The Rise and Cultural Fragmentation of Modern Metropolis

Metropolis and Post-Metropolis
Iconic Modern Places, Pt. 3
Eastern Washington University
CSBS 310
Urbanization = Social-Structural Differentiation
Density ➥ Complexity
➥
➥
Differentiation
CSBS 310

➥
➥
Differentiation
Centralization
Traditional Urbanization
CSBS 310
Third Urban Revolution:
The Metropolis
“The metropolis has invariably functioned as the
privileged figure of modernity . . . [It] represents the
highest form assumed by both economic and aesthetic
forces. [It] becomes both a model of economic and
social development, and a metaphor of modernity...”
Iain Chambers, Border Dialogues: Journeys in Postmodernity, p.
55

CSBS 310
Third Urban
Revolution
• The rise of the modern industrial
metropolis
- First modern factories were built
outside the city
‣ Small city size made noxious
production intolerable
‣ Cheaper, more abundant energy
‣ Less organized (therefore
cheaper) workforce
- When industrial production entered

the city, the metropolis was born
CSBS 310
Third Urban
Revolution
• The industrial metropolis involved:
- Massive urbanization (Britain
80% rural in 1750, 80% urban in
1900)
- The rise of nationalism (cities
condensed and focused the
material and symbolic capital of
the nation-state)
- Heightened state administration
to organize industrial capitalism

- Increased spatial differentiation
(rise of the modern suburbs)
CSBS 310
Case Studies
Manchester, England
CSBS 310
Case Studies
Manchester, England

CSBS 310
Manchester, England: The Modern Metropolis
• 1700s: served as a collection point
for surrounding towns, villages and
farms engaged in handweaving (to
supplement decreasing income from
agriculture)
• The density of cotton-spinning in the
region surrounding Manchester
sparked commercial differentiation/
specialization
CSBS 310
Manchester: Density,
Differentiation,

Complexity
Large scale environmental
manipulation--canals, mines,
railroads
Bridgewater Canal, Britain’s first artificial waterway
CSBS 310
Manchester: Density, Differentiation, Complexity
Commodities traders emerged--
cotton shipped in from America,
finished textiles and other textile
related commodities shipped out
CSBS 310

Growth of machine
manufacturers in Manchester to
support textile industry, later
developed into general
machinery
Differentiation,
Complexity
CSBS 310
Differentiation,
Complexity
Growth of chemical industry,
originally to provide textile
manufacturers with dye and bleach

CSBS 310
Growth of financing and banking
to support growing and changing
industries
Differentiation,
Complexity
CSBS 310
Growth of commercial enterprise
to support bourgeois domestic
life: real estate developers,
homeware, public and private

education, cultural institutions ...
SUBURBANIZATION
Differentiation,
Complexity
CSBS 310
Chicago: America’s
Manchester
• Began life as a small military
fort
• Rapid growth due to man-
made canals and railroad
• Centralized industry
spawned concentric-ring city

• Unlike Manchester, (and New
York, London, etc.) Chicago
didn’t have an “old city” so
the industrial metropolitan
form is more clearly visible
CSBS 310
CSBS 310
Erie Canal, New York
CSBS 310

CSBS 310
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal
CSBS 310
CSBS 310
➥
➥
Differentiation

Centralization
Traditional Urbanization
CSBS 310
CSBS 310
I. Decentralization
II. Post-Fordism
III. Fragmented Inequality
IV. Globalization
V. Carceral Enclaves
The Fourth Urban

Revolution: Post-
Metropolis
CSBS 310
I. Decentralization:
The Explosion of the City-Region
• The industrial city was structured
through the logic of centrality: the
center organizes the periphery
• Segregated communities
connected through centralized
social institutions and centralized
transportation networks (trains,
street cars, buses)
The Chicago School

