Metastatic tumors to lymph node
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lymphnodes having metastatis from primary tumors. incidence of metastasis from various tumors to lymph nodes. how to differentiate metastatic lymph node from primary lymph node tumor(lymphoma) overview of TNM staging with example.
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Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Testicular tumours
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
SCC of the skin is a malignant tumor of keratinocytes, arising in the epidermis.
SCC usually arises in epidermal precancerous lesions and, depending on etiology and level of differentiation, varies in its aggressiveness.
The lesion is a plaque or a nodule with varying degrees of keratinization in the nodule and/or on the surface.
Thumb rule:
Undifferentiated SCC: is soft and has no hyperkeratosis;
Differentiated SCC: is hard on palpation and has hyperkeratosis.
Exposure:
Sunlight. Phototherapy, PUVA (oral psoralen + UVA). Excessive photochemotherapy can lead to promotion of SCC, particularly in patients with skin phototypes I and II or in patients with history of previous exposure to ionizing radiation or methotrexate treatment for psoriasis.
Lesions :
Indurated papule, plaque, or nodule ; adherent thick keratotic scale or hyperkeratosis ; when eroded or ulcerated, the lesion may have a crust in the center and a firm, hyperkeratotic, elevated margin
Clark levels
level I, intra-epidermal;
level II, invades papillary dermis;
level III fills papillary dermis;
level IV, invades reticular dermis;
level V, invades subcutaneous fat.
Lymph node metastasis in neck (secondaries in cervical lymph nodes diagnosis...
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Soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Thyroid Tumors
This document discusses various types of thyroid tumors. It first covers thyroid carcinomas including papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and other rare variants. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type and has characteristic nuclear features. Follicular carcinoma is diagnosed based on invasion of blood vessels or capsules. The document also discusses thyroid adenomas and other rare thyroid tumors. It provides detailed information on the histopathology, variants, molecular features, and prognosis of papillary and follicular carcinomas.
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the lower epidermis and is caused by DNA mutations in the patched gene triggered by UV radiation exposure. While it rarely metastasizes, BCC can be locally invasive if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and type of BCC, but may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical medications, or target therapies for advanced cases. Regular sun protection and skin self-examinations are important for prevention and early detection.
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Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins Lymphomas
Hodgkin's lymphoma and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas are cancers of the lymphatic system. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells and usually involves the lymph nodes above the diaphragm. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas can be of B-cell or T-cell origin and often spread beyond the lymph nodes to other organs. Staging investigations are used to determine the extent of disease, which guides treatment, which may include chemotherapy, radiation therapy, stem cell transplantation or watchful waiting. Prognosis depends on disease stage and other risk factors.
Testicular tumours
Testicular tumors are rare.
1 – 2 % of all malignant tumors.
Most common malignancy in men in the 15 to 35 year age group.
Benign lesions represent a greater percentage of cases in children than in adults.
Most curable solid neoplasm
Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
Invasive Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC)
SCC of the skin is a malignant tumor of keratinocytes, arising in the epidermis.
SCC usually arises in epidermal precancerous lesions and, depending on etiology and level of differentiation, varies in its aggressiveness.
The lesion is a plaque or a nodule with varying degrees of keratinization in the nodule and/or on the surface.
Thumb rule:
Undifferentiated SCC: is soft and has no hyperkeratosis;
Differentiated SCC: is hard on palpation and has hyperkeratosis.
Exposure:
Sunlight. Phototherapy, PUVA (oral psoralen + UVA). Excessive photochemotherapy can lead to promotion of SCC, particularly in patients with skin phototypes I and II or in patients with history of previous exposure to ionizing radiation or methotrexate treatment for psoriasis.
Lesions :
Indurated papule, plaque, or nodule ; adherent thick keratotic scale or hyperkeratosis ; when eroded or ulcerated, the lesion may have a crust in the center and a firm, hyperkeratotic, elevated margin
Clark levels
level I, intra-epidermal;
level II, invades papillary dermis;
level III fills papillary dermis;
level IV, invades reticular dermis;
level V, invades subcutaneous fat.
Lymph node metastasis in neck (secondaries in cervical lymph nodes diagnosis...
