such as money lenders and shopkeepers.
The document discusses microfinance in India. It notes that while India's economy grew rapidly in recent years, this growth did not improve living standards for the poor. Microfinance aims to provide financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. Key organizations in microfinance in India include self-help groups linked to banks, as well as large microfinance institutions that are beginning to partner with major banks and access capital markets. The microfinance sector has grown rapidly but still faces challenges in reaching all those in need and balancing social and profit motives as the industry professionalizes and expands.
El documento describe las diversas herramientas de formato que proporciona Microsoft Word para darle un aspecto profesional a los documentos, como insertar videos, imágenes y tablas, aplicar temas y estilos de texto, y utilizar plantillas de portada y páginas. También explica cómo Word facilita la lectura de documentos a través de nuevas funciones como la vista de lectura y botones que ahorran tiempo.
Microcredit is a system that provides small loans to poor individuals without collateral to start self-employment projects. Muhammad Yunus pioneered microcredit by providing small loans to 42 poor women in Bangladesh in 1976. This led to the founding of Grameen Bank in 1983, which has since loaned over $6 billion to over 7 million people, mostly women. Microcredit works by providing loans in small group through community support and accountability. It has significantly reduced poverty by generating income and empowering the poor, especially women. However, some critiques argue it can increase debt cycles and over-dependence on loans.
This document is a paper presentation on microfinance as an innovative tool for poverty reduction. It was presented by Mrs. B. Ramya HariGanesan at a national conference on achieving the Millennium Development Goals. The paper discusses how microfinance has evolved over time from ancient rotating savings and credit associations to modern microcredit pioneered by Muhammad Yunus. It analyzes the impact of microfinance on poverty alleviation in India through case studies. Data from mix-market.org shows that as the number of microfinance institutions has increased from 2000 to 2012, average asset positions and deposit balances have also risen, indicating microfinance has helped improve living standards for the poor. The paper concludes that microfinance plays an
It gives u a brief details about what is micro finance, how it works, y there is need for such institutions, the NGO's involved and the different types of MFI involved. the steps taken by India for micro finance.
The document discusses several topics related to microfinance including:
- The theory and concepts of microfinance including providing financial services to marginalized groups and ethical lending practices.
- Different microfinance products like insurance, loans for various purposes, and pension plans.
- Challenges in microfinance like high interest rates, lack of legal protections, and high operating costs.
- The need to study fundamentals of microfinance concepts, design client-focused services, and analyze institutions' financial and risk profiles to strengthen the industry.
Microfinance is a general term to describe financial services to low-income individuals or to those who do not have access to typical banking services.
Microfinance involves providing small loans, savings, insurance, and other financial services to low-income clients who traditionally lack access to banking. It aims to help the poor lift themselves out of poverty through self-employment opportunities and entrepreneurship. Key features include providing small, short-term loans without collateral through group lending models. Microfinance has grown significantly since the 1970s when pioneers like the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh demonstrated that the poor can repay loans and access financial services through market-based approaches. It now serves over 100 million clients worldwide through thousands of microfinance institutions.
Microcredit programs in Bangladesh help reduce poverty by providing small loans to poor individuals for self-employment projects. Two prominent microcredit organizations discussed are Grameen Bank and BRAC, which lend primarily to women in rural Bangladesh. Grameen Bank pioneered the group lending model and its borrowers own most of the bank. Both organizations have had success in helping people rise out of poverty and improve their standards of living.
Contribution of microfinance and women empowermentkayirangad
Microfinance contributes to women's empowerment in Rwanda through organizations like Profemmes Twese Hamwe (PTH) and microfinance institutions like Duterimbere. Duterimbere provides credit to empower unemployed women by enabling them to start small businesses. While microcredit has increased women's economic role and decision making, the study found it has not been enough to fully empower women. Challenges include limited business knowledge, education, and loan amounts. Recommendations include expanding services to reach more impoverished groups and improving training programs to better meet clients' needs.
1) Microfinance institutions provide small loans and financial services to low-income populations, playing a key role in creating economic opportunities for the poorest.
2) The Self Help Group (SHG) - Bank linkage program was conceived to develop supplementary credit services for the unreached poor, build trust between bankers and the poor, and encourage banking activity among the poor.
3) Through SHGs, over 22 million poor households have gained access to formal banking, with nearly 90% being women's groups. Banks have provided over $2 billion in loans to SHGs.
Microfinance & its impact on women entrepreneurship developShingla Prabha
This document summarizes microfinance and its impact. It discusses how microfinance provides small loans, savings, and insurance to the poor, especially women. This empowers women economically and helps families rise out of poverty. Microfinance has increased household incomes, improved health, education and social outcomes. However, simply providing access to loans is not enough - business training is also needed to help women gain self-confidence and ability to make their own decisions to fully benefit from microfinance opportunities.
