Toxic metabolites produced by microorganisms can negatively impact seed quality, plant and animal health. Mycotoxins, which are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi, commonly contaminate crops like cereals and can reduce seed germination and vigor. Important mycotoxins include aflatoxins, ochratoxin, citrinin, ergot alkaloids, and fumonisins. Factors like host susceptibility, pathogen virulence, environmental conditions, and agronomic practices can influence mycotoxin production. Contamination has consequences for human and animal health as well as international trade. Integrated management strategies are needed to safeguard food and feed supplies from the adverse effects of mycotox
In this presentation you can gain better knowledge about different kind of toxins which are produced by the fungi (mycotoxine) and this presentation will be important to the students who are studying phytopathology as well as the pathology.
In this presentation you can gain better knowledge about different kind of toxins which are produced by the fungi (mycotoxine) and this presentation will be important to the students who are studying phytopathology as well as the pathology.
Toxins of fungal origin( Mycotoxins) effecting livestock and poultry PPT.pptxVivekkumar707679
Brief overview of various mycotoxins a serious etiological factors causing disease in various species of livestock and poultry. This presentation includes the mechanism of toxicity of various toxins of fungal origin in concise form. Important mycotoxins in livestock and poultry are covered such as: Aflatoxins, ergot poisoning, pithomycotoxicosis, Ochratoxicosis, fescue poisoning etc.
ture, the population size of the species is regulated by environment factors. These factors are responsible for the check and balance of the living organisms. The event where living organisms leave and die without the aid of the man is termed as the natural control. Weather the abiotic factors are responsible for the natural control of the living organism; humidity and temperature are the common factors affecting this sector. Availability of the biotic factors is also a great determine for the survival of the living organisms. Many organisms attacked by pathogens causing diseases to the organisms.CONTROL OF PARASITES;METHODS; Reduction of the source of infection- the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the infecting agent. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases is an important component in the prevention of dissemination. Sanitary control of drinking water and food. Proper waste disposal – through establishing safe sewage systems, use of screened latrines, and treatment of night soil. The use of insecticides and other chemicals used to control the vector population. Protective clothing that would prevent vectors from resting in the surface of the body and inoculate pathogens during their blood meal. Good personal hygiene. Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices. (1Grazing management strategies in livestock (2Genetic selection (3Biological control and pasture ecology (4Vaccines (5 Dietary control-alternative forages (6 practice safe sex using condom (7 wash your hand regularly, especially after handling uncooked food or feces (8 drink clean water, including bottled water when you are traveling (9fecal exam and regular deworming 1.Grazing management strategies in livestock Management strategies include;Reduce stocking rate Here there is a positive effect on reducing parasites hence is a risk factor that affects the incidence of parasitism in livestock Use of clean grazing Grazing seasons are divided into 2 parts but if the livestock will grazing in different season there will be a dangerous to get infection hence will be at high risk.Mixed/alternate grazing Mixed grazing is based on diluting strategy, do not use cattle under 12 months.Rotational grazing Requires sub division of and careful management, rotation must be long enough for larvae from previous grazing to have died, difficult to estimate time required. 2.biological control The use of biological agents which are natural enemies of the parasites as the method of control,acts on the parasite larvae on pasture natural enemies of parasites include 1.viruses
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi in the plants before or after harvest, which are capable of producing acute or chronic toxic effects (e.g. carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic) on animals and probably on humans at the levels of exposure.
Several mycotoxins in agricultural products cause health hazards to people and animals and economical problem. Dangerous mycotoxins are naturally present in foods, feeds and our environment. They are pathologically classified as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, vomitoxin and neuromuscular toxin, some of which are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. Aflatoxin, for example, is the most potent hepatocarcinogen and mutagen among mycotoxins.
Modern mycotoxicology began with the discovery of Aflatoxin in the early 1960s as the chemical compound responsible for causing “Turkey X” disease. Over 100,000 turkeys died in the United Kingdom after ingesting feed containing contaminated peanut meal from Brazil. The disaster concerned also ducklings, calves, and pigs.
Toxic syndromes, resulting from the intake of Mycotoxins by man and animals, are known as mycotoxicosis. Although mycotoxicosis caused by mould Claviceps purpurea have been known for a very long time.
Secondary Metabolism is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
Mycotoxin effect on seed quality, Factor affecting mycotoxin production, types of test for mycotoxin, Management of Mycotoxin Contamination and major mycotoxin.
