Methods to study gene location, restriction mapping and other methods
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Getitics Slides #1 - Modified
The document discusses several DNA techniques including restriction endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, DNA hybridization, and cloning. Restriction endonucleases cut DNA molecules at specific sites and are used to create DNA fragments of defined sizes. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA and RNA fragments by size and allows visualization of bands. DNA hybridization uses labeled probes to identify specific DNA sequences. Cloning involves inserting DNA fragments into vectors to propagate and amplify the DNA, allowing study and manipulation of genes.
3 blotng
Blotting techniques such as Southern blots, Northern blots, and Western blots can be used to visualize specific DNA, RNA, or proteins separated by electrophoresis. Southern blots involve digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA to a membrane, and using probes to detect specific DNA sequences. Northern blots similarly separate RNA before transfer and probing. Western blots separate proteins and use antibodies to detect specific proteins. These techniques allow detection of gene copy numbers as well as deletions, insertions or rearrangements in genes.
Southern-blotting-and-Western-blotting.pptx
1. DNA or proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis.
2. The molecules are then transferred to a membrane through blotting.
3. For Southern blotting, DNA is detected using labeled probes that hybridize to complementary DNA sequences. For Western blotting, proteins are detected using primary and secondary antibodies that bind to the protein of interest.
4. These techniques are used for applications like identifying genes, detecting infectious diseases and genetic disorders, and forensic analysis.
Advance electroscopes
This document discusses advanced electrophoresis techniques used in genomics and proteomics. It describes how electrophoresis separates charged molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size, shape, and charge. It then explains different supporting media like cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels and how they separate molecules. The document also covers techniques like two-dimensional electrophoresis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary electrophoresis, and methods to detect DNA polymorphisms and mutations.
blooting image.pptx
1. DNA or proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis.
2. The molecules are then transferred to a membrane through either southern or western blotting.
3. For southern blotting, DNA is detected through hybridization with a labeled probe. For western blotting, specific proteins are detected through interaction with labeled antibodies.
4. These techniques are used for diagnostic purposes and research applications such as identifying DNA sequences or proteins of interest.
PPTChapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance G (1).pptx
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses variations in DNA sequences to distinguish individuals. It involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying it if needed, cutting it with restriction enzymes to isolate variable number tandem repeats, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, treating the DNA fragments with a radioactive probe, and exposing X-ray film to create an image-based fingerprint of the sample's DNA pattern. This fingerprint can then be used to identify individuals or determine familial relationships for various applications like criminal investigations, identifying remains, and tracing hereditary conditions.
PPTChapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance G.pptx
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses variations in DNA sequences to distinguish individuals. It involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying it if needed, cutting it with restriction enzymes to isolate variable number tandem repeats, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, treating the DNA fragments with a radioactive probe, and exposing X-ray film to create an image-based fingerprint of the sample's DNA pattern. This fingerprint can then be used to identify individuals or determine familial relationships for various applications like criminal investigations, identifying remains, and tracing hereditary conditions.
DNA sequencing - Maxam gilbert method
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
Recommended
Getitics Slides #1 - Modified
The document discusses several DNA techniques including restriction endonucleases, gel electrophoresis, DNA hybridization, and cloning. Restriction endonucleases cut DNA molecules at specific sites and are used to create DNA fragments of defined sizes. Gel electrophoresis separates DNA and RNA fragments by size and allows visualization of bands. DNA hybridization uses labeled probes to identify specific DNA sequences. Cloning involves inserting DNA fragments into vectors to propagate and amplify the DNA, allowing study and manipulation of genes.
3 blotng
Blotting techniques such as Southern blots, Northern blots, and Western blots can be used to visualize specific DNA, RNA, or proteins separated by electrophoresis. Southern blots involve digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments by size via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA to a membrane, and using probes to detect specific DNA sequences. Northern blots similarly separate RNA before transfer and probing. Western blots separate proteins and use antibodies to detect specific proteins. These techniques allow detection of gene copy numbers as well as deletions, insertions or rearrangements in genes.