Reaserch report on micro credit and women empowerment Mahetab Khan
This document summarizes a research report on microcredit and women's empowerment. It discusses how microfinance aims to provide financial services like credit, savings and insurance to low-income individuals and families. It then outlines different microfinance models including self-help groups (SHGs) and microfinance institutions (MFIs). The report analyzes data showing increasing loan amounts and numbers of women-led SHGs over time. It also discusses challenges women entrepreneurs face and recommendations to overcome them through improved training, access to credit and support networks.
Microfinance provides financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It began in the 1970s when Muhammad Yunus pioneered the concept of lending small amounts to groups of poor women in Bangladesh without collateral. This joint liability model produced very high repayment rates. Yunus went on to establish Grameen Bank based on this group lending approach. Microfinance has since expanded globally and within India, supported by the establishment of organizations like NABARD, SEWA, and SIDBI to promote self-help groups and connect them to banking institutions.
Micro finance for agriculture, A report on how Microfinance and Agriculture are to go hand in hand in the coming years, Showing a good business opportunity.
This document discusses microfinance, including:
1) Microfinance provides financial services like loans, savings, insurance, and remittances to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. The goal is to help the poor become self-sufficient.
2) Microfinance services can be provided by both formal sectors like banks and non-formal sectors like NGOs. Common services include loans, savings, insurance, remittances, and training.
3) Microfinance uses innovative methods to provide small, uncollateralized loans to borrowers, often using group lending models where groups guarantee each other's loans. Repayment of one loan enables access to future loans.
This document discusses a study on empowering women through microfinance in Lebanon. The study found that microfinance positively influenced women's decision-making power and socio-economic status by making them financially independent and allowing them to increase household income. The study revealed that microfinance is an effective tool for women's empowerment in Lebanon by enhancing their economic security and role in household and family decision making. The conclusion suggests further studies on the impact of culture on women's empowerment through microfinance in Lebanon's diverse population would be valuable.
The document discusses microfinance and its role in rural development in India. It begins with a quote emphasizing the importance of support for growth. It then outlines that microfinance provides financial services to low-income clients, helping them create sustainable livelihoods, reduce vulnerability, and empower people, mainly women. It discusses challenges faced by microfinance institutions in India including regulatory issues and risks. Potential solutions proposed include reforms to regulations and greater transparency for the industry. The conclusion emphasizes that microfinance can play a key role in poverty alleviation as part of India's development strategy.
MICRO FINANCE
HISTORY OF MICRO FINANCE Fully-incorporated microfinance and community development bank-ShoreBank, founded in 1973 in Chicago. First microloan in Bangladesh in 1974 Economics professor Muhammad Yunus. Accion International, began disbursing microloans in Recife, Brazil as early as 1975.
SOURCES OF MICRO FINANCE SERVICES FORMAL INSTITUTIONS Such as rural banks and cooperatives; NGOs. INFORMAL SOURCES Such as money lenders and shopkeepers.
The document discusses microfinance in India. It notes that while India's economy grew rapidly in recent years, this growth did not improve living standards for the poor. Microfinance aims to provide financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking. Key organizations in microfinance in India include self-help groups linked to banks, as well as large microfinance institutions that are beginning to partner with major banks and access capital markets. The microfinance sector has grown rapidly but still faces challenges in reaching all those in need and balancing social and profit motives as the industry professionalizes and expands.
El documento describe las diversas herramientas de formato que proporciona Microsoft Word para darle un aspecto profesional a los documentos, como insertar videos, imágenes y tablas, aplicar temas y estilos de texto, y utilizar plantillas de portada y páginas. También explica cómo Word facilita la lectura de documentos a través de nuevas funciones como la vista de lectura y botones que ahorran tiempo.
El documento describe brevemente Internet, la Web 2.0 y algunas herramientas de la Web 2.0. Define Internet como una red descentralizada de redes interconectadas que usan protocolos TCP/IP para funcionar como una sola red global. Define la Web 2.0 como la transición hacia aplicaciones enfocadas en el usuario y la colaboración que reemplazan aplicaciones de escritorio. Luego describe brevemente blogs, videoblogs, redes sociales, wikis y lectores RSS como ejemplos de herramientas de la Web 2.0.