Lymph node metastasis in neck specifically dealing with the secondaries in cervical lymph nodes is the topic for my seminar in surgery department
Soft tissue sarcoma
Soft tissue sarcomas are rare malignant tumors that can arise in any soft tissue of the body. They are characterized by their genetic alterations and histological grade. Diagnosis is made through biopsy and imaging is used to stage the tumor. Treatment typically involves complete surgical resection with negative margins, along with possible adjuvant radiation and chemotherapy depending on tumor grade and size. Prognosis depends on factors like tumor size, grade, depth, and completeness of resection. Recurrence rates remain high, especially for retroperitoneal and visceral soft tissue sarcomas.
Soft tissue tumor
This document discusses soft tissue tumors. It defines soft tissue and describes its composition. It notes that soft tissue tumors can be caused by radiation, burns, trauma, viruses, or genetic syndromes. The document outlines various tumor types including liposarcomas, fibrosarcomas, and malignant fibrous histiocytomas. It describes histologic patterns seen in different tumors and discusses grading systems. Pseudosarcomas like nodular fasciitis are also summarized.
Thyroid Tumors
This document discusses various types of thyroid tumors. It first covers thyroid carcinomas including papillary carcinoma, follicular carcinoma, and other rare variants. Papillary carcinoma is the most common type and has characteristic nuclear features. Follicular carcinoma is diagnosed based on invasion of blood vessels or capsules. The document also discusses thyroid adenomas and other rare thyroid tumors. It provides detailed information on the histopathology, variants, molecular features, and prognosis of papillary and follicular carcinomas.
Basal cell carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma is the most common type of skin cancer. It arises from basal cells in the lower epidermis and is caused by DNA mutations in the patched gene triggered by UV radiation exposure. While it rarely metastasizes, BCC can be locally invasive if left untreated. Treatment options depend on the size, location, and type of BCC, but may include surgical excision, Mohs surgery, radiation, cryotherapy, photodynamic therapy, topical medications, or target therapies for advanced cases. Regular sun protection and skin self-examinations are important for prevention and early detection.
Salivary gland tumors
This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
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Solitary Thyroid Nodule
1) Solitary thyroid nodules are common and usually detected by palpation or ultrasound. Evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy given the risk of cancer in solitary nodules.
2) Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound assessing features suggestive of malignancy and FNAB providing cytology results.
3) Treatment depends on FNAB and risk factor results, ranging from observation for benign nodules to surgery for malignant or suspicious nodules. Surgery type depends on cancer risk and includes lobectomy or total thyroidectomy.
Carcinoma Of Prostate and its management
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Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors that commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. The document discusses carcinoid tumors in depth, including their definition, sites of origin, histology, staging, clinical features, diagnostic testing, and management approaches. Treatment involves surgical resection when possible, with additional therapies for advanced or metastatic disease aimed at controlling hormone secretion and tumor growth.
Astrocytoma
This document discusses astrocytoma, a type of brain tumor. It begins by describing a patient case and then defines astrocytomas as tumors derived from astrocyte cells in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytes normally provide support to neurons. The document grades astrocytomas from I to IV based on malignancy. Grade IV, glioblastoma multiforme, is the most malignant and common. While causes are unknown, risk factors include prior radiation exposure and genetic conditions. Higher grade tumors appear more irregular and have abnormal cell growth. Symptoms depend on the location and severity of invasion in the brain. Prognosis for glioblastoma is poor, with average survival being 15 months after optimal treatment.
Histology and pathology of lymph nodes
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
Cns tumors
1) Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified based on the cell type they arise from, including glial cells, neurons, meninges, and other tissues.
2) The most common CNS tumors include gliomas such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are further classified based on grade from pilocytic astrocytoma to glioblastoma.
3) CNS tumor characteristics vary based on histology, location in the brain or spine, patient age, and other factors. Malignant tumors tend to grow quickly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, while benign tumors are often slow
Renal cell carcinoma for students
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the renal tubular epithelium. It is more common in males aged 60-80. Risk factors include chronic renal failure and von Hippel-Lindau disease. The main types are clear cell carcinoma (70-80%), papillary carcinoma (10-15%) and chromophobe renal carcinoma (5%). Symptoms include hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass. Treatment is usually nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy to remove the tumor.
Plasmacytoma
Plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm that can present as a solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) or extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP). SBP most commonly involves the axial skeleton and presents with bone pain. EMP typically involves the upper aerodigestive tract and presents with symptoms related to site of involvement. Diagnosis involves biopsy and ruling out multiple myeloma. Radiotherapy is the primary treatment for both SBP and EMP and provides high rates of local control. Prognosis is generally good but some patients may progress to multiple myeloma.
