The Socratic Method is a philosophical method of questioning beliefs and examining assumptions. It involves asking open-ended questions in a dialogue to uncover truths and arrive at well-reasoned conclusions. An example dialogue shows how Socrates questions a student, Maria, about her comment on a Facebook post, ultimately revealing that her comment was based on her own assumption rather than what was stated in the post. The Socratic Method aims to discover ignorance and arrive at truth through intelligent questioning, rather than superficial answers. It can result in examining and potentially changing one's beliefs, with the goal of moral and intellectual improvement.
Idealism: Personal Philosophy Essay examples
The Value of Philosophy Essay example
The Importance of Philosophy Essay
Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay
Essay on History of Philosophy
My Philosophy of Teaching Essay examples
Teaching Philosophy Essay examples
What is Philosophy? Essay
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Essay about The Importance of Philosophy
Philosophy of Education Essay examples
My Teaching Philosophy Essay
- The document is a student's submission for a Social Psychology course which includes summaries of concepts about confirmation bias and self-concept.
- Confirmation bias is defined as the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs, and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs. Examples of how confirmation bias can influence beliefs and decisions are provided.
- Self-concept is defined as one's collection of beliefs and understanding of oneself, including aspects like gender and identity. Factors that influence self-concept like self-esteem and self-fulfilling prophecies are also summarized.
Social psychology individual assignment 1Alexis Wei
1) The document discusses confirmation bias and how people tend to only pay attention to information that supports their existing beliefs and disregard information that contradicts their beliefs.
2) It provides examples of how confirmation bias can influence political views and discussions on social media during election periods. People are more likely to only share information that supports their preferred candidate or party.
3) Confirmation bias is a powerful phenomenon where people actively seek out and give more weight to evidence that confirms what they already believe while ignoring evidence that contradicts their beliefs. This can blind people to considering other perspectives.
The document discusses several key learnings and concepts that the author gained from their philosophy class, including:
1) The idea of Brahman and how everything in nature is circular resonated deeply with the author.
2) Surveying from Sun Tzu taught the importance of observing and analyzing to avoid harm and create success.
3) Tolerance and accepting different beliefs requires great inner strength and can reduce suffering.
4) Eastern and Western philosophies identify the same problem of human ignorance but use different approaches like intuition versus logic to achieve enlightenment.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on truth and how to distinguish truth from opinion. It explains that in phenomenology, truth is based on personal consciousness, while in existentialism it depends on choices and freedom. Postmodernism rejects absolute truth, and logic sees truth as relying on reasoning. The document also provides methods for determining truth, such as through verification using the senses, and discusses how understanding the difference between truths and opinions can lead to wisdom.
Radius Images/Photolibrary1
Introducing Philosophy
• Philosophy has a rich and fascinating history.
• Philosophers explore questions ranging from logic and
mathematics to morality and art.
• Philosophy helps us to better understand our beliefs and
those of others and to examine, defend, and criticize
those beliefs.
What We Will Discover
mos66103_01_ch01_001-030.indd 1 12/1/10 7:22 PM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Philosophy is an unusual discipline, not just because it has an enormously long history, but
because it spends a good bit of time investigating what philosophy itself is. In this chap-
ter, we look at what philosophy is, how philosophers approach their subject, and what the
benefits of philosophical inquiry are. We will also include a brief overview of the rich and
fascinating history of the development of philosophy in the West.
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Here we will explore what philosophy is, including some of its history. We will focus on Western philosophy, and the most important philosophers of that tradi-tion, but it is good to keep in mind that there are other important traditions in the
history of philosophy. One of the most important things philosophers do is ask questions,
and we will identify some of the questions that have engaged philosophers for thousands
of years.
What Do Philosophers Do?
Plato tells us that philosophy begins in wonder. Human beings wonder about themselves,
about other people, about where they came from, about where they are going, and about
what they should do while they are here. Human beings are naturally curious, and each
question one asks leads to another, then another, and then another. One way of think-
ing about philosophy, then, is that it is the sys-
tematic attempt to answer the general questions
human beings have always asked, and the debate
that naturally follows each proposed answer.
Philosophy combines curiosity—wonder about
the world and all that is in it, and even beyond
it—and criticism—objections to answers, sugges-
tions of new answers, and new objections to those
new answers. As should be clear, philosophical
inquiry has one other important feature: It never
ends. We do, on occasion, seem to discover solu-
tions to specific philosophical questions. But the
pursuit of philosophy will continue as long as
there are things we don’t understand, and as long
as we remain curious.
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words. We see one of them, philein, or “to love,”
in the name of Philadelphia, “city of brotherly
love,” and in the word philanthropy, love for
human beings. We are familiar with the other
word, sophos, from such words as sophisticated
and sophomore: It means wisdom. Thus, philos-
ophy is, literally, the love of wisdom and refers
to the unending search for answers to questions.