Tema 5.2 economía y sociedad en el s. xix-desirée y mari carmenjjsg23
España en el siglo XIX experimentó un descenso de la mortalidad y el mantenimiento de altas tasas de natalidad, con el 80% de la población viviendo en zonas rurales. La sociedad estaba dividida en clases altas, medias y bajas. Las desamortizaciones de 1836-1855 consolidaron la estructura latifundista y aumentaron la superficie cultivada pero no la productividad. La industrialización se vio impulsada por recursos como el hierro, el carbón y el ferrocarril, aunque la agricultura sigui
Este documento proporciona información sobre el origen e historia de Internet. Explica que Internet comenzó en 1969 como una red militar llamada ARPANET, y que en 1995 las empresas pudieron conectarse sin permiso. También describe los protocolos TCP/IP, la aparición de la World Wide Web en 1993, el crecimiento exponencial de usuarios de Internet y sitios web, el desarrollo de motores de búsqueda como Google, y el surgimiento de redes sociales como Facebook.
El documento proporciona información sobre la historia de Internet. Explica que en 1995 las empresas pudieron conectarse a Internet sin permiso y que Internet comenzó como el primer medio de comunicación global. También describe algunos hitos importantes como el lanzamiento del Sputnik en 1957, el origen de ARPA y el desarrollo de protocolos como TCP/IP. Explica brevemente el funcionamiento de la World Wide Web y hitos como la creación de la primera página web en 1991.
O documento identifica riscos físicos, químicos, biológicos e de acidentes em laboratórios e áreas de processamento de leite. Ele propõe soluções como instalação de ar condicionado, higienização adequada, identificação de soluções, manutenção de equipamentos e organização dos ambientes.
Media pembelajaran tik pendidikan biologi meliputi 11 jenis media seperti gambar, sketsa, diagram, bagan, grafik, kartun, poster, peta, film, video, dan permainan yang dapat memperjelas konsep, memberikan ilustrasi, menghidupkan diskusi, serta memperkaya pembelajaran biologi.
The document outlines the rules and criteria for judging a presentation competition. Contestants will have 5 minutes to present on the topic of "Illumination and Transformation" using one of 11 pre-made slide decks of 12 slides each. Judges will score each presentation on 5 criteria and assign an overall score out of 25, with tiebreakers decided by audience applause. Criteria include content, presenter poise, flow, audience response, and completing all slides. Bonus points may be earned for successfully incorporating the subtitle into the presentation, as determined by the judges.
El documento describe la evolución del modelo económico venezolano desde 1999, que incluyó la estatización de empresas privadas, el fortalecimiento del rol del Estado en la distribución de alimentos, y el desarrollo de un plan nacional orientado a construir el socialismo bolivariano con metas como una nueva ética socialista y convertir a Venezuela en una potencia energética mundial.
Este documento presenta los números del 1 al 5 para niños de 3 a 5 años, con cada número escrito de forma individual seguido de su nombre. El tema central es enseñar los primeros números a los niños de manera simple mediante la repetición visual de los símbolos numéricos y sus nombres correspondientes.
Sistem pencernaan adalah proses mengubah makanan dari ukuran besar menjadi lebih kecil dan halus serta memecah molkul makanan kompleks menjadi molekul sederhana menggunakan enzim dan organ-organ pencernaan seperti mulut, lambung, usus, hati, dan pankreas.
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pelestarian hewan dan tumbuhan yang terancam punah di Indonesia. Hewan-hewan seperti orangutan, komodo, harimau sumatra, dan burung-burung tertentu membutuhkan perlindungan karena populasi mereka semakin berkurang. Demikian juga dengan tumbuhan langka seperti rafflesia, meranti, dan cendana. Upaya pelestarian dilakukan dengan metode ex situ di kebun binatang dan in situ di taman nasional seperti Gun
Operational risk faces microfinance institutions from failures in internal systems, processes, technology, and human factors or external events. It includes risks from inadequate internal processes, employees, systems, or external events. For MFIs, operational risks arise from human errors or fraud, weak internal processes, system and technology failures, and relationship issues with clients that could lead to client loss. Managing these risks requires strong internal controls, training, monitoring, backup systems, and good client relations.
Scrubber dryers clean, dry, and sanitize floors in a single operation using rotating brushes, suction, and drying to leave floors completely dry. They reduce cleaning time and ensure consistent results. Scrubbing machines use little water and detergent compared to manual cleaning, reducing costs and environmental impact while improving sanitation. Most models are easy to use with intuitive controls and minimal training required.
This document provides an overview of microfinancing, including its origins and impact. Key points include:
- Microfinancing involves providing small loans to poor individuals who lack access to traditional banking. This allows them to start businesses and lift themselves out of poverty.
- Professor Yunus founded the Grameen Bank in Bangladesh in 1976, pioneering the microfinancing model. It now has over 6 million borrowers, most of whom are women.
- Studies show microfinancing increases household savings and income, and shifts borrowing away from moneylenders toward more formal sources.