Southern-blotting-and-Western-blotting.pptx
1. DNA or proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis.
2. The molecules are then transferred to a membrane through blotting.
3. For Southern blotting, DNA is detected using labeled probes that hybridize to complementary DNA sequences. For Western blotting, proteins are detected using primary and secondary antibodies that bind to the protein of interest.
4. These techniques are used for applications like identifying genes, detecting infectious diseases and genetic disorders, and forensic analysis.
Advance electroscopes
This document discusses advanced electrophoresis techniques used in genomics and proteomics. It describes how electrophoresis separates charged molecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size, shape, and charge. It then explains different supporting media like cellulose acetate, agarose, and polyacrylamide gels and how they separate molecules. The document also covers techniques like two-dimensional electrophoresis, pulsed field gel electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, capillary electrophoresis, and methods to detect DNA polymorphisms and mutations.
blooting image.pptx
1. DNA or proteins are separated by gel electrophoresis.
2. The molecules are then transferred to a membrane through either southern or western blotting.
3. For southern blotting, DNA is detected through hybridization with a labeled probe. For western blotting, specific proteins are detected through interaction with labeled antibodies.
4. These techniques are used for diagnostic purposes and research applications such as identifying DNA sequences or proteins of interest.
PPTChapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance G (1).pptx
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses variations in DNA sequences to distinguish individuals. It involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying it if needed, cutting it with restriction enzymes to isolate variable number tandem repeats, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, treating the DNA fragments with a radioactive probe, and exposing X-ray film to create an image-based fingerprint of the sample's DNA pattern. This fingerprint can then be used to identify individuals or determine familial relationships for various applications like criminal investigations, identifying remains, and tracing hereditary conditions.
PPTChapter 6 Molecular Basis of Inheritance G.pptx
DNA fingerprinting is a technique that uses variations in DNA sequences to distinguish individuals. It involves extracting DNA from a sample, amplifying it if needed, cutting it with restriction enzymes to isolate variable number tandem repeats, separating the fragments by size using gel electrophoresis, treating the DNA fragments with a radioactive probe, and exposing X-ray film to create an image-based fingerprint of the sample's DNA pattern. This fingerprint can then be used to identify individuals or determine familial relationships for various applications like criminal investigations, identifying remains, and tracing hereditary conditions.
DNA sequencing - Maxam gilbert method
This document describes the Maxam-Gilbert method of DNA sequencing. It involves radioactively labeling DNA, cleaving it with specific chemical treatments at adenine, guanine, cytosine, or cytosine and thymine bases, and separating the fragments by size via electrophoresis on an acrylamide gel. Comparison of the fragment sizes allows deduction of the DNA sequence. While it does not require DNA polymerases, the Maxam-Gilbert method uses hazardous chemicals and radioactive material, has technical complexity, and is not widely used due to the development of safer methods like Sanger sequencing.
BLOTTING TECHNIQUES SPECIAL
To understand the basic concept of blotting techniques (Southern, northern, western)
To know the main applications and advantages of each of the main types of blotting techniques
To be familiar with the steps (in brief) for performing a blotting procedure
To understand the major similarities & differences between different blotting techniques
To be introduced to an example of applying a blotting technique in diagnosis of diseases (SCA)
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The document discusses techniques for characterizing and using cloned DNA fragments, including gel electrophoresis to separate vector and cloned DNA, sequencing cloned DNA using the dideoxy chain termination method, and subcloning DNA fragments into vectors. It focuses on the basic Sanger dideoxy chain termination method for sequencing cloned DNA fragments, which involves synthesizing truncated daughter strands using dideoxyribonucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis and reading the sequence based on fragment size separation.
Southern Blot
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences within DNA samples. It involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA fragments to a membrane, and probing the membrane with a labeled complementary DNA sequence. Any hybridized probes will be detected, indicating the presence and size of the DNA fragment of interest.