To be successful, then, in philosophy, one must
Hilary Helton/81a/Photolibrary
As humans, we are naturally curi-
ous—something often q ...
1You note the following A Buddha is a person who has gained e.docxeugeniadean34240
1
You note the following: " A Buddha is a person who has gained enlightenment as well as escaped the cycle of reincarnation."
This means Buddha reached nirvana.
What is nirvana and how does it differ from the Christian idea of heaven?
Responses:
1
My everyday approach on life would describe me as an inclusivist. I feel that out of all the religious approaches this one fits perfectly with my tolerant behavior. I've never been the type to force my views on religion or life onto another person. I respect everyone's opinion and chose in religion that speaks to their morals. According to the fourth edition of The World's Religion in America inclusivist may also be known as relativist. This terms mean the truth is relative to the person who holds, so whomever or whatever you put your faith in is the truth to you.
I consider many of my older relatives as exclusivist, they refuse to consider the ideas of another religion as true. I believe the stubborn comes from the type of generation they grew up it, back then you believed in what your parents told you and you stuck to it no matter what anybody else said. This type of attitude makes it hard to have a conversation with them about other religious ideas because they began to become defense, or sometimes even shutdown during a religious conversation.
I do not see my approach on religion needing to change if I was taking a religious course, since I have a very open mind and a tolerant attitude people's views would not offend me rather they are positive or negative. During discussions on religious topics I would be able to take in everyone's emotions and attitudes towards things they dislike or don't agree with.
2.
Exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people are extremely interesting approaches or shall we say reactions to religion. We live today in a pluralistic society, we are all different in our thought processes and perspectives. These differences not only define who we are but they can create within us a great appreciation for the world around us. The question is can we approach religion from only one perspective all the time? Or are we allowed to approach religion differently in different situations?
Without doubt in an academic setting the primary objective is to know the nature of things. But this knowledge is what is called Wissenschaft knowledge. That is to know of something what it is. This type of knowledge is in juxtaposition to Kenntnis knowledge. That is to know by experiences. An easy way to understand these two types of knowledge are to look at the statement, “I know Sarah”. Well what exactly does that mean? Do you know her name? Do you know her features? Or have you experienced her and know her deeply?
So when we speak about knowing religion, we should first clarify what type of familiarity are we referring to. Is it possible to truly know a religion and here we mean a Wissenschaft knowledge, by studying it from an empathetic interest of other.
Idealism: Personal Philosophy Essay examples
The Value of Philosophy Essay example
The Importance of Philosophy Essay
Personal Philosophy Of Education Essay
Essay on History of Philosophy
My Philosophy of Teaching Essay examples
Teaching Philosophy Essay examples
What is Philosophy? Essay
Philosophy of Ethics Essay
Essay about The Importance of Philosophy
Philosophy of Education Essay examples
My Teaching Philosophy Essay
- The document is a student's submission for a Social Psychology course which includes summaries of concepts about confirmation bias and self-concept.
- Confirmation bias is defined as the tendency to search for or interpret information in a way that confirms one's preexisting beliefs, and to ignore information that contradicts those beliefs. Examples of how confirmation bias can influence beliefs and decisions are provided.
- Self-concept is defined as one's collection of beliefs and understanding of oneself, including aspects like gender and identity. Factors that influence self-concept like self-esteem and self-fulfilling prophecies are also summarized.
Social psychology individual assignment 1Alexis Wei
1) The document discusses confirmation bias and how people tend to only pay attention to information that supports their existing beliefs and disregard information that contradicts their beliefs.
2) It provides examples of how confirmation bias can influence political views and discussions on social media during election periods. People are more likely to only share information that supports their preferred candidate or party.
3) Confirmation bias is a powerful phenomenon where people actively seek out and give more weight to evidence that confirms what they already believe while ignoring evidence that contradicts their beliefs. This can blind people to considering other perspectives.
The document discusses several key learnings and concepts that the author gained from their philosophy class, including:
1) The idea of Brahman and how everything in nature is circular resonated deeply with the author.
2) Surveying from Sun Tzu taught the importance of observing and analyzing to avoid harm and create success.
3) Tolerance and accepting different beliefs requires great inner strength and can reduce suffering.
4) Eastern and Western philosophies identify the same problem of human ignorance but use different approaches like intuition versus logic to achieve enlightenment.
This document discusses different philosophical perspectives on truth and how to distinguish truth from opinion. It explains that in phenomenology, truth is based on personal consciousness, while in existentialism it depends on choices and freedom. Postmodernism rejects absolute truth, and logic sees truth as relying on reasoning. The document also provides methods for determining truth, such as through verification using the senses, and discusses how understanding the difference between truths and opinions can lead to wisdom.
Radius Images/Photolibrary1
Introducing Philosophy
• Philosophy has a rich and fascinating history.