- India has promoted microfinancing through development banks, encouraging NGOs and self-help groups to distribute loans to the
This document discusses women empowerment through microfinance in India. It provides background on microfinance and how it has evolved in India from subsidized credit programs to self-help groups linked to banks to today's more commercial microfinance institutions. Microfinance is seen as a tool for empowering women economically by providing small loans and other financial services. While microfinance has helped increase access to credit for many poor women, there are debates around how much it truly empowers women versus just alleviating poverty. The document also analyzes trends in women's workforce participation in India and finds it has declined significantly in rural areas in recent decades.
This document provides an overview of microfinance, including its key concepts, features, role, and importance. Microfinance involves providing financial services like loans, savings, insurance, and money transfers to low-income households and microenterprises. It aims to help the poor raise their income and standards of living. Key features include dealing in small loans, catering to the poor, supporting women and self-employment opportunities. Microfinance plays an important role in providing credit to the rural poor, alleviating poverty, empowering women, stimulating economic growth, and developing skills. Understanding the country context is also important, as it influences how microfinance is delivered.
Micro finance- P. SAI PRATHYUSHA ([PONDICHERRY UNIVERSITY)SaiLakshmi115
Microfinance refers to the provision of small loans, savings, microinsurance, and funds transfer services to low-income individuals and small businesses who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor generate income and lift themselves out of poverty by financing small entrepreneurial activities. Common microfinance providers include credit unions, commercial banks, NGOs, cooperatives, and specialized microfinance institutions. In India, microfinance has grown significantly since the 1970s with the emergence of self-help groups that are financed by banks and other organizations to provide credit to their members. Microfinance plays an important role in empowering women, generating employment, promoting financial inclusion, and driving overall economic development.
This document provides a summary of microfinance in India. It defines microfinance and outlines some of the key strategic policy initiatives taken by the Indian government to promote microfinance. It discusses various microfinance models used in India including self-help groups and analyses several large microfinance institutions operating in the country. The document also examines issues faced by the microfinance sector in India and factors contributing to the success of microfinance. Overall, the document provides a comprehensive overview of the microfinance landscape in India.
Microfinance provides small loans to poor and low-income individuals without collateral to help them engage in entrepreneurial activities or expand small businesses. It has proven effective at reducing poverty by empowering individuals, especially women, to become self-sufficient. In India, microfinance has grown rapidly in recent decades through self-help groups and microfinance institutions, reaching over 100 million people. However, there is still a large unmet demand and regulatory challenges around interest rates and appropriate legal structures remain.
Micro-Finance in Global Prespectives.pptxBijoyDas79
**Micro-Finance in Global Perspectives**
Microfinance, with its roots dating back centuries and its modern evolution driven by pioneers like Dr. Muhammad Yunus, represents a powerful force in global finance. Its historical journey encompasses early community-oriented pawnshops, 19th-century cooperative lending banks in Europe, and the birth of "modern microfinance" in rural Bangladesh. Over the years, microfinance has grown into a global movement, attracting substantial foreign investments and involvement from large banking institutions. With a diverse range of financial services, including small loans, savings, and insurance, microfinance aims to promote financial inclusion and empower low-income individuals, particularly women, across the world. Its adaptability, sustainability, and emphasis on entrepreneurship make it a critical tool in the fight against poverty and a key driver of economic development on a global scale. The global microfinance market continues to expand, offering hope and opportunity to millions of people who lack access to traditional banking services.
Microfinance provides financial services to small businesses and entrepreneurs who lack access to traditional banking. It can include microcredit (small loans), savings, insurance, and money transfers. While microcredit helps the poor borrow to save and accumulate assets, it often charges high interest rates of 30-70% due to the high transaction costs of small loans. Some microfinance programs instead focus on "saving up" by having collectors regularly collect small savings amounts from clients. Overall, microfinance aims to help the poor raise incomes, build assets, and withstand financial shocks through accessible financial services.
Microfinance provides small loans and other financial services to poor and low-income individuals who traditionally lack access to banking and related services. The document discusses two main approaches to microfinance - the saving-led approach and the credit-led approach. The saving-led approach emphasizes group savings first before lending internally from pooled savings, while the credit-led approach prioritizes getting external capital to groups in the form of individual loans with set repayment terms. Both aim to provide poor communities with needed credit and help accumulate savings, though they differ in their starting point and governance structures.
This document is a presentation on the significance of microfinance in Pakistan. It discusses how microfinance originated in the 1970s to provide small loans to the poor. The purpose of microfinance is to eliminate poverty by increasing incomes and access to financial services for financially excluded groups. The research aim is to review studies on the impact of microfinance (microcredit and microsavings) on incomes, poverty, and other outcomes for the poor in Pakistan. It then discusses the roles of NGOs and different government/international organizations in supporting microfinance initiatives, and the various activities and risks involved in microfinance like microcredit, microsavings, and microinsurance. Finally, it provides an overview of the loan process for microfinance and different types
Nationalized banks in India play an important role in microfinance in rural areas. Microfinance provides small loans, savings, and insurance to poor individuals and small businesses that lack access to traditional banking. While nationalized banks have expanded access to credit for rural Indians, they face limitations like a lack of experience with microfinance methods. Recommendations to improve microfinance through nationalized banks include developing a uniform legal framework, interest rates that cover costs, and programs that link credit to subsidies.