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
This presentation explains about the concept of food intoxication. The toxins produced by the microbes in food (fungal) and toxins present in the food stuff were provided. The information about the diseases caused by such toxins were disclosed.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Toxins of fungal origin( Mycotoxins) effecting livestock and poultry PPT.pptxVivekkumar707679
Brief overview of various mycotoxins a serious etiological factors causing disease in various species of livestock and poultry. This presentation includes the mechanism of toxicity of various toxins of fungal origin in concise form. Important mycotoxins in livestock and poultry are covered such as: Aflatoxins, ergot poisoning, pithomycotoxicosis, Ochratoxicosis, fescue poisoning etc.
ture, the population size of the species is regulated by environment factors. These factors are responsible for the check and balance of the living organisms. The event where living organisms leave and die without the aid of the man is termed as the natural control. Weather the abiotic factors are responsible for the natural control of the living organism; humidity and temperature are the common factors affecting this sector. Availability of the biotic factors is also a great determine for the survival of the living organisms. Many organisms attacked by pathogens causing diseases to the organisms.CONTROL OF PARASITES;METHODS; Reduction of the source of infection- the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the infecting agent. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases is an important component in the prevention of dissemination. Sanitary control of drinking water and food. Proper waste disposal – through establishing safe sewage systems, use of screened latrines, and treatment of night soil. The use of insecticides and other chemicals used to control the vector population. Protective clothing that would prevent vectors from resting in the surface of the body and inoculate pathogens during their blood meal. Good personal hygiene. Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices. (1Grazing management strategies in livestock (2Genetic selection (3Biological control and pasture ecology (4Vaccines (5 Dietary control-alternative forages (6 practice safe sex using condom (7 wash your hand regularly, especially after handling uncooked food or feces (8 drink clean water, including bottled water when you are traveling (9fecal exam and regular deworming 1.Grazing management strategies in livestock Management strategies include;Reduce stocking rate Here there is a positive effect on reducing parasites hence is a risk factor that affects the incidence of parasitism in livestock Use of clean grazing Grazing seasons are divided into 2 parts but if the livestock will grazing in different season there will be a dangerous to get infection hence will be at high risk.Mixed/alternate grazing Mixed grazing is based on diluting strategy, do not use cattle under 12 months.Rotational grazing Requires sub division of and careful management, rotation must be long enough for larvae from previous grazing to have died, difficult to estimate time required. 2.biological control The use of biological agents which are natural enemies of the parasites as the method of control,acts on the parasite larvae on pasture natural enemies of parasites include 1.viruses
Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi in the plants before or after harvest, which are capable of producing acute or chronic toxic effects (e.g. carcinogenic, mutagenic, and teratogenic) on animals and probably on humans at the levels of exposure.
Several mycotoxins in agricultural products cause health hazards to people and animals and economical problem. Dangerous mycotoxins are naturally present in foods, feeds and our environment. They are pathologically classified as hepatotoxins, nephrotoxins, vomitoxin and neuromuscular toxin, some of which are potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. Aflatoxin, for example, is the most potent hepatocarcinogen and mutagen among mycotoxins.
Modern mycotoxicology began with the discovery of Aflatoxin in the early 1960s as the chemical compound responsible for causing “Turkey X” disease. Over 100,000 turkeys died in the United Kingdom after ingesting feed containing contaminated peanut meal from Brazil. The disaster concerned also ducklings, calves, and pigs.
Toxic syndromes, resulting from the intake of Mycotoxins by man and animals, are known as mycotoxicosis. Although mycotoxicosis caused by mould Claviceps purpurea have been known for a very long time.
Secondary Metabolism is a term for pathways for small molecule and products of metabolism that are not absolutely required for the survival of the organism.
A secondary metabolite has an important ecological function.
Examples include antibiotics, mycotoxins etc.
Mycotoxin effect on seed quality, Factor affecting mycotoxin production, types of test for mycotoxin, Management of Mycotoxin Contamination and major mycotoxin.