• Philosophers explore questions ranging from logic and
mathematics to morality and art.
• Philosophy helps us to better understand our beliefs and
those of others and to examine, defend, and criticize
those beliefs.
What We Will Discover
mos66103_01_ch01_001-030.indd 1 12/1/10 7:22 PM
CHAPTER 1Section 1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Philosophy is an unusual discipline, not just because it has an enormously long history, but
because it spends a good bit of time investigating what philosophy itself is. In this chap-
ter, we look at what philosophy is, how philosophers approach their subject, and what the
benefits of philosophical inquiry are. We will also include a brief overview of the rich and
fascinating history of the development of philosophy in the West.
1.1 What Is Philosophy?
Here we will explore what philosophy is, including some of its history. We will focus on Western philosophy, and the most important philosophers of that tradi-tion, but it is good to keep in mind that there are other important traditions in the
history of philosophy. One of the most important things philosophers do is ask questions,
and we will identify some of the questions that have engaged philosophers for thousands
of years.
What Do Philosophers Do?
Plato tells us that philosophy begins in wonder. Human beings wonder about themselves,
about other people, about where they came from, about where they are going, and about
what they should do while they are here. Human beings are naturally curious, and each
question one asks leads to another, then another, and then another. One way of think-
ing about philosophy, then, is that it is the sys-
tematic attempt to answer the general questions
human beings have always asked, and the debate
that naturally follows each proposed answer.
Philosophy combines curiosity—wonder about
the world and all that is in it, and even beyond
it—and criticism—objections to answers, sugges-
tions of new answers, and new objections to those
new answers. As should be clear, philosophical
inquiry has one other important feature: It never
ends. We do, on occasion, seem to discover solu-
tions to specific philosophical questions. But the
pursuit of philosophy will continue as long as
there are things we don’t understand, and as long
as we remain curious.
The word philosophy comes from two Greek
words. We see one of them, philein, or “to love,”
in the name of Philadelphia, “city of brotherly
love,” and in the word philanthropy, love for
human beings. We are familiar with the other
word, sophos, from such words as sophisticated
and sophomore: It means wisdom. Thus, philos-
ophy is, literally, the love of wisdom and refers
to the unending search for answers to questions.
To be successful, then, in philosophy, one must
Hilary Helton/81a/Photolibrary
As humans, we are naturally curi-
ous—something often q ...
1You note the following A Buddha is a person who has gained e.docxeugeniadean34240
1
You note the following: " A Buddha is a person who has gained enlightenment as well as escaped the cycle of reincarnation."
This means Buddha reached nirvana.
What is nirvana and how does it differ from the Christian idea of heaven?
Responses:
1
My everyday approach on life would describe me as an inclusivist. I feel that out of all the religious approaches this one fits perfectly with my tolerant behavior. I've never been the type to force my views on religion or life onto another person. I respect everyone's opinion and chose in religion that speaks to their morals. According to the fourth edition of The World's Religion in America inclusivist may also be known as relativist. This terms mean the truth is relative to the person who holds, so whomever or whatever you put your faith in is the truth to you.
I consider many of my older relatives as exclusivist, they refuse to consider the ideas of another religion as true. I believe the stubborn comes from the type of generation they grew up it, back then you believed in what your parents told you and you stuck to it no matter what anybody else said. This type of attitude makes it hard to have a conversation with them about other religious ideas because they began to become defense, or sometimes even shutdown during a religious conversation.
I do not see my approach on religion needing to change if I was taking a religious course, since I have a very open mind and a tolerant attitude people's views would not offend me rather they are positive or negative. During discussions on religious topics I would be able to take in everyone's emotions and attitudes towards things they dislike or don't agree with.
2.
Exclusivism, inclusivism, pluralism and empathetic interest in other people are extremely interesting approaches or shall we say reactions to religion. We live today in a pluralistic society, we are all different in our thought processes and perspectives. These differences not only define who we are but they can create within us a great appreciation for the world around us. The question is can we approach religion from only one perspective all the time? Or are we allowed to approach religion differently in different situations?
Without doubt in an academic setting the primary objective is to know the nature of things. But this knowledge is what is called Wissenschaft knowledge. That is to know of something what it is. This type of knowledge is in juxtaposition to Kenntnis knowledge. That is to know by experiences. An easy way to understand these two types of knowledge are to look at the statement, “I know Sarah”. Well what exactly does that mean? Do you know her name? Do you know her features? Or have you experienced her and know her deeply?
So when we speak about knowing religion, we should first clarify what type of familiarity are we referring to. Is it possible to truly know a religion and here we mean a Wissenschaft knowledge, by studying it from an empathetic interest of other.