Blotting Techniques_AI_21_08_2023.pptx
Blotting techniques such as Southern blot, Northern blot, and Western blot allow researchers to transfer separated DNA, RNA, or proteins onto a carrier membrane. A Southern blot uses gel electrophoresis to separate DNA by size, then transfers the DNA to a membrane where it can be probed with a complementary DNA probe to detect specific genes or DNA sequences. The probe hybridizes, or binds, to its complementary target sequence. This allows researchers to detect the presence and size of particular DNA sequences in a sample.
DNA FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN AN...
DNA FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN AN...srikrupa institute of pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying herbal drugs, including those of natural origin. It describes several DNA-based marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR that can generate unique DNA profiles to distinguish between plant species and identify adulteration. The document also provides a case study on using RAPD-PCR and six primer pairs to generate DNA fingerprints to identify the herbal plant Exacum lawii. The results found unique DNA banding profiles that can be used to authenticate Exacum lawii.Physical Mapping.pptx
This document provides information about physical mapping techniques used in molecular biology. It discusses that physical mapping can determine the sequence and physical distance between DNA base pairs with high accuracy. There are two main types of physical mapping: low resolution mapping, which can resolve DNA ranging from 1 base pair to several megabases, and high resolution mapping, which can resolve hundreds of kilobases to a single nucleotide. Some key techniques used for physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping, and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Restriction mapping involves cutting DNA at specific restriction sites to map fragment locations. FISH allows localization of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes using fluorescent probes. STS mapping uses short, unique
Biotech 2011-06-electrophoresis-blots
1. Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids and proteins by size and charge using agarose or acrylamide gels.
2. Southern blots allow detection of specific DNA sequences by transferring DNA from a gel to a membrane and hybridizing a labeled probe.
3. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detect variations in restriction sites between individuals' DNA that can be used for identification.
Biotech 2011-06-electrophoresis-blots
1. Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids and proteins by size and charge using agarose or acrylamide gels.
2. Southern blots allow detection of specific DNA sequences by transferring DNA from a gel to a membrane and hybridizing a labeled probe.
3. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detect variations in restriction sites between individuals' DNA that can be used for identification.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Biotechnology
The document discusses the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s at Stanford University, which allowed genetic traits to be transferred between organisms by recombining their DNA. This process is similar to editing text by cutting and pasting. An example given is transferring the human gene for insulin production into E. coli bacteria, which then rapidly produce human insulin that can be harvested. Key techniques in recombinant DNA include restriction enzymes, plasmids, gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA fingerprinting.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences. It involves denaturing DNA or RNA samples and probes, followed by annealing of the probes to complementary sequences. There are two main types: Southern blotting separates DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis before hybridization with probes, while Northern blotting separates RNA this way. Both techniques allow detection of specific sequences through the use of labeled probes.
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis :What is a gel?,How do DNA fragments move through the gel?,Visualizing the DNA fragments.
Dna mapping
This document provides information on various genetic mapping techniques. It discusses locus, genome, linked genes, genetic distance, and recombination frequency. It then describes genetic mapping and the different types of maps - genetic/linkage maps and physical maps. Genetic maps are based on recombination frequencies while physical maps use techniques like in situ hybridization. Restriction mapping and DNA footprinting are also summarized as methods to determine the order and location of genes and restriction sites on chromosomes. Transposable elements in eukaryotes are classified into Class I and II based on their mechanism of transposition via RNA intermediates or direct DNA-to-DNA movement.
Electrophoresis 1
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and amino acids. It works by migrating the molecules through a supportive medium like agarose gel or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field. Larger molecules migrate more slowly than smaller ones. Factors like electric field strength, net charge on the molecule, and temperature influence migration velocity. Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA samples are loaded into wells and electrophoresed, with smaller fragments migrating farther than larger ones. The separated fragments can then be visualized under UV light after ethidium bromide staining. Two-dimensional electrophoresis separately resolves proteins by their isoelectric point and
Molecular Techniques in Microbiology.pptx
This document discusses several molecular techniques used in microbiology, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS). RFLP detects genetic variations by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and comparing fragment lengths. PFGE improves on standard gel electrophoresis by applying an alternating electric field to better separate very large DNA molecules. CAPS combines PCR and RFLP to detect single base changes without radioactive probes. These techniques are useful for genome mapping, disease analysis, and forensic or epidemiological investigations.