Muhammad Yunus pioneered microfinance in the 1970s by making small loans to impoverished villagers in Bangladesh. Microfinance has since spread globally and helped many people escape poverty by providing financial services to the poor. While microfinance has been successful in some areas, evidence also shows its limitations. It works best to support existing small businesses rather than as a cure for poverty on its own. Some borrowers take on too much debt, and the poorest may be better served first through savings programs rather than loans. Effective microfinance requires balancing social and financial sustainability.
Microfinance began in the 1970s when Muhammad Yunus lent money to poor villagers in Bangladesh. It has since spread globally and helped millions of poor people access small loans and other financial services. While microfinance has been successful in some areas, it also faces challenges in accurately assessing risk, enforcing repayment, and reaching the very poor who lack collateral. In China, microfinance is less developed than other Asian nations despite significant pockets of rural poverty. The absence of civil society organizations and a supportive regulatory environment have hindered the growth of microfinance there.
Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services like credit and deposits provided to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor become self-sufficient through saving, borrowing, and insurance. While banks are reluctant to serve these clients due to high costs and lack of collateral, microfinance fills this gap by providing small, affordable loans. Groups like self-help groups and microfinance institutions have successfully delivered microcredit in countries like India and Bangladesh, achieving repayment rates over 95% and helping many escape poverty. However, some criticize that microfinance benefits the moderately poor more than the destitute and can lead to over-indebtedness if not implemented responsibly.
This document provides a table of contents for a project on microfinance and private equity investment. It outlines the objectives of studying the evolution of microfinance, business models, funding needs, and private equity deals in India. Microfinance institutions face acute funding shortages due to delayed loan repayment cycles. The research aims to understand this growing sector and investment opportunities despite challenges like over-indebtedness of borrowers. Various sources are referenced to collect data on microfinance institutions, regulations, and deals in India.
Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services like credit and deposits provided to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor become self-sufficient through saving, borrowing, and insurance. While banks are reluctant to serve those with little income or collateral, microfinance fills this gap by providing small, collateral-free loans. In many developing countries, over 75% of the population lacks access to financial services apart from money lenders who charge high interest rates. Microfinance helps the poor by increasing incomes, allowing them to better manage cash flows and risks through access to credit. It also supports micro-enterprises and women's empowerment. Common microfinance models include self-help groups, credit
The document discusses Nigeria's microfinancing strategy established by the Central Bank of Nigeria to address poverty and lack of access to capital for small businesses. The strategy licenses two categories of microfinance banks - unit MFBs operating in a single local government area and state MFBs operating within a state - and establishes requirements for capitalization, growth, and expansion. The goal is to promote a private sector-driven microfinancing system delivered through regulated and well-managed microfinance banks.
Microfinance provides financial services to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It includes small, short-term loans that use social collateral rather than financial collateral. Microfinance aims to help the poor raise their income and build assets through supporting microenterprises. It also seeks to integrate the financial needs of the poor into mainstream financial systems by building sustainable local institutions. Some key principles are that microfinance services should include loans, savings, insurance and money transfers to be truly useful for the poor, and that microfinance institutions must be financially self-sufficient in order to reach large numbers of people.
Microfinance refers to small-scale financial services like credit and deposits provided to low-income individuals who lack access to traditional banking services. It aims to help the poor become self-sufficient through saving, borrowing, and insurance. Traditional banks are reluctant to serve the poor due to high costs and lack of collateral. As a result, the poor rely on expensive moneylenders. Microfinance helps address this need by providing affordable credit that supports small businesses and empowers women. It has been successful in reducing poverty in countries like Bangladesh and India through high repayment rates of over 95% in many areas. While it benefits the moderately poor more than the destitute, microfinance overall has proven effective in poverty alleviation when designed
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Digital Artefact 1 - Tiny Home Environmental Design
Micro finance 3
1. Micro Finance:
An Emerging Concept In The Perspective Of The Indian Economy
In the post nationalization era the banking sector witnessed flow of substantial
amount of resources while the banking network underwent an expansion phase
without comparables in the world. Credit came to be recognized as a remedy for
many of the ills of the poverty. Credit packages and programmes were designed
based on the experience gained.
Microfinance is a general term to describe financial services to low-income
individuals or to those who do not have access to typical banking services.