NATSCI-CH for high school students in everydayRaymond Mortel
This document provides an overview of geologic time and how geologists determine the age of rocks. It discusses key concepts like relative dating, which determines if a rock is older or younger than another rock, and absolute dating using radiometric techniques to determine a rock's exact age in years. It also explains principles of stratigraphy, unconformities, key figures in the development of geology like James Hutton, and how scientists developed the geologic time scale based on dating rock layers.
Paul the Apostle and Theologian.ppt Pauline EpistlesRaymond Mortel
The document provides background information on Paul the Apostle and theologian. It discusses his hometown of Tarsus, his Roman citizenship, his trade as a tentmaker, and being "brought up" in Jerusalem. It then summarizes the key events in Acts surrounding Saul's persecution of Christians and his conversion on the road to Damascus. The rest of the document analyzes the themes and theology of Paul's letters in the New Testament.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries, major changes took place in Europe as countries established stronger centralized authority. Nations like Spain, France, England, Russia, and Prussia developed into more unified and powerful states amid significant events such as the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration. This period was pivotal for the emergence of modern European nation-states.
This document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes how early theories like catastrophism were replaced by uniformitarianism. It then explains how the theory of continental drift was proposed and how evidence from paleomagnetism supported it. It discusses how seafloor spreading was discovered through mapping of the seafloor and analysis of magnetic properties in the rocks. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics, where lithospheric plates move through divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The movement of plates has shaped continents over geologic time.
Sa Gitna ng sakit at pait ako padin ang iyong inisipRaymond Mortel
This document discusses three key points from Jesus' statements on the cross:
1. Jesus' promise to one of the criminals crucified alongside him shows that salvation is available to all who believe, regardless of past sins.
2. Jesus' statement to the criminal illustrates that heaven is real for believers who accept Christ before death.
3. Jesus entrusting his mother Mary to the apostle John's care teaches Christians to show compassion to parents, thinking of their needs and comfort.
Pain to Gain as we face difficulties in LifeRaymond Mortel
This document discusses how Christians should deal with pain based on the story of Joseph from the Bible. It says that pain can shape us to become better, godly, and fruitful people in three ways: 1) By accepting and enduring pain like Joseph did, which can change us for good. 2) By not blaming others or God for our suffering, or seeking revenge, but instead forgiving like Joseph. 3) By seeing the positive outcomes and God's plans through our suffering, as Joseph was later rewarded for his faithfulness through the difficult times. The conclusion exhorts the reader to respond to pain as Joseph did, with faith and forgiveness, finding purpose even in suffering.
Trusting the process in the mids of adversaryRaymond Mortel
The document discusses trusting in God's process as a Christian. It outlines three things that will help believers trust God during times of spiritual formation: 1) Trusting God's goodness for His creation, 2) Trusting God's purpose for His chosen people, and 3) Trusting God's love for His children. The conclusion states that believers should use their trust in God's goodness, purpose, and love as motivation to continue in the Christian faith during life's processes.
Report in World History jolens .pdfReport in World History jolensRaymond Mortel
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River influenced by Greek culture, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion through military conquests. It discusses the structure of Roman society and government during the Republic and the civil wars that contributed to its fall. The rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the period of stability and prosperity under emperors who followed the Julio-Claudian dynasty known as Pax Romana is also summarized. The document concludes with sections on Roman culture, which was heavily influenced by Greek traditions, and the class-based nature of Roman society.
ROCKS and minerals of science into the reportRaymond Mortel
Rocks are naturally occurring consolidated substances that are made up of minerals, other rock pieces, and fossil materials. Rocks form through various geological processes on Earth's surface and underground, or in space from meteorites.
There are three main types of rocks - sedimentary, igneous, and metamorphic - but other types include deformation rocks from Earth movements, meteorites, and impact rocks from meteorite strikes.
The rock cycle describes how rocks are recycled at Earth's surface through weathering, erosion into sediments, burial and heating within the Earth to form new rocks or melt into magma. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic
This document provides the course syllabus for a 3-unit course on the Pauline Epistles offered at Berkeley Christian College in the Philippines. The course will study Paul's ministry, teachings, and letters as recorded in the biblical texts. Students will learn about the context and themes of each letter, and major doctrines and theories regarding Pauline authorship. Requirements include class attendance, presentations, exams, and a book review. The course calendar outlines weekly topics, learning outcomes, class activities and assignments.
This document provides a course syllabus for a New Testament Survey class at Berkeley Christian College in the Philippines. The course is a 3-unit introductory study of the books of the New Testament. It will cover the historical and cultural background of the NT, how the books were compiled, their authors and intended audiences. Students will learn about the key people, places and events in each NT book. The objectives are for students to demonstrate understanding of authorship theories, summarize each book and apply lessons to ministry. Requirements include class attendance, presentations, exams and a research paper on topics related to NT authorship and history. The course will cover the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke over 8 weeks.