Pranamee Sarma Assignment Technologies A20263866
1. The document discusses using laser capture microdissection to isolate DNA from seminiferous tubules containing mature spermatids from testicular tissue of normal and Menkes-affected males. This would allow isolation of pure cell populations for further DNA analysis.
2. Reverse transcriptase PCR is described to transcribe mRNA from the isolated cells into cDNA, which can then be amplified and sequenced to identify any mutations between normal and diseased samples.
3. Quantitative PCR is discussed to couple with reverse transcriptase PCR to fluorescently label and quantify the cDNA, enabling target quantification and analysis of gene expression changes for Menkes disease therapy development.
Blotting techniques
Southern, Northern, and Western blotting techniques allow researchers to detect specific DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, respectively. Southern blotting involves separating DNA fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a probe to identify specific sequences. Northern blotting is similar but detects RNA, and Western blotting detects proteins using antibodies. These techniques are used for applications like gene mapping, diagnostics, studying gene expression, and confirming transgenic organisms.
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BLOTTING TECHNIQUES SPECIAL
To understand the basic concept of blotting techniques (Southern, northern, western)
To know the main applications and advantages of each of the main types of blotting techniques
To be familiar with the steps (in brief) for performing a blotting procedure
To understand the major similarities & differences between different blotting techniques
To be introduced to an example of applying a blotting technique in diagnosis of diseases (SCA)
H A N D O U T B I U1102 15 12 09
The document discusses techniques for characterizing and using cloned DNA fragments, including gel electrophoresis to separate vector and cloned DNA, sequencing cloned DNA using the dideoxy chain termination method, and subcloning DNA fragments into vectors. It focuses on the basic Sanger dideoxy chain termination method for sequencing cloned DNA fragments, which involves synthesizing truncated daughter strands using dideoxyribonucleotides to terminate DNA synthesis and reading the sequence based on fragment size separation.
Southern Blot
Southern blotting is a technique used to detect specific DNA sequences within DNA samples. It involves digesting DNA with restriction enzymes, separating fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring DNA fragments to a membrane, and probing the membrane with a labeled complementary DNA sequence. Any hybridized probes will be detected, indicating the presence and size of the DNA fragment of interest.
Blotting Techniques_AI_21_08_2023.pptx
Blotting techniques such as Southern blot, Northern blot, and Western blot allow researchers to transfer separated DNA, RNA, or proteins onto a carrier membrane. A Southern blot uses gel electrophoresis to separate DNA by size, then transfers the DNA to a membrane where it can be probed with a complementary DNA probe to detect specific genes or DNA sequences. The probe hybridizes, or binds, to its complementary target sequence. This allows researchers to detect the presence and size of particular DNA sequences in a sample.
DNA FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN AN...
DNA FINGERPRINTING TECHNIQUE FOR IDENTIFICATION OF DRUGS OF NATURAL ORIGIN AN...srikrupa institute of pharmaceutical analysis
This document discusses DNA fingerprinting techniques for identifying herbal drugs, including those of natural origin. It describes several DNA-based marker techniques like RFLP, RAPD, AFLP, and ISSR that can generate unique DNA profiles to distinguish between plant species and identify adulteration. The document also provides a case study on using RAPD-PCR and six primer pairs to generate DNA fingerprints to identify the herbal plant Exacum lawii. The results found unique DNA banding profiles that can be used to authenticate Exacum lawii.Physical Mapping.pptx
This document provides information about physical mapping techniques used in molecular biology. It discusses that physical mapping can determine the sequence and physical distance between DNA base pairs with high accuracy. There are two main types of physical mapping: low resolution mapping, which can resolve DNA ranging from 1 base pair to several megabases, and high resolution mapping, which can resolve hundreds of kilobases to a single nucleotide. Some key techniques used for physical mapping include restriction mapping, fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) mapping, and sequence tagged site (STS) mapping. Restriction mapping involves cutting DNA at specific restriction sites to map fragment locations. FISH allows localization of specific DNA sequences on chromosomes using fluorescent probes. STS mapping uses short, unique
Biotech 2011-06-electrophoresis-blots
1. Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids and proteins by size and charge using agarose or acrylamide gels.