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
This presentation explains about the concept of food intoxication. The toxins produced by the microbes in food (fungal) and toxins present in the food stuff were provided. The information about the diseases caused by such toxins were disclosed.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
Toxic effects of heavy metals : Lead and Arsenicsanjana502982
Heavy metals are naturally occuring metallic chemical elements that have relatively high density, and are toxic at even low concentrations. All toxic metals are termed as heavy metals irrespective of their atomic mass and density, eg. arsenic, lead, mercury, cadmium, thallium, chromium, etc.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technology
metabolites affecting seed quality and human, plant and animal health
1. Toxic metabolites affecting seed quality and its impact
on human, animal and plant health
Presented by- KAPIL JINDAL
Presented by: Kapil Jindal
Id no. 21412MPP005
2. Toxins are low molecular weight compounds (metabolites) produced by
microorganisms that are toxic to plant and animals
TOXINS
Toxins can be small molecules, peptides or proteins that are capable of
causing disease on contact with or absorption by body tissues interacting
with biological molecules like enzymes or cellular receptors
3. Classification of toxins
role in pathogenesis
Pathotoxins
Phytotoxins
Vivotoxins
specificity to host
Host specific toxins
Non-specific toxins
4. On the basis of their role in pathogenesis
• The toxin produced in vivo (in the infected tissues)
• functions in disease development, but not as the initial inciting
agent.
Ex. Fusaric acid, pyricularin
Pathotoxins
Phytotoxins
• phyto-toxic substances produced by pathogenic microorganisms.
• primary determinants of disease and the pathogenicity.
• induces all the typical symptoms in reasonable concentrations.
• Host specific toxins.
Ex. H.V. toxin, T. toxin, A.M. toxin
• Toxins produced by pathogens
• toxic to host and non-host plants.
• Non-specific toxins are considered as phytotoxins.
• required for virulence and are important for (disease
inducing).
Ex. Tab-toxin, Ten-toxin, Phaseolotoxin.
Vivotoxins
5. On the basis of specificity to host
Specificity of host
Host specific
Non host specific
Toxins which are toxic to only specific host plant or
species or varieties
Ex. H.V. toxin, T. toxin, A.M. toxin
Toxins which are toxic to both host and non-host.
Ex. Tab-toxin, Ten-toxin, Phaseolotoxin.
6. Host specific:
SN HOST SPECIFIC TOXIN PRODUCER ORGANISM HOST/DISEASE
1 Victorin or HV toxin Cochliobolus victoriae Victoria blight of oats
2 HC Toxin race 1 C.Carbonum Leaf spot of corn
3 T toxin C.Heterosporus Southern corn leaf blight
4 HS toxin C.Sacchari Eye spot disease of
sugarcane
5 AK toxin Alternaria alternata Japanese pear
6 AF-toxin Alternaria alternata Strawberry
7 ACT toxin Alternaria alternata Tangerine
8 AM toxin Alternaria alternata Apple
9 AAL toxin Alternaria alternata Tomato seedling
10 ACR toxin Alternaria alternata Rough lemon
11 ACL toxin A. Citri Lemon
12 Destruxin A. Brassicae Brassicas
13 homodestruxin A. Brassicae Brassicas
14 PC toxin Periconia circinata Grain sorghum
8. A) Changes in cell permeability: Toxins kill plant cells by altering the
permeability of plasma membrane, thus permitting loss of water and electrolytes and
also unrestricted entry of substances including toxins. Cellular transport system,
especially, H+ / K+ exchange at the cell membrane is affected.
B) Disruption of normal metabolic processes
Increase in respiration due to disturbed salt balance
Malfunctioning of enzyme system Ex: Piricularin inhibits polyphenol oxidase.
Uncoupling of oxidative phosphorylation
C) Interfere with the growth regulatory system of host plant
Ex: Restricted development of roots induced by Fusarium moniliform
Effect of toxins on host tissue
9. Toxin-producers:
• Some bacteria:
e.g., Pseudomonas, Burkholderia, Clavibacter, Streptomyces,
Xanthomonas
• A number of fungi:
e.g. Alternaria, Ascochyta, Bipolaris, Botrytis, Cercospora,
Cochliobolus, Colletotrichum, Drechslera, Fusarium, Phoma
10. Mycotoxins
• Mykes = Fungus / Mold Toxicum= Poison
Mycotoxins are chemicals and secondary metabolites
produced by Fungi/ Moulds growing on crops in field and
storage under appropriate environmental condition that are
harmful to humans and domestic animals.
Diseases caused due to mycotoxins are refereed as mycotoxicoses
• More than 300 mycotoxins have been described belonging to
several chemical groups and their structural formulae have been
confirmed.
• Cereals and oilseed are especially prone to mycotoxin
contamination.