Microfinance is also the idea that low-income individuals are capable of lifting
themselves out of poverty if given access to financial services. While some studies
indicate that microfinance can play a role in the battle against poverty, it is also
recognized that is not always the appropriate method, and that it should never be
seen as the only tool for ending poverty.
I. Overview
Microfinance: A CONCEPT
"Microfinance is the supply of loans, savings, and other basic financial services to
the poor."
As these financial services usually involve small amounts of money - small loans,
small savings, etc. - the term "microfinance" helps to differentiate these services
from those which formal banks provide.
Why are they small? Someone who doesn't have a lot of money isn't likely to want or
be able to take out a Rs.50,000 loan, or be able to open a savings account with an
opening balance of Rs.1,000.
It's easy to imagine poor people don't need financial services, but when you think
about it they are using these services already, although they might look a little
different.
"Poor people save all the time, although mostly in informal ways. They invest in
assets such as gold, jewelry, domestic animals, building materials, and things that
can be easily exchanged for cash. They may set aside corn from their harvest to sell
at a later date. They bury cash in the garden or stash it under the mattress. They
participate in informal savings groups where everyone contributes a small amount of
cash each day, week, or month, and is successively awarded the pot on a rotating
basis. Some of these groups allow members to borrow from the pot as well. The
poor also give their money to neighbors to hold or pay local cash collectors to keep it
safe.
However widely used, informal savings mechanisms have serious limitations. It is not
possible, for example, to cut a leg off a goat when the family suddenly needs a small
amount of cash. In-kind savings are subject to fluctuations in commodity prices,
destruction by insects, fire, thieves, or illness (in the case of livestock). Informal
rotating savings groups tend to be small and rotate limited amounts of money.
Moreover, these groups often require rigid amounts of money at set intervals and do
not react to changes in their members' ability to save. Perhaps most importantly, the
poor are more likely to lose their money through fraud or mismanagement in informal
savings arrangements than are depositors in formal financial institutions.
2. "The poor rarely access services through the formal financial sector. They address
their need for financial services through a variety of financial relationships, mostly
informal."
Different types of financial services providers for poor people have emerged - non-government
organizations (NGOs); cooperatives; community-based development
institutions like self-help groups and credit unions; commercial and state banks;
insurance and credit card companies; telecommunications and wire services; post
offices; and other points of sale - offering new possibilities.
These providers have increased their product offerings and improved their
methodologies and services over time, as poor people proved their ability to repay
loans, and their desire to save. In many institutions, there are multiple loan products
providing working capital for small businesses, larger loans for durable goods, loans
for children’s education and to cover emergencies. Safe, secure deposit services
have been particularly well received by poor clients, but in some countries NGO
microfinance institutions are not permitted to collect deposits.
II. History
Ideas relating to microcredit can be found at various times in modern history.
Jonathan Swift inspired the Irish Loan Funds of the 18th and 19th centuries. In the
mid-19th century, Individualist anarchist Lysander Spooner wrote about the benefits
of numerous small loans for entrepreneurial activities to the poor as a way to
alleviate poverty. Ideas relating to microcredit were mentioned in portions of the
Marshall Plan at the end of World War II.
The origins of microcredit in its current practical incarnation, with attention paid by
economists and politicians worldwide, can be linked to several organizations founded
in Bangladesh, especially the Grameen Bank in the 1970s and onward, for which its
founder Muhammad Yunus was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2006.
III. Principles
Microcredit is based on a separate set of principles, which are distinguished from
general financing or credit.
Microcredit emphasizes building capacity of a micro-entrepreneur, employment
generation,trust building, and help to the micro-entrepreneur on initiation and during
difficult times.
Microcredit is a tool for socioeconomic development.
IV. Evolution Of Microfinance In India
The NABARD has successfully spearheaded the microfinance programme through
partnership with various stakeholders like non-governmental organisations
(NGOs),banks, cooperatives, etc, in the formal and informal sector, with support from
both the government of India (GOI) and the Reserve Bank of India (RBI) since the
early1990s. The SHG-bank linkage programme . The SHG-bank linkage
programme(BLP) was launched by NABARD as a pilot project in 1992 against the
backdrop of a huge banking structure unable to adequately address the microcredit
needs of the poor.
V. Strengths
1. Microfinance and Social Empowerment
The SHG-BLP itself has had a profound social impact. A number of studies
conducted on the effectiveness of the programme, have highlighted its impact on the
3. social empowerment process. Important findings with respect to the SHG
programme are:
o It has enabled households to spend much more on education than non-client
households. Families participating in the programme have reported better school
attendance and lower dropout rates.
o It has empowered women by enhancing their contribution to household income,
increasing the value of their assets and generally by giving them better control over
decisions that affect their lives.
o In certain areas, microfinance has reduced child mortality, improved maternal
health and the ability of the poor to combat disease through better nutrition, housing
and health – especially among women and children.
o It has contributed to reduced dependency on informal moneylenders and other
non-institutional lenders in rural areas.