2. Southern blots allow detection of specific DNA sequences by transferring DNA from a gel to a membrane and hybridizing a labeled probe.
3. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detect variations in restriction sites between individuals' DNA that can be used for identification.
Biotech 2011-06-electrophoresis-blots
1. Electrophoresis separates nucleic acids and proteins by size and charge using agarose or acrylamide gels.
2. Southern blots allow detection of specific DNA sequences by transferring DNA from a gel to a membrane and hybridizing a labeled probe.
3. Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) detect variations in restriction sites between individuals' DNA that can be used for identification.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Nucleic Acid Hybridisation & Gene Mapping
Nucleic acid hybridization can be used to identify particular DNA sequences using a nucleic acid probe. The technique takes advantage of DNA's property of complementary base pairing - if DNA is separated into single strands, the complementary strands will reform into double helices when conditions are right. A nucleic acid probe is a short, radioactively labelled single-stranded DNA or RNA molecule that binds to complementary nucleic acid sequences, allowing them to be identified. Genetic mapping uses genetic markers and recombination frequency during meiosis to locate genes on chromosomes and establish the relative distances between genes.
Biotechnology
The document discusses the development of recombinant DNA technology in the 1970s at Stanford University, which allowed genetic traits to be transferred between organisms by recombining their DNA. This process is similar to editing text by cutting and pasting. An example given is transferring the human gene for insulin production into E. coli bacteria, which then rapidly produce human insulin that can be harvested. Key techniques in recombinant DNA include restriction enzymes, plasmids, gene cloning, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and DNA fingerprinting.
Nucleic acid hybridization
Nucleic acid hybridization is a technique used to identify specific DNA sequences. It involves denaturing DNA or RNA samples and probes, followed by annealing of the probes to complementary sequences. There are two main types: Southern blotting separates DNA fragments by gel electrophoresis before hybridization with probes, while Northern blotting separates RNA this way. Both techniques allow detection of specific sequences through the use of labeled probes.
Gel electrophoresis
Gel electrophoresis :What is a gel?,How do DNA fragments move through the gel?,Visualizing the DNA fragments.
Dna mapping
This document provides information on various genetic mapping techniques. It discusses locus, genome, linked genes, genetic distance, and recombination frequency. It then describes genetic mapping and the different types of maps - genetic/linkage maps and physical maps. Genetic maps are based on recombination frequencies while physical maps use techniques like in situ hybridization. Restriction mapping and DNA footprinting are also summarized as methods to determine the order and location of genes and restriction sites on chromosomes. Transposable elements in eukaryotes are classified into Class I and II based on their mechanism of transposition via RNA intermediates or direct DNA-to-DNA movement.
Electrophoresis 1
Electrophoresis is a technique used to separate charged molecules like proteins, nucleic acids, and amino acids. It works by migrating the molecules through a supportive medium like agarose gel or polyacrylamide gel under the influence of an electric field. Larger molecules migrate more slowly than smaller ones. Factors like electric field strength, net charge on the molecule, and temperature influence migration velocity. Electrophoresis is used to separate DNA fragments by size. DNA samples are loaded into wells and electrophoresed, with smaller fragments migrating farther than larger ones. The separated fragments can then be visualized under UV light after ethidium bromide staining. Two-dimensional electrophoresis separately resolves proteins by their isoelectric point and
Molecular Techniques in Microbiology.pptx
This document discusses several molecular techniques used in microbiology, including restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), and cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences (CAPS). RFLP detects genetic variations by cutting DNA with restriction enzymes and comparing fragment lengths. PFGE improves on standard gel electrophoresis by applying an alternating electric field to better separate very large DNA molecules. CAPS combines PCR and RFLP to detect single base changes without radioactive probes. These techniques are useful for genome mapping, disease analysis, and forensic or epidemiological investigations.