11. Mycotoxins have a significant impact on seed quality, leading to
reduced germination, seedling vigor, and overall crop productivity.
mycotoxins that commonly affect seed quality:
Aflatoxins:
• The Aflatoxins Aflatoxins are group of
mycotoxins produced by Aspergillus, mainly
A. parasiticus and A.flavus.
• They are common fungal contaminants of
nuts but are also found in many other
feedstuffs.
• e.g. corn, tree nuts, rice and wheat.
• Aflatoxins B1, B2, G1 and G2 are four
naturally occurring forms of Aflatoxins, B1
being the most potent prevalent.
• • Chemical structure of Aflatoxins.
12. Ochratoxin:
• Ochratoxins, are produced by a number of fungi in
the genera Aspergillus and Penicillium. The largest
amounts ochratoxins are made by A. ochraceus and
P. cyclopium.
• A. ochraceus and P. viridicatum (reclassified as P.
verrucosum), two species that were first reported as
ochratoxin A (OA) producers, occur most
frequently in nature.
• Other fungi, such as Petromyces alliceus, and A.
citricus, have also been found to produce OA. Most
of the OA producers are storage fungi and
preharvest fungal infection.
13. Citrinin:
• It is a toxin that was first isolated from Penicillium citrinum.
• It is identified in several species of pencillium and aspergillus.
• Some of these species are used to produce human food stuffs such as cheese
(Penicillium camemberti), sake, miso, and soy sauce (Aspergillus oryzae).
• Although it is associated with many seeds (wheat, rice, corn, barley, oats, rye)
• Citrinin can also act synergistically with Ochratoxin A to depress RNA synthesis.
14. Ergot Alkaloids
• They are compounds produced by the Sclerotia species of Claviceps.
• The ingestion of ergot sclerotia from infected cereals, commonly in the form of bread
produced from contaminated flour, cause ergotism the human disease historically known
as Anthony's Fire.
• There are two forms of ergotism: gangrenous, affecting blood supply to extremities, and
convulsive, affecting the central nervous system.
15. Patulin:
• It is a toxin produced by the P.expansum, Aspergillus, penicillium, fungal species.
• P. expansum is especially associated with a range of moldy fruits and vegetables, in
particular rotting apples and figs.
• Although patulin has not been shown to be carcinogenic, it has been reported to
damage the immune system in animals.
• In 2004, the European Community set limits to the concentrations of patulin in food
products.
16. Fumonisins:
• Produced primarily by Fusarium fungi.
• fumonisins are commonly found in maize and maize-derived products.
• These toxins can cause various health issues in animals and humans.
• They can also negatively impact seed quality by reducing germination and
causing abnormalities in seedlings.
Trichothecenes:
• This group of mycotoxins is produced by various Fusarium species.
• They can contaminate grains and cereals, affecting seed quality by inhibiting
germination, causing seedling diseases, and reducing overall plant health.
17. Zearalenone:
• Another mycotoxin produced by Fusarium fungi.
• zearalenone primarily affects maize, barley, and wheat.
• It has estrogenic effects and can lead to reduced seed quality, including decreased
germination rates.
Deoxynivalenol (DON):
• Also known as vomitoxin.
• DON is a common trichothecene produced
by Fusarium species.
• It often affects wheat, barley, and maize.
• High levels of DON can lead to reduced
seed germination and seedling vigor.
18. I. Effect on human health :
• degeneration and malfunctioning of kidney
• disorders of respiratory system especially in lungs and bronchitis.
• adverse effect of liver functioning & related metabolism, toxic hepatitis.
• cardiac problems.
• esophageal abnormalities, fever, reduced mental alertness & cervical problems.
II. Effect on animal health :
• Consumption of mycotoxin contaminated feed results in low productivity.
• determined quality of milk, egg and meat of animals.
• The medicines are ineffective in mycotoxicoses and animals are prone to
outbreak of other diseases.
• Ex. Turkey X disease caused by Aflatoxin
Significance of mycotoxins
19. III. Seed and seedling diseases:
• inhibits the seed germination and emergence.
• Abnormal elongation in lettuce hypocotyls.
• reduced chlorophyll and nucleic acid synthesis in maize.
• Heavily infected seeds of soybean, groundnut and maize with
Aspergillus flavus exhibit total seed rot.
IV. Phytosanitary regulations:
• With the emergence of WTO, the trade of mycotoxin free
seeds, planting material, processed food and feed has assumed
a greater significance.