Carcinoma rectum (Rectal Cancer)
The document summarizes key anatomical and clinical aspects of the rectum:
1. The rectum is 12-15 cm long, located in the pelvis behind the lower sacrum and coccyx. It has three sections with varying peritoneal coverage and blood supply.
2. Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the US. Risk factors include diet, family history, and conditions like ulcerative colitis. Symptoms often include changes in bowel habits or bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgery like low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision improves outcomes by completely removing the mesorectum and reducing local recurrence rates.
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The document describes the Tzanck smear test, which involves scraping skin lesions to examine for Tzanck cells under a microscope. It can help diagnose various acantholytic diseases by identifying certain pathological cell types. Tzanck cells are rounded keratinocytes with a pale halo around the nucleus and darkly stained peripheral cytoplasm. Their presence may indicate conditions like pemphigus, Darier's disease, and herpes simplex virus infection. The test is simple, fast, and inexpensive for screening erosive skin diseases.
testicular tumors
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum. It is the third most common cancer globally and incidence increases with age. Risk factors include family history, diet high in red meat, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves tests like colonoscopy, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment depends on stage and location of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, nutrition, and educating patients. Prevention includes exercise, limiting red meat, and screening to detect and remove precancerous polyps.
Lymphoma
Lymphomas originate from cells of the lymphoid tissue. They are divided into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly presents with peripheral lymphadenopathy and B symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Staging involves the Ann Arbor or Cotswolds classification. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination based on prognostic factors. Complications can include pneumonitis, cardiomyopathy, secondary cancers and gonadal dysfunction.
Lower GI - Bleed
This PPT is for the MBBS - Students mainly to know the causes, types and their association with defecation.
Parotid gland swelling
Introduction
Approach to Parotid gland enlargement
Parotid gland swelling classification
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Warthin’s Tumor
Pleomorphic adenoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sialadenitis
Sialolithiasis
Conclusion
Collar stud abscess
A 38-year-old female presented with a 5x6cm swelling on the left side of her neck that had grown over the past 3 months. She reported intermittent fever over this period but no other symptoms. On examination, the swelling was tender, warm, and movable with normal overlying skin. Blood tests found anemia and elevated white blood cell count. Imaging and biopsy identified a granulomatous lesion consistent with tuberculosis. The patient was started on antitubercular treatment based on these findings.
Pathology of testicular tumors
testicular tumors have high rates in Scandinavian countries and low prevalence in blacks compared to whites
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
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This document discusses carcinoma of the rectum, including its etiology, pathology, staging, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Carcinoma of the rectum is more common in females and usually originates from pre-existing adenomas or polyps. Risk factors include diet high in red meat/saturated fat and low in fiber, as well as smoking, alcohol, family history, and certain medical conditions.
- Pathologically, most are adenocarcinomas that may be well, moderately, or undifferentiated. Staging systems include Duke's and TNM classification. Clinical features include bleeding, anemia, and symptoms of bowel obstruction.
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This document provides information on tumors of the salivary glands. It discusses the anatomy and histology of salivary glands, classification of salivary gland tumors, and specifics on certain tumor types including pleomorphic adenoma and Warthin's tumor. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign salivary gland tumor, characterized by epithelial and mesenchymal differentiation. Warthin's tumor commonly occurs bilaterally in the parotid glands of older smoking males. The document covers epidemiology, etiology, histogenesis, clinical features, investigation, pathology and treatment of various salivary gland tumors.
Seminar on stamm, janeway & PE gastrostomy
This document summarizes different techniques for gastrostomy tube placement: Stamm gastrostomy is a temporary procedure where a purse string suture is used to create a gastric opening for a catheter. Janeway gastrostomy is permanent, creating a gastric flap that is brought through the abdominal wall. Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) involves passing a catheter through the stomach and abdominal wall under endoscopic guidance using a gastroscope, needle, snare, and suture.
Solitary Thyroid Nodule
1) Solitary thyroid nodules are common and usually detected by palpation or ultrasound. Evaluation is needed to rule out malignancy given the risk of cancer in solitary nodules.
2) Ultrasound and fine needle aspiration biopsy are important diagnostic tools, with ultrasound assessing features suggestive of malignancy and FNAB providing cytology results.