2. Microfinance and Economic Growth
Economic growth requires many things—from relatively stable governments to
alleviation of poverty to the creation of a formal business sector to access to clean
water, education, and healthcare. Long term growth can be achieved by
1. Putting an emphasis placed on improving overall quality of life, Public goods are
missing from many of the small villages and poor slums in which microcredit is
extended. Lack of safe wells, paved roads, and so on, limits the growth that
successful and entrepreneurial microcredit borrowers can experience.
2. A focus on real businesses (which very possibly means not lending to the poorest
of the poor, but lending to the better off who can create real enterprises and employ
their less able neighbors) is necessary to create self-sustaining small companies,
and to make the push toward a formal sector. Because MFIs have maintained their
strong reputation and their ability to reach millions of people, they possess the
necessary qualities to bring change.
While projects of this caliber may sound too lofty, it is absolutely necessary to
consider using microfinance on a slightly larger, more innovative scale. There is no
accessible data to say that these types of projects in conjunction with MFIs have
been tested or tried, therefore it cannot be stated that microfinance used in other
ways would not lead to more successful, and developed towns, villages and cities.
Because microfinance is still a relatively new idea, MFIs are not eager to switch
practices. But there are some changes that need to take place...
VI. Microfinance Providers
Microfinance Institutions
A microfinance institution (MFI) is an organization that provides microfinance
services. MFIs range from small non-profit organizations to large commercial banks.
Historical context can help explain how specialized MFIs developed over the last few
decades. Between the 1950s and 1970s, governments and donors focused on
providing subsidized agricultural credit to small and marginal farmers, in hopes of
raising productivity and incomes. During the 1980s, micro-enterprise credit
concentrated on providing loans to poor women to invest in tiny businesses, enabling
them to accumulate assets and raise household income and welfare. These
experiments resulted in the emergence of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)
that provided financial services for the poor. In the 1990s, many of these institutions
4. transformed themselves into formal financial institutions in order to access and on-lend
client savings, thus enhancing their outreach.
NABARD
Established by NABARD in accordance with the provisions of the NABARD Act,
1981, the Research and Development Fund aims at acquiring new insights into the
problems of agriculture and rural development through in depth studies and applied
research and trying out innovative approaches backed up by technical and economic
studies. The R&D Fund is utilized for the formulating policies on matters of
importance to agricultural operations and rural development.
REGULATORY FUNCTIONS:
1. The Banking Regulation Act , 1949empowers NABARD to undertake inspection of
the RRBs and Co-operative banks .
2. Any RRB or Co-operative banks taking permission from RBI for opening new
branches will have to obtain recommendation of NABARD.
3. RRBs and Co –operative are required to file returns and documents with the
NABARD.
It has been entrusted with the statutory responsibility of the conducting responsibility
of con
Ducting inspections of the State Cooperatives Banks, District Central Cooperative
Banks and regional Rural Banks under the provisions of The Banking Regulation Act
, 1949. In addition it conducts periodic inspections of state level co-operative
institutions on the voluntary basis.
SUPERVISORY FUNCTIONS:
NABARD is an apex involved in refinancing credit needs of major financial
institutions in the country engaged in the offering Financial assistance to agriculture
and rural development operations and programmes , is undertaking and sharing with
the RBI certain supervisory functions in respect of Co-operative banks and regional
rural banks such as :
1. Inspection of RRBs and Co-operative Banks under the provisions of The Banking
Regulation Act , 1949.
2. Inspection of State Cooperative Agriculture and Rural Development banks and
apex non-credit cooperative societies on a voluntary basis.
3. Portfolio inspections , system study and off-site surveillance of Co-operative
Banks and RRBs.
4. Recommendations to RBI on opening of new branches by State Cooperative
Banks and RRBs.
5. Administering the Credit Monitoring Arrangements in the State Cooperative
Banks, District Central banks.
The day to day functioning of the the supervised banks is being monitored through
various statutory returns prescribed by the RBI/NABARD including OSS returns.
VII. The SHG system
The launching of pilot phase of SHG programme in February 1992 was a landmark
development in banking with poor. SHG informal thrift and credit groups of poor
came to be recognized as the bank clients under the Pilot phase.
According to NABARD, almost 3 million SHGs have linked to nearly 500 banks since
5. the program started, reaching over 11 million households across.
The members form a group of around twenty members. The group formation process
may be facilitated by an NGO or by the MFI or bank itself, or it may evolve from a
traditional rotating savings and credit group (ROSCA) or other locally initiated
grouping. The process of formal ‘linkage’ to an MFI or bank usually goes through the
following stages, which may be spread over many years or which may take place
within a few months
.• The SHG members decide to make regular savings contributions. These may be
kept by their elected head, in cash, or in kind, or they may be banked.