• For the production and marketing of an end product extreme
care is an obligatory measure and no-toxin certificate are
mandatory.
• The import-export of the commodity is adversely affected due
to fungal infection
20. Mycotoxicoses Causal organism Toxins produced Affected ones
Ergotism Sclerotia of Claviceps spp. Ergotin Man , cattle, sheep, horse,
poultry pigs
Afla-toxicoses Aspergillus flavus
A. parasiticus
Afla-toxin B1, B2, G1 & G2 Man
Turkey X disease in poultry
birds
Nephro-toxicoses Aspergillus ochraceus ,Penicillium
viridicatum,P. citrinum, P. expansum
Ochratoxin
Citrinin
Animals (pigs)
Fusariotoxicoses Fusarium sporotrichioids Fusariogenin Man (Septic angina)
& animals (horse,cattle, pigs)
Pink rot
dermatitis
Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Psoralens Man
Lupinosis Phomopsis leptostromiformis Hepatotoxin Sheep, cattle, Horse
Red Tide
(Algae)
Glenodium spp., Gymnodinium spp,
Gonyaulox spp
Neuro-toxin Human
Important diseases caused by mycotoxins
21. 1. Host factor : Host resistance / susceptibility to the fungi
influence the mycotoxin production.
• Increased toxin production : Higher sugar content and
greater seed surface lipid level of the host enhanced the toxin
production. Ex. Maize affected with Aspergillus spp.
• Decreased toxin production : Lesser size of the hilum
decreased the toxin production. Ex. Resistant varieties of pea nut.
Compactness of sclerotized cells, higher level of lignin and tightness
of cells results in decreased chances of the entry of the fungal
mycelium. Hence, less toxin production.
Factors affecting mycotoxin production
22. • 2. Pathogen factors
i. Levels of Virulence :
ii. Inoculum density : Quantity of Inoculum
iii. Reproduction pattern of the Pathogen
• High birth rate
• Low death rate
iv. Ecology of the Pathogen
• Internally seed borne
• Externally seed borne
• Contaminant
v. Easy & rapid dispersal/Spread of the Pathogen
vi. Adaptability of the pathogen : Pathogen have the
capacity to
adopt in adverse conditions.
23. 3. Agronomic practices & Environmental factors:
• Planting time : Late planted maize had a greater chance for pre-harvest Afla-toxin
production as compared to early planted ones. Late harvesting of peanut results in
an increase in Afla-toxin production
• Soil type : Mycotoxin production is less in vertisols as compared to the crop
grown in alfisols
• Fertilizer levels : Plant stress associated with reduced fertilization increases the
incidence of Afla-toxin. Ex. In maize
• Drought conditions : Drought conditions reduced the yield and predispose the
plants to fungal infection and increases the toxin production
• Damaged pods & kernals : Cracked or wounded pod wall or seed surface
provide the more chances of the fungal entry lead to higher toxin production.
• Insect damage : Insect damage leads to formation of wounds and provide easy
entry to fungal mycelium.
24. • Competition of mycoflora: Aspergillus niger prevents the
infection of A. flavus in peanut.
Metabolites of Neurospora sp. & Rhizopus sp. inhibit the
growth of Aspergillus flavus in pea nut.
• Moisture content: Seed/grain moisture content (>12%)
increases the chance of infection. Low soil moisture favours
the fungal invasion & increase the toxin production
• Temperature : Warm weather favours the fungal growth &
toxin production. Ex. Aspergillus flavus infection on maize
seeds is favoured by high temp. (32-380C) rather than cool
temp. (21-260C)
• Oxygen-CO2 concentration : With increasing CO2
concentration, decrease in toxin production. Similarly
reduced O2 concentration, decrease the toxin production.
25. Conclusion:
The impact of mycotoxins on seed quality and human and animal health
underscores the need for proactive measures to safeguard our
agricultural systems and the well-being of populations.
By integrating scientific innovation, regulatory enforcement, and public
awareness, we can mitigate the adverse effects of mycotoxins and strive
towards a safer and more secure food and feed supply chain.
26. References:
• Modern plant pathology by HC Dube
• Gn agrios plant pathology
• World Health Organization (WHO). (2018). Mycotoxins. Retrieved
from https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mycotoxins
• Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). (2020). Mycotoxin
research and mycotoxin risk assessment. Retrieved from
http://www.fao.org/mycotoxin/index_en.html