This document summarizes a passage from the Bible about a woman from Samaria who encounters Jesus. It discusses how we often crave belongingness, love, and truth. We desire acceptance from others and affection, but sometimes confuse emotional hunger for love. True love is defined through Christ, not worldly definitions. The Samaritan woman was seeking truth to validate her existence. Finally, it notes that with Christ, our cravings no longer control us because we find fulfillment through him.
Temple of Asclepius in Thrace. Excavation resultsKrassimira Luka
The temple and the sanctuary around were dedicated to Asklepios Zmidrenus. This name has been known since 1875 when an inscription dedicated to him was discovered in Rome. The inscription is dated in 227 AD and was left by soldiers originating from the city of Philippopolis (modern Plovdiv).
NATSCI-CH for high school students in everydayRaymond Mortel
This document provides an overview of geologic time and how geologists determine the age of rocks. It discusses key concepts like relative dating, which determines if a rock is older or younger than another rock, and absolute dating using radiometric techniques to determine a rock's exact age in years. It also explains principles of stratigraphy, unconformities, key figures in the development of geology like James Hutton, and how scientists developed the geologic time scale based on dating rock layers.
Paul the Apostle and Theologian.ppt Pauline EpistlesRaymond Mortel
The document provides background information on Paul the Apostle and theologian. It discusses his hometown of Tarsus, his Roman citizenship, his trade as a tentmaker, and being "brought up" in Jerusalem. It then summarizes the key events in Acts surrounding Saul's persecution of Christians and his conversion on the road to Damascus. The rest of the document analyzes the themes and theology of Paul's letters in the New Testament.
Between the 15th and 18th centuries, major changes took place in Europe as countries established stronger centralized authority. Nations like Spain, France, England, Russia, and Prussia developed into more unified and powerful states amid significant events such as the Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution and Age of Exploration. This period was pivotal for the emergence of modern European nation-states.
This document discusses the theory of plate tectonics and the movement of tectonic plates. It describes how early theories like catastrophism were replaced by uniformitarianism. It then explains how the theory of continental drift was proposed and how evidence from paleomagnetism supported it. It discusses how seafloor spreading was discovered through mapping of the seafloor and analysis of magnetic properties in the rocks. This led to the modern theory of plate tectonics, where lithospheric plates move through divergent, convergent, and transform boundaries. The movement of plates has shaped continents over geologic time.
Sa Gitna ng sakit at pait ako padin ang iyong inisipRaymond Mortel
This document discusses three key points from Jesus' statements on the cross:
1. Jesus' promise to one of the criminals crucified alongside him shows that salvation is available to all who believe, regardless of past sins.
2. Jesus' statement to the criminal illustrates that heaven is real for believers who accept Christ before death.
3. Jesus entrusting his mother Mary to the apostle John's care teaches Christians to show compassion to parents, thinking of their needs and comfort.
Pain to Gain as we face difficulties in LifeRaymond Mortel
This document discusses how Christians should deal with pain based on the story of Joseph from the Bible. It says that pain can shape us to become better, godly, and fruitful people in three ways: 1) By accepting and enduring pain like Joseph did, which can change us for good. 2) By not blaming others or God for our suffering, or seeking revenge, but instead forgiving like Joseph. 3) By seeing the positive outcomes and God's plans through our suffering, as Joseph was later rewarded for his faithfulness through the difficult times. The conclusion exhorts the reader to respond to pain as Joseph did, with faith and forgiveness, finding purpose even in suffering.
Trusting the process in the mids of adversaryRaymond Mortel
The document discusses trusting in God's process as a Christian. It outlines three things that will help believers trust God during times of spiritual formation: 1) Trusting God's goodness for His creation, 2) Trusting God's purpose for His chosen people, and 3) Trusting God's love for His children. The conclusion states that believers should use their trust in God's goodness, purpose, and love as motivation to continue in the Christian faith during life's processes.
Report in World History jolens .pdfReport in World History jolensRaymond Mortel
The document provides an overview of Roman civilization from its origins as a small town on the Tiber River influenced by Greek culture, to the establishment of the Roman Republic and its expansion through military conquests. It discusses the structure of Roman society and government during the Republic and the civil wars that contributed to its fall. The rise of the Roman Empire under Augustus and the period of stability and prosperity under emperors who followed the Julio-Claudian dynasty known as Pax Romana is also summarized. The document concludes with sections on Roman culture, which was heavily influenced by Greek traditions, and the class-based nature of Roman society.
ROCKS and minerals of science into the reportRaymond Mortel
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The rock cycle describes how rocks are recycled at Earth's surface through weathering, erosion into sediments, burial and heating within the Earth to form new rocks or melt into magma. Igneous rocks form from cooling magma, sedimentary rocks form from compressed sediments, and metamorphic
This document provides the course syllabus for a 3-unit course on the Pauline Epistles offered at Berkeley Christian College in the Philippines. The course will study Paul's ministry, teachings, and letters as recorded in the biblical texts. Students will learn about the context and themes of each letter, and major doctrines and theories regarding Pauline authorship. Requirements include class attendance, presentations, exams, and a book review. The course calendar outlines weekly topics, learning outcomes, class activities and assignments.