3) Treatment depends on FNAB and risk factor results, ranging from observation for benign nodules to surgery for malignant or suspicious nodules. Surgery type depends on cancer risk and includes lobectomy or total thyroidectomy.
Carcinoma Of Prostate and its management
Carcinoma of the prostate is the most commonly diagnosed cancer and second leading cause of cancer death in men. Risk increases with age and family history. It often metastasizes to bones and lymph nodes. Diagnosis involves elevated PSA levels, abnormal digital rectal exam, biopsy. Staging uses the TNM system - early stages are limited to the prostate while advanced stages have spread outside the prostate. Gleason scoring evaluates microscopic patterns to determine tumor grade and aggressiveness. Treatment depends on tumor stage, grade and patient health.
Pleomorphic adenoma
Pleomorphic adenoma is the most common benign tumor of the parotid gland. It consists of both epithelial cells and spindle-shaped mesenchymal cells within an abundant mucoid matrix. On pathology, it displays well-differentiated epithelial cells and spindle/stellate cells in a pleomorphic stroma with mucoid material. The tumor presents as a slow-growing, painless swelling of the parotid gland and is diagnosed by FNAC. The treatment is complete surgical excision via superficial parotidectomy while preserving the facial nerve. Recurrence is possible if there are pseudopods left behind or inadequate margins. Malignant transformation may occur in long-standing tumors.
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Carcinoid tumors are slow-growing neuroendocrine tumors that commonly arise in the gastrointestinal tract and lungs. The document discusses carcinoid tumors in depth, including their definition, sites of origin, histology, staging, clinical features, diagnostic testing, and management approaches. Treatment involves surgical resection when possible, with additional therapies for advanced or metastatic disease aimed at controlling hormone secretion and tumor growth.
Astrocytoma
This document discusses astrocytoma, a type of brain tumor. It begins by describing a patient case and then defines astrocytomas as tumors derived from astrocyte cells in the brain or spinal cord. Astrocytes normally provide support to neurons. The document grades astrocytomas from I to IV based on malignancy. Grade IV, glioblastoma multiforme, is the most malignant and common. While causes are unknown, risk factors include prior radiation exposure and genetic conditions. Higher grade tumors appear more irregular and have abnormal cell growth. Symptoms depend on the location and severity of invasion in the brain. Prognosis for glioblastoma is poor, with average survival being 15 months after optimal treatment.
Histology and pathology of lymph nodes
This document provides an overview of lymph nodes and lymphomas. It discusses the anatomy, histology, embryology and functions of lymph nodes. It also examines various pathological conditions of lymph nodes including infections, reactive hyperplasias and lymphomas. The document summarizes different classification systems for lymphomas and describes some of the major lymphoid neoplasms that can involve lymph nodes, such as mantle cell lymphoma. Clinical features and techniques like fine needle aspiration cytology for evaluating lymphomas are also outlined.
Cns tumors
1) Tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) can be classified based on the cell type they arise from, including glial cells, neurons, meninges, and other tissues.
2) The most common CNS tumors include gliomas such as astrocytomas, oligodendrogliomas, and ependymomas. Astrocytomas are further classified based on grade from pilocytic astrocytoma to glioblastoma.
3) CNS tumor characteristics vary based on histology, location in the brain or spine, patient age, and other factors. Malignant tumors tend to grow quickly and infiltrate surrounding brain tissue, while benign tumors are often slow
Renal cell carcinoma for students
Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) arises from the renal tubular epithelium. It is more common in males aged 60-80. Risk factors include chronic renal failure and von Hippel-Lindau disease. The main types are clear cell carcinoma (70-80%), papillary carcinoma (10-15%) and chromophobe renal carcinoma (5%). Symptoms include hematuria, flank pain, and an abdominal mass. Treatment is usually nephrectomy or partial nephrectomy to remove the tumor.
Plasmacytoma
Plasmacytoma is a rare plasma cell neoplasm that can present as a solitary bone plasmacytoma (SBP) or extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP). SBP most commonly involves the axial skeleton and presents with bone pain. EMP typically involves the upper aerodigestive tract and presents with symptoms related to site of involvement. Diagnosis involves biopsy and ruling out multiple myeloma. Radiotherapy is the primary treatment for both SBP and EMP and provides high rates of local control. Prognosis is generally good but some patients may progress to multiple myeloma.
