This document summarizes fungal diseases and toxins. It discusses that fungi can cause both beneficial and harmful effects. Harmful effects include destruction of materials and causing diseases in plants, animals, and humans. Mycotoxins are toxins produced by fungi that can remain in the food chain and cause adverse health effects. The document outlines different types of mycotoxins like aflatoxins, ochratoxins, and others; describes their producing fungi and health impacts. It also discusses fungal diseases like superficial mycoses, cutaneous mycoses, and systematic mycoses. Major fungal pathogens of economically important plants like cereals are also mentioned. The document concludes with an overview of ant
In this presentation you can gain better knowledge about different kind of toxins which are produced by the fungi (mycotoxine) and this presentation will be important to the students who are studying phytopathology as well as the pathology.
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
term mycotoxin is derived from the Greek word – ‘mykes’ meaning ‘fungus’ and ...AyushiSharma843565
Mycotoxins are group of compounds produced by some strains of certain fungi that cause illness or death when ingested by man or animals.
They are low molecular weight, non-antigenic, heat stable secondary fungal metabolites.
In this presentation you can gain better knowledge about different kind of toxins which are produced by the fungi (mycotoxine) and this presentation will be important to the students who are studying phytopathology as well as the pathology.
mycotoxins are related to toxins produced by fungi.
This slides had all the necessary knowledge and information for mycotoxins which includes aflatoxin and other fungi toxins
term mycotoxin is derived from the Greek word – ‘mykes’ meaning ‘fungus’ and ...AyushiSharma843565
Mycotoxins are group of compounds produced by some strains of certain fungi that cause illness or death when ingested by man or animals.
They are low molecular weight, non-antigenic, heat stable secondary fungal metabolites.
Mycotoxin effect on seed quality, Factor affecting mycotoxin production, types of test for mycotoxin, Management of Mycotoxin Contamination and major mycotoxin.
ture, the population size of the species is regulated by environment factors. These factors are responsible for the check and balance of the living organisms. The event where living organisms leave and die without the aid of the man is termed as the natural control. Weather the abiotic factors are responsible for the natural control of the living organism; humidity and temperature are the common factors affecting this sector. Availability of the biotic factors is also a great determine for the survival of the living organisms. Many organisms attacked by pathogens causing diseases to the organisms.CONTROL OF PARASITES;METHODS; Reduction of the source of infection- the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the infecting agent. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases is an important component in the prevention of dissemination. Sanitary control of drinking water and food. Proper waste disposal – through establishing safe sewage systems, use of screened latrines, and treatment of night soil. The use of insecticides and other chemicals used to control the vector population. Protective clothing that would prevent vectors from resting in the surface of the body and inoculate pathogens during their blood meal. Good personal hygiene. Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices. (1Grazing management strategies in livestock (2Genetic selection (3Biological control and pasture ecology (4Vaccines (5 Dietary control-alternative forages (6 practice safe sex using condom (7 wash your hand regularly, especially after handling uncooked food or feces (8 drink clean water, including bottled water when you are traveling (9fecal exam and regular deworming 1.Grazing management strategies in livestock Management strategies include;Reduce stocking rate Here there is a positive effect on reducing parasites hence is a risk factor that affects the incidence of parasitism in livestock Use of clean grazing Grazing seasons are divided into 2 parts but if the livestock will grazing in different season there will be a dangerous to get infection hence will be at high risk.Mixed/alternate grazing Mixed grazing is based on diluting strategy, do not use cattle under 12 months.Rotational grazing Requires sub division of and careful management, rotation must be long enough for larvae from previous grazing to have died, difficult to estimate time required. 2.biological control The use of biological agents which are natural