Pranamee Sarma Assignment Technologies A20263866
1. The document discusses using laser capture microdissection to isolate DNA from seminiferous tubules containing mature spermatids from testicular tissue of normal and Menkes-affected males. This would allow isolation of pure cell populations for further DNA analysis.
2. Reverse transcriptase PCR is described to transcribe mRNA from the isolated cells into cDNA, which can then be amplified and sequenced to identify any mutations between normal and diseased samples.
3. Quantitative PCR is discussed to couple with reverse transcriptase PCR to fluorescently label and quantify the cDNA, enabling target quantification and analysis of gene expression changes for Menkes disease therapy development.
Blotting techniques
Southern, Northern, and Western blotting techniques allow researchers to detect specific DNA, RNA, and protein sequences, respectively. Southern blotting involves separating DNA fragments via gel electrophoresis, transferring them to a membrane, and using a probe to identify specific sequences. Northern blotting is similar but detects RNA, and Western blotting detects proteins using antibodies. These techniques are used for applications like gene mapping, diagnostics, studying gene expression, and confirming transgenic organisms.
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DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODEL
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Use PyCharm for remote debugging of WSL on a Windo cf5c162d672e4e58b4dde5d797...
This document serves as a comprehensive step-by-step guide on how to effectively use PyCharm for remote debugging of the Windows Subsystem for Linux (WSL) on a local Windows machine. It meticulously outlines several critical steps in the process, starting with the crucial task of enabling permissions, followed by the installation and configuration of WSL.
The guide then proceeds to explain how to set up the SSH service within the WSL environment, an integral part of the process. Alongside this, it also provides detailed instructions on how to modify the inbound rules of the Windows firewall to facilitate the process, ensuring that there are no connectivity issues that could potentially hinder the debugging process.
The document further emphasizes on the importance of checking the connection between the Windows and WSL environments, providing instructions on how to ensure that the connection is optimal and ready for remote debugging.
It also offers an in-depth guide on how to configure the WSL interpreter and files within the PyCharm environment. This is essential for ensuring that the debugging process is set up correctly and that the program can be run effectively within the WSL terminal.
Additionally, the document provides guidance on how to set up breakpoints for debugging, a fundamental aspect of the debugging process which allows the developer to stop the execution of their code at certain points and inspect their program at those stages.
Finally, the document concludes by providing a link to a reference blog. This blog offers additional information and guidance on configuring the remote Python interpreter in PyCharm, providing the reader with a well-rounded understanding of the process.
Redefining brain tumor segmentation: a cutting-edge convolutional neural netw...
Medical image analysis has witnessed significant advancements with deep learning techniques. In the domain of brain tumor segmentation, the ability to
precisely delineate tumor boundaries from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
scans holds profound implications for diagnosis. This study presents an ensemble convolutional neural network (CNN) with transfer learning, integrating
the state-of-the-art Deeplabv3+ architecture with the ResNet18 backbone. The
model is rigorously trained and evaluated, exhibiting remarkable performance
metrics, including an impressive global accuracy of 99.286%, a high-class accuracy of 82.191%, a mean intersection over union (IoU) of 79.900%, a weighted
IoU of 98.620%, and a Boundary F1 (BF) score of 83.303%. Notably, a detailed comparative analysis with existing methods showcases the superiority of
our proposed model. These findings underscore the model’s competence in precise brain tumor localization, underscoring its potential to revolutionize medical
image analysis and enhance healthcare outcomes. This research paves the way
for future exploration and optimization of advanced CNN models in medical
imaging, emphasizing addressing false positives and resource efficiency.
Software Engineering and Project Management - Introduction, Modeling Concepts...
Introduction, Modeling Concepts and Class Modeling: What is Object orientation? What is OO development? OO Themes; Evidence for usefulness of OO development; OO modeling history. Modeling
as Design technique: Modeling, abstraction, The Three models. Class Modeling: Object and Class Concept, Link and associations concepts, Generalization and Inheritance, A sample class model, Navigation of class models, and UML diagrams
Building the Analysis Models: Requirement Analysis, Analysis Model Approaches, Data modeling Concepts, Object Oriented Analysis, Scenario-Based Modeling, Flow-Oriented Modeling, class Based Modeling, Creating a Behavioral Model.