“Concentric Zone Model” (1925)
CSBS 310
Decentralization: The Explosion of the City-Region
• The post-metropolis is structured by
several different logics:
1. postfordist capitalism (flexible,
contingent labor; service sector
dominance)
2. automobility (the automobile as
integral to daily life; the auto as a
technological extension of the
body)
3. radical individualism (a loss of a
sense of public solidarity, common

good)
• Segregated communities connected
through decentralized social institutions
and decentralized transportation
networks
Michael Dear
“Postmodern Urban Structure” (1998)
CSBS 310
Postmetropolitan transformation of the classic urban
concentric ring model
Multinucleated Metropolitan Region
“postmetropolis and postsuburbia”
Home
Work, Politics, Culture

Modern Industrial Urban Model
“city & suburb”
Work,
Politics,
Culture
Suburban Single-Family Homes
CSBS 310
II. Post-Fordism:
Restructuring Capitalism in the City
• Post-Fordism
- Rapid movement of capital
- Short-term, contingent
labor
- Outsourcing; sub-

contracting
- Increased socio-spatial
specialization (high-tech;
entertainment; bio-tech;
finance); vertical
disintegration
CSBS 310
Post-Fordism: Restructuring Capitalism in the City
Labor in Post-Fordism
CSBS 310
III. Fragmented Inequality:
New Geographies of

Ethnicity and Income
• The Traditional Models:
- Polar City: Bourgeois/
Proletariat (19th c.
Manchester, UK)
- Hierarchical City: Poor,
Middle Class, Wealthy
(London, New York)
- Racially Divided City: Black
vs. White (Detroit, Baltimore)
• Fourth Urban Revolution
- Metro-polar City:
“Polymorphous and
Fractured Social Geometry”
Chicago, IL

CSBS 310
Philadelphia, PA
CSBS 310
Baltimore, MD
CSBS 310
Los Angeles, CA
CSBS 310

Los Angeles, CA
CSBS 310
Chicago, IL
CSBS 310
Postmetropolitan transformation of the classic urban
concentric ring model
Multinucleated Metropolitan Region
“postmetropolis and postsuburbia”
Home
Work, Politics, Culture
Modern Industrial Urban Model

“city & suburb”
Work,
Politics,
Culture
Suburban Single-Family Homes
CSBS 310
Background Culture
(Binaries, Scripts,
Narratives)
The Cultural Fragmentation of Modernity
• Cultural De-fusion is a fundamental aspect of modern life
because of the
endless plurality of background cultural elements and audience
groups
Actor’s
Performance

Audience
Reception
Misinterpretation Miscommunication
Alienation/DistanceCynical/False/Inauthentic
relation to background culture➪ ➪
No single background
culture in modern
societies
No single audience in
modern societies
CSBS 310
Background Culture
(Binaries, Scripts,
Narratives)

• Cultural De-fusion is a fundamental aspect of modern life
because of the
endless plurality of background cultural elements and audience
groups
Cultural
Symbols
Audience
Reception
Misinterpretation Miscommunication
Alienation/DistanceCynical/False/Inauthentic
relation to background culture➪ ➪
No single background
culture in modern
societies
No single audience in
modern societies

CSBS 310
Background Culture
(Binaries, Scripts,
Narratives)
Actor’s
Performance
Audience
Reception
➫ ➫
➬ ➬
Cultural Fusion
Interpretation Communication
Psychological IdentificationCathexis
Narrower, Local Scales

CSBS 310
Georg Simmel, “The Metropolis and Mental Life” (1903) in
Gary Bridge and Sophie Watson, eds. The Blackwell City
Reader. Oxford and Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002.
http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/content/BPL_Images/Co
ntent_store/Sample_chapter/0631225137/Bridge.pdf
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Foundations Of Social And Behavioral Sciences Theory
1. Discussion Question: What is social-structural differentiation
and how has the concept and structure of the “metropolis”

changed over time?
2.
2. Reading Reflection: Solid ONE-page reflection paper about
your thoughts on the reading. This could include a brief
summary and your opinion. There are not many guidelines or
format (e.g., APA, MLS style) for these weekly reading
reflection assignments. But please use 12-point font, Times New
Roman, and don't get ridiculous with the margin settings.
Reading: Metropolis and Mental Life: article Simmel
Metropolis Mental Life (file uploaded)
Lecture: Metropolis and Post-Metropolis (file uploaded)
Video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_yAsvwHlEiw

The Rise and Cultural Fragmentation of Modern Metropolis

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