Carcinoma rectum (Rectal Cancer)
The document summarizes key anatomical and clinical aspects of the rectum:
1. The rectum is 12-15 cm long, located in the pelvis behind the lower sacrum and coccyx. It has three sections with varying peritoneal coverage and blood supply.
2. Rectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the US. Risk factors include diet, family history, and conditions like ulcerative colitis. Symptoms often include changes in bowel habits or bleeding.
3. Treatment involves surgery like low anterior resection or abdominoperineal resection. Total mesorectal excision improves outcomes by completely removing the mesorectum and reducing local recurrence rates.
Tzanck Smear
The document describes the Tzanck smear test, which involves scraping skin lesions to examine for Tzanck cells under a microscope. It can help diagnose various acantholytic diseases by identifying certain pathological cell types. Tzanck cells are rounded keratinocytes with a pale halo around the nucleus and darkly stained peripheral cytoplasm. Their presence may indicate conditions like pemphigus, Darier's disease, and herpes simplex virus infection. The test is simple, fast, and inexpensive for screening erosive skin diseases.
testicular tumors
This document provides information about testicular cancers, including:
- Testicular cancer accounts for 1% of cancers in males and is highly curable when detected early, often affecting young men.
- The testis has blood supply from the testicular artery and drains into the pampiniform plexus and internal spermatic veins. Lymphatic drainage is to retroperitoneal lymph nodes.
- The majority (95%) are germ cell tumors, including seminomas and non-seminomas. Staging involves tumor markers, imaging scans, and lymph node dissection. Treatment depends on the type and stage but may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy.
Colorectal cancer
Colorectal cancer begins in the colon or rectum. It is the third most common cancer globally and incidence increases with age. Risk factors include family history, diet high in red meat, and certain medical conditions. Symptoms include changes in bowel habits, blood in stool, and abdominal discomfort. Diagnosis involves tests like colonoscopy, biopsy, and blood tests. Treatment depends on stage and location of cancer and may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Nursing care focuses on managing pain, nutrition, and educating patients. Prevention includes exercise, limiting red meat, and screening to detect and remove precancerous polyps.
Lymphoma
Lymphomas originate from cells of the lymphoid tissue. They are divided into Hodgkin's and non-Hodgkin's lymphomas. Hodgkin's lymphoma is characterized by the presence of Reed-Sternberg cells. It commonly presents with peripheral lymphadenopathy and B symptoms. Diagnosis involves biopsy and imaging. Staging involves the Ann Arbor or Cotswolds classification. Treatment involves chemotherapy, radiation therapy or a combination based on prognostic factors. Complications can include pneumonitis, cardiomyopathy, secondary cancers and gonadal dysfunction.
Lower GI - Bleed
This PPT is for the MBBS - Students mainly to know the causes, types and their association with defecation.
Parotid gland swelling
Introduction
Approach to Parotid gland enlargement
Parotid gland swelling classification
Sjögren’s Syndrome
Warthin’s Tumor
Pleomorphic adenoma
Mucoepidermoid carcinoma
Sialadenitis
Sialolithiasis
Conclusion
Collar stud abscess
A 38-year-old female presented with a 5x6cm swelling on the left side of her neck that had grown over the past 3 months. She reported intermittent fever over this period but no other symptoms. On examination, the swelling was tender, warm, and movable with normal overlying skin. Blood tests found anemia and elevated white blood cell count. Imaging and biopsy identified a granulomatous lesion consistent with tuberculosis. The patient was started on antitubercular treatment based on these findings.
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testicular tumors have high rates in Scandinavian countries and low prevalence in blacks compared to whites
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Similar to Metastatic tumors to lymph node
CLASSIFICATION OF TUMOURS
The document provides information on the classification of tumours, including:
1. Tumours are classified based on their presumed cell/tissue of origin or predicted behavior. Malignant tumours are classified as epithelial, connective tissue, lymphoid/hematological, or mixtures.
2. Benign tumours are generally slow growing, remain localized, and do not invade or metastasize. Malignant tumours are generally fast growing, invade surrounding tissues, and can metastasize via lymphatics or blood vessels.
3. Malignant tumours are staged based on factors like tumor size, lymph node involvement, and presence of distant metastases using systems like TNM. Higher
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This document discusses carcinoma of the rectum, including its etiology, pathology, staging, clinical features, investigations, differential diagnosis, and treatment options. Some key points:
- Carcinoma of the rectum is more common in females and usually originates from pre-existing adenomas or polyps. Risk factors include diet high in red meat/saturated fat and low in fiber, as well as smoking, alcohol, family history, and certain medical conditions.