This document provides a course syllabus for a New Testament Survey class at Berkeley Christian College in the Philippines. The course is a 3-unit introductory study of the books of the New Testament. It will cover the historical and cultural background of the NT, how the books were compiled, their authors and intended audiences. Students will learn about the key people, places and events in each NT book. The objectives are for students to demonstrate understanding of authorship theories, summarize each book and apply lessons to ministry. Requirements include class attendance, presentations, exams and a research paper on topics related to NT authorship and history. The course will cover the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke over 8 weeks.
This document summarizes a passage from the Bible about a woman from Samaria who encounters Jesus. It discusses how we often crave belongingness, love, and truth. We desire acceptance from others and affection, but sometimes confuse emotional hunger for love. True love is defined through Christ, not worldly definitions. The Samaritan woman was seeking truth to validate her existence. Finally, it notes that with Christ, our cravings no longer control us because we find fulfillment through him.
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2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. To realize that philosophizing will lead to wisdom or
truth
2. To distinguish opinion from truth
3. To use a philosophical method in the search for truth
4. To evaluate situations that demonstrate the difference
between opinion and truth
3. INTRODUCTION
There are times that we react to a certain situation
without consciously understanding what we mean to say.
Sadly, when confronted with certain ideas that might be the
opposite of our beliefs, we get hurt and attack the person
instead of the argument. We tend to support only those
aligned with our beliefs, even if it lacks truth-value.
4. INTRODUCTION
. Let’s
take a look at the situation below.
On a Sunday night, Juana posted his filtered picture of
her Sunday's best on Facebook with a caption: "I think there
is no class on Monday." Many of her classmates commented
on her post and asked if it was true. One of her close friends,
Pedro, shared the post. Eventually, many of their classmates
believed that there would be no class the following day since
Juana and Pedro were among the top ten students in their
class. Also, Pedro's mother is the principal of the City Senior
High School.
5. If you saw the post of Juana and you know her too well,
how would you react? Which button would you hit: “haha”,
“like”, “heart”, “angry” or “wow”? Why? Would you share
Juana’s post? What would be your comment?
These days, we are bombarded with a lot of information.
In social media, some information being shared and
circulated are true while some are not. How do we know that
something is true? How do we differentiate truth from
opinion?
How can philosophy help us to arrive at a certain truth?
6. OPINION VS. TRUTH
When people engage in a debate and later get tired of
arguing, one of them would perhaps resort to saying, “That's
your opinion!” By saying this, it often settles the conflict of
the opposing sides. One can also observe that when one
expresses an opinion, he/she is confident to say it because
opinions are usually understood as neither ‘right’ nor
‘wrong’. Thus, many netizens would unreflectively post
something about an issue on their social media accounts and
defensively claim that it is just an opinion. Some would even
say that since we are in a democratic country, everyone is
entitled to his/her own opinion.
7. But what is an opinion? Generally, an opinion is a
personal claim, a belief, or a personal stance on a particular
subject matter. For instance, the statements, "My teacher is
the best!" or "I think there is no class on Monday" are
examples of opinions. These opinions are based on personal
experiences and, therefore, relative. However, opinions are
sometimes based on facts.
If they are based on facts, do they
equate to the truth?
8. John Corvino (2015) offers a philosophical distinction
between an opinion and a fact. For him, a statement of fact
has objective content and is well-supported by the available
evidence. On the other hand, a statement of opinion is one
whose content is either subjective or not well supported by
the available evidence. In short, an opinion refers to what a
person thinks about something but is lacking evidence. In
this sense, the criterion of objectivity, which is a necessary
condition of facts, is what separates an opinion from a fact.
Another problem that arises is how to understand truth
statements. People would simply state an opinion using the
9. phrase, “it is true that…”, as if it automatically makes the
statement true. We have to note that not all those who
claim
that they are telling the truth are revealing the truth.
10. Truth has been one of the main questions in philosophy,
and many theories have dealt with this question. One of these
theories is the Correspondence Theory. This theory
maintains that both the knower's mind and the thing being
perceived must correspond to each other. Truth is grasped
when there is conformity between the mind and the thing
outside the mind. However, since our senses may get easily
deceived, it is necessary always to inquire if what we have
in mind is not a mere illusion.
11. This is why we need to discern
matters seriously to know the truth. We should consider both
what we think and what the thing reveals to us. Truth is
neither an opinion nor a fact. It is universal, undisputed,
verified through facts, and even transcendent, beyond a
reasonable doubt. In other words, the truth will always be
true no matter what a person thinks and says. Truth does not
change; an opinion, however, usually changes through time.
Thus, the truth remains, no matter how convincing an
opinion is. The question that remains now is how to seek the
truth.
13. Philosophizing is a kind of discourse on reality; it is essentially tied up with man's openess towards the
reality which is being verbalized. This verbalization never coincides with reality, because all philosophical
discourse involves the taking up of a position, a distance, and is therefore essentially dialogue.Jan
14. What do you mean by
Methods of
Philosophizing?
15. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING
The methods of philosophizing are the various ways of
attaining truth or wisdom. Let us not forget the literal
meaning of philosophy: "love of wisdom" or the search for
truth. But there is not only one way of searching for the truth.
In this section, we explore several methods used by philosophers. From
ancient philosophy to contemporary
philosophy, these methods are varied and evolving.
16. What is the importance of using the methods of
philosophizing?
17. Philosophizing is a way to reveal the truth about the various stages of life and
everything associated with it and to reveal the fulfillment of the purpose for each
stage of the life and to express the way for the realization of these things are in a
relevant way, in order to obtain the best compromise of all that we.
19. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHY LEADS TO WISDOM AND TRUTH
when we start philosophizing we end up garnering truth and wisdom and we then have a
deeper knowledge for what is really there in the world. it is when two seemingly conflicting
things are true at the same time.
21. Socratic Method
The Socratic Method is named after Socrates, who was
the teacher of Plato. This method refers to a process of
asking open-ended questions that are committed to finding
the truth. It usually takes the form of a dialogue in which
people discuss and analyze a specific subject matter. It is like
a cross-examination. It is also a strategy of teaching any
subject matter between a teacher and a student. (Zack, 2010)
How does one employ the Socratic Method? Usually,
Socrates would ask questions based on what the person
believes. Let us read this dialogue:
22. Santiago: Maria, what is your comment on the Facebook
post of Juana?
Maria: I commented on her post, saying, "Yehey!"
Santiago: What does that mean?
Maria: I agree with her, and I am happy about the fact that
there is no class on Monday.
Santiago: Did Juana say that there is no class on Monday?
Maria: I don’t think so.
Santiago: What did she say?
Maria: She stated in the caption: I guess there is no class
on Monday.
Santiago: Will there be really no class on Monday?
Maria: I don’t know.
Santiago: Then, why did you say Yehey when Juana did
not declare that there is no class on Monday?
Maria: I was just happy to think that there is no class on Monday.
23. Santiago: If you like the idea that there is no class on
Monday, do you mean to say that you like your
thought about having no class on Monday?
Maria. I think so.
Santiago: Is it correct to say that you are glad about what
you think – that is, having no class on Monday –
Rather than what is posted by Juana?
Maria: Yes, I am happy to think that there is no class on
Monday.
Santiago: Do you think Juana is telling us that there is no
class on Monday?
Maria: I’m not sure about it.
Santiago: That only means that Juana is not declaring that
there is no class on Monday. Do you agree that the
24. Maria: Mhhmm. I cannot disagree.
In this dialogue, one question leads to a series of
questions to arrive at a particular conclusion. The dialogue
may go as far as the question is satisfied or as far as the truth
is revealed. Maria's comment, "Yehey", is quite ambiguous.
Santiago discovers that her comment on Juana's post, which
expresses delight and agreement, does not totally refer to
Juana's post but to her own thought of having no class on
Monday.
25. In this connection, the Socratic Method may often
diisappoint us when we discover something we did not intend
to say. Sometimes, we become uncertain of our beliefs once
we start to question them. That is why Socrates urges us to
examine ourselves, including our beliefs and assumptions in
life, when he said, "An unexamined life is not worth living."
At first, the Socratic Method seems to be annoying
because the questions seem to be unending. Nevertheless, a
person has nothing to be afraid of when being asked about anything
and discovers something new and realizes his
ignorance.
26. Let us remember that Socrates' wisdom proceeds
from his awareness of his own ignorance. But asking
questions intelligently is a way to resolve our own ignorance,
and the Socratic Method will lead us to find the truth.
It has to be emphasized that this method is different
from asking questions for the sake of asking them. Rather,
the Socratic Method is the art of asking a question that is
committed to the truth. It aims for moral improvement, to
make us wise and virtuous persons (Cain, 2007; Kreeft,
2014). Sometimes this method may result in one feeling
ashamed. However, when one uses this method, he/she does
not seek to harm or destroy a person; instead, the goal is to
correct one's opinions and lead him/her to the truth.
27. Peter Kreeft (2014) suggests some points on how to
apply the Socratic Method, especially with difficult people,
such as those who do not believe in finding the truth
together, those who are subjectivists, or those who refuse to
believe that they lack the truth and the other has it.
1. Establish a Socratic relationship. You are not the
teacher, but you are the listener. You are not the one who
knows what is right, but you are the one who needs to be
shown what is right.