LLM Fine Tuning with QLoRA Cassandra Lunch 4, presented by Anant
Slides for the 4th Presentation on LLM Fine-Tuning with QLoRA Presented by Anant, featuring DataStax Astra
一比一原版(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(uofo毕业证书)美国俄勒冈大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】外观非常简单，由纸质材料制成，上面印有校徽、校名、毕业生姓名、专业等信息。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
校徽：象征着学校的荣誉和传承。
校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
其他信息：根据不同的专业和学位，可能会有一些特定的信息或章节。
办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】价值很高，需要妥善保管。一般来说，应放置在安全、干燥、防潮的地方，避免长时间暴露在阳光下。如需使用，最好使用复印件而不是原件，以免丢失。
综上所述，办理(爱大毕业证书)爱荷华大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
2008 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION Illustrated - Ching Chapter 08 Doors and Windows.pdf
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SCALING OF MOS CIRCUITS m .pptx
this ppt explains about scaling parameters of the mosfet it is basically vlsi subject
AI for Legal Research with applications, tools
AI applications in legal research include rapid document analysis, case law review, and statute interpretation. AI-powered tools can sift through vast legal databases to find relevant precedents and citations, enhancing research accuracy and speed. They assist in legal writing by drafting and proofreading documents. Predictive analytics help foresee case outcomes based on historical data, aiding in strategic decision-making. AI also automates routine tasks like contract review and due diligence, freeing up lawyers to focus on complex legal issues. These applications make legal research more efficient, cost-effective, and accessible.
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Methods to study gene location, restriction mapping and other methods
- 1. Methods to study gene location Sankalp UE211054
- 2. Restriction Mapping Used to determine the locations of specific restriction enzyme recognition sites along a DNA molecule, as well as the distances between these sites
- 4. Restriction Mapping Isolation of DNA: The first step in restriction mapping involves isolating the DNA molecule of interest which can be genomic DNA extracted from an organism, a plasmid DNA, or a specific DNA fragment obtained through techniques like PCR or cloning. Digestion with Restriction Enzymes: The isolated DNA is then treated with one or more restriction enzymes. These enzymes recognize specific DNA sequences, known as recognition sites or restriction sites, and cleave the DNA at or near these sites Separation of Fragments by Gel Electrophoresis: After digestion, the DNA fragments are separated based on their sizes using gel electrophoresis
- 5. Restriction Mapping Visualization of DNA Fragments: Once the electrophoresis is complete, the DNA fragments are visualized using a DNA stain, such as ethidium bromide or SYBR Green. These stains bind to the DNA molecules, allowing them to be visualized under UV light. Generation of Restriction Map: The pattern of DNA bands observed on the gel represents the sizes of the DNA fragments generated by restriction digestion. By analyzing the positions of these bands relative to known size markers, researchers can determine the sizes of the fragments. Mapping Analysis: Using the sizes of the DNA fragments obtained from the gel electrophoresis, researchers can construct a restriction map of the DNA molecule. This map shows the positions of the restriction sites along the DNA sequence and the distances between them
- 7. Pulse Field Gel Electrophoresis A variation of agarose gel electrophoresis Electric field driving the DNA molecules through the gel frequently changes position Can separate molecules as large as yeast chromosome (200-300 bp)
- 11. Breakdown of the mechanism 1. Elongation: When the electrical field is first applied, the DNA molecules begin to elongate in the direction of the field 2. Reorientation: The electric field then switches direction. Large DNA molecules take longer to reorient themselves to the new direction compared to smaller ones. 3. Migration: Once reoriented, the DNA molecules can begin migrating again in the direction of the new field. Smaller molecules will be able to reorient and migrate faster than larger ones.
- 12. Breakdown of the mechanism Steps 2 and 3 are continuously repeated throughout the experiment. With each cycle, the larger molecules take progressively longer to reorient, resulting in their separation based on size