- Pathologically, most are adenocarcinomas that may be well, moderately, or undifferentiated. Staging systems include Duke's and TNM classification. Clinical features include bleeding, anemia, and symptoms of bowel obstruction.
Testicular tumors
TESTICULAR TUMOURS
PREVALANCE
99% of testicular tumours are malignant.
Life time prevalence of getting testicular tumour is 0.2%.
Very common in Scandinavia; least common inAfrica andAsia.
4 times common in whites than blacks.
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This document discusses testicular tumours and their anatomy, etiology, classification, clinical features, diagnosis, staging, and treatment. Some key points:
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1) Salivary gland tumors are diverse in histopathology and include both benign and malignant neoplasms. The parotid gland is the most common site.
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- 1. METASTATIC TUMORS TO LYMPH NODE Dr.Dur-e-Zahra M.Phil Haematology
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • Introduction to metastasis to lymph nodes • Incidence of metastasis of Ca to lymph nodes • Differentiate Lymphoma from Metastasis to lymph node • TNM staging
- 3. LYMPH NODE METASTASIS • Most common site of metastatic malignancy • Presence of metastasis is important for TNM staging • Usually first clinical manifestation of disease • Every lymph node enlargement calls for assessment by pathologist whether its benign or malignant
- 4. MUST DETERMINE WHILE EXAMINING A LYMPH NODE Tumor Present or Not Tumor Primary or Metastatic Possible sites of Primary Tumor Number of Metastatic nodes involved Presence of Extranodal or Vascular involvement
- 5. INCIDENCE OF LYMPH NODE METASTASIS Carcinomas Malignant melanoma Germ cell tumors Sarcoma CNS tumors
- 6. METASTATIC TUMOR VS LYMPHOMA METASTATIC LYMPH NODE LYMPHOMA Cohesive tumor cells with well clearly defined margins Multifocal with diffuse penetration of vessel wall Sinus involvement Not limited to sinuses Extensive necrosis No necrosis seen Solid tumor plugs in lymphatic vessels Tumor plugs not common
- 7. TUMORS SIMULATING LYMPHOMA • Nasopharyngeal carcinoma - undifferentiated (tumor cells mix with lymphocytes and tumor does not appear cohesive) • Melanoma (tumor cells separate from each other within clusters) • Breast lobular carcinoma (may appear noncohesive) • Seminoma (inguinal and abdominal nodes)
- 8. LYMPHOMA SIMULATING AS METASTATIC CANCER • Anaplastic large cell lymphoma • Large B cell lymphoma • Hodgkins lymphoma • Composite lymphoma
- 9. HOW TO DIFFERENTIATE LYMPHOMA FROM MALIGNANT CARCINOMA • Mucin stain • PAS stain • Touch cytology • Reticulin stain • Immunocytochemistry
- 11. SITE OF METASTASES • Upper cervical nodes : associated with upper aerodigestive tract • Midcervical nodes : thyroid carcinoma, salivary gland, upper aerodigestive tract; also thymus or ovary • Supraclavicular nodes : breast or lung, also stomach, pancreas, prostate, testis • Axillary nodes : breast (women), melanoma, lung • Inguinal nodes : external genitalia, melanoma • Undetectable primaries with nodal metastases : nasopharynx, retrotonsillar pillars
- 12. RESECTED LYMPH NODE SPECIMEN. • A) 45mm yellowish lobular structure can be seen in the resected lymph node • B) The typical trabecular structure pattern of hepatocellular carcinoma was confirmed microscopically
- 15. GOOD TO KNOW! • Supraclavicular nodes involved by intra- abdominal carcinomas are sometimes referred to as Virchow or Troisier nodes
- 16. SYSTEM FOR STAGING CANCER • Lymph nodes play an important role in cancer staging, which determines the extent of cancer in the body. • The most commonly used systems for staging cancer is the TNM system. • It is based on the extent of the tumor (T), the extent of spread to the lymph nodes (N), and the presence of metastasis (M).
- 17. THE “N” IN TNM SYSTEM • If no cancer is found in the lymph nodes near the cancer, the N is assigned a value of 0. • If nearby or distant nodes show cancer, the N is assigned a number (such as 1, 2 or 3), depending on how many nodes are affected, how much cancer is in them, how large they are, and where they are located.