2. Get the person’s belief, contention, or conclusion
(What is the person really saying?)
3. Understand how the person uses the terms that he uses
to avoid ambiguity (What does the person really mean?).
4. Ask for reasons or supporting evidence. Take note
that you have to maintain the attitude of a person who wants
to be led by the master or teacher to clarify the claim, not as
someone who will ask for reasons for the sake of refuting it.
(Why do you say that…?)
28. 5. Once the person has given his claim, terms, and
reasons, make sure to show your understanding of them by
rephrasing them in your own words. In this way, you will let the person
feel that you are on the same track and not letting
the person be alone, as if nobody understands him/her.
6. When the person sees that you are on his side, you
can start the next level: exploration. You may go either
'upstream' or 'downstream'. Explore the person's original
argument, that is, either go with his/her premises or reasons,
or with the conclusions and their consequences. Suppose that
the problem is not the terms or the logic of the argument but
the propositions (or the statements themselves in the given
reasons and conclusion) that need to be investigated.
29. Suppose you believe that the conclusion is false. In that case,
you may take either the two paths: a) Upstream strategy is
to show the person what questionable premises or reasons
are necessary to prove his claim, or b) Downstream strategy
is to show the person what questionable conclusions entail
when the claim or conclusion is taken as a reason or premise.
7. Use options to give the person a choice. You may
provide constructive dilemmas to not let the person perceive
the inadequacy of his/her reasons.
8. You may also match your style with the personalities
of the person you are inquiring.
30. Dialectical Method
The Dialectical method can be traced back to
Socrates'
or Plato's method. The term ‘dialectics’ is derived
from the
Greek word dialego, which means to debate or
discuss.
Although the dialectical method has its roots in
ancient
Greek philosophy, the dialectical method
emphasized here is
the one developed mostly by modern philosophers,
such as
31. The word phenomenology comes from the two Greek
words: phainomenon, which means appearance, and logos,
which means study or reason. A phenomenon is that which
appears to the consciousness of the mind. In this sense,
Phenomenology investigates the essence of nature of the
things that appear to a person. For Edmund Husserl,
phenomenology is "the science of the essence of
consciousness" (Smith, 2006).
32. Husserl's phenomenological method is the most original
or also called pure phenomenology. It emphasizes the
person's lived experience to get to the true meaning of
reality. One has to note that Husserl distinguishes 'natural
attitude' and 'phenomenological attitude'. Natural attitude
refers to the belief that the reality outside the person is
relative to and separate from the person who experiences it.
33. However, the knowledge that a person will gain from this
kind of attitude is not real or true knowledge. On the other
hand, a phenomenological attitude refers to the process
whereby a person suspends his/her beliefs or the things
he/she has learned from the natural attitude. Here is how to
apply the method of Husserl's phenomenology (Zahavi,
2002):
a. Bracketing: This process is also called epoché, which
means to abstain. The person's experience, beliefs, and
learnings are bracketed or 'set aside' to see the thing in
itself.
34. b. Eidetic reduction. This is the movement from fact to
essence, a transcendental reality that refers to the
immateriality of things, such as thoughts, feelings,
memories, etc.
35. Hermeneutics
The term hermeneutics is usually associated with the
Greek god, Hermes, who was the messenger between gods
and humans. It is derived from hermêneuein or hermêneusai
and hermêneia, which means interpreting or interpretation
(Keane & Lawn, 2016 & Malpas & Gander, 2015). This
process refers to the understanding of a particular reality. As
a method, hermeneutics "offers a toolbox for efficiently
treating problems of the interpretation of human actions,
texts, and other meaningful material (Mantzavinos, 2020)."
There are various systems of hermeneutics. For this
discussion, let's focus on the hermeneutics of Friedrich
36. Schleiermacher. Schleiermacher's system is called
romanticist hermeneutics. The aim of hermeneutics is "to
capture the truth of the text." The truth is taken from how the
author originally meant something. To achieve this, one
starts from the subjective interpreter (or the reader himself),
then considers the historical and the cultural context to grasp
the original authorial intention (Demeterio, 2001). The
reader should check the author's historical background and
the period when the author said/wrote something. Hence,
considering those factors will make the reader/interpreter dig
out the truth of the text
37. CONCLUSION
The search for truth is like a vocation – a calling. There
may be only one call, but there can be different ways of
answering the call. In other words, the methods of
philosophizing may vary, but they are all guided by and
directed towards the truth. A person may encounter opinions,
facts, and truth while facing a certain problem, but it is a
challenge to determine each one of them. The methods of
philosophizing do not settle with mere opinions and facts,
but they always love to transcend and attain the truth. Hence,
a person must be open to the call for truth even if it is against
one’s opinion; and from here, he/she must consider
examining the immaterial element of the human person: the
embodied spirit.