• The members start to borrow individually from the SHG, for purposes, on terms and
at interest rates decided by the group themselves.
• The SHG opens a savings account, in the group’s name, with the bank or MFI, for
such funds as may not be needed by members, or in order to qualify for a loan from
the bank.
• The bank or MFI makes a loan to the SHG, in the name of the Group, which is then
used by the Group to supplement its own funds for on-lending to it members.
The SHG need never go through all these stages; it may satisfy its members’ needs
quite effectively if it only goes to the second or even to the first stage, saving money
and possibly not even withdrawing it .
The SHG carries out all the same functions as those required by the Grameen
system, but they do this on their own behalf, since the SHG is effectively a micro-bank,
carrying out all the familiar intermediation tasks of savings mobilisation and
lending. The MFI or bank may assist the SHG in record keeping, and they may also
demand to know who are the members and impose certain conditions as to the uses
of the loan which they make to the SHG, but the SHG is an autonomous financial
institution in its own right.
The SHG system is mainly found in India, where it is used by both MFIs and banks.
There also some important users in Indonesia, parts of South East Asia, Africa and
elsewhere. The SHG system in India was initiated by NGOs, and is used for financial
intermediation both by commercial banks and by MFIs.
Financing Strategies
Commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks primarily
fund the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, and NABARD in turn re-finances them.
Credit lines to SHGs are critically limited, as they are based on a certain multiple of
SHG members' savings accounts within banks. While the cumulative savings of
SHGs could serve as a low-cost source of funds for onlending, their potential is
limited by the lack of aggregated savings across SHGs. Commercial equity
investments are not available to for SHGs due to their informal status
Illusive socio-economic impacts
SHGs form a critical link for poor women to access a variety of financial services.
They are effective platforms for women to participate in politics through awareness
campaigns and community action. SHGs have also emerged as "last mile" channels
for government to distribute financial benefits and for corporations to retail their
products through member-entrepreneurs. Even so, questions remain about the
ability of SHGs to attain a primary objective - economic empowerment of poor
women.
6. the program started, reaching over 11 million households across.
The members form a group of around twenty members. The group formation process
may be facilitated by an NGO or by the MFI or bank itself, or it may evolve from a
traditional rotating savings and credit group (ROSCA) or other locally initiated
grouping. The process of formal ‘linkage’ to an MFI or bank usually goes through the
following stages, which may be spread over many years or which may take place
within a few months
.• The SHG members decide to make regular savings contributions. These may be
kept by their elected head, in cash, or in kind, or they may be banked.
• The members start to borrow individually from the SHG, for purposes, on terms and
at interest rates decided by the group themselves.
• The SHG opens a savings account, in the group’s name, with the bank or MFI, for
such funds as may not be needed by members, or in order to qualify for a loan from
the bank.
• The bank or MFI makes a loan to the SHG, in the name of the Group, which is then
used by the Group to supplement its own funds for on-lending to it members.
The SHG need never go through all these stages; it may satisfy its members’ needs
quite effectively if it only goes to the second or even to the first stage, saving money
and possibly not even withdrawing it .
The SHG carries out all the same functions as those required by the Grameen
system, but they do this on their own behalf, since the SHG is effectively a micro-bank,
carrying out all the familiar intermediation tasks of savings mobilisation and
lending. The MFI or bank may assist the SHG in record keeping, and they may also
demand to know who are the members and impose certain conditions as to the uses
of the loan which they make to the SHG, but the SHG is an autonomous financial
institution in its own right.
The SHG system is mainly found in India, where it is used by both MFIs and banks.
There also some important users in Indonesia, parts of South East Asia, Africa and
elsewhere. The SHG system in India was initiated by NGOs, and is used for financial
intermediation both by commercial banks and by MFIs.
Financing Strategies
Commercial banks, regional rural banks (RRBs) and cooperative banks primarily
fund the SHG-Bank Linkage Programme, and NABARD in turn re-finances them.
Credit lines to SHGs are critically limited, as they are based on a certain multiple of
SHG members' savings accounts within banks. While the cumulative savings of
SHGs could serve as a low-cost source of funds for onlending, their potential is
limited by the lack of aggregated savings across SHGs. Commercial equity
investments are not available to for SHGs due to their informal status
Illusive socio-economic impacts
SHGs form a critical link for poor women to access a variety of financial services.
They are effective platforms for women to participate in politics through awareness
campaigns and community action. SHGs have also emerged as "last mile" channels
for government to distribute financial benefits and for corporations to retail their
products through member-entrepreneurs. Even so, questions remain about the
ability of SHGs to attain a primary objective - economic empowerment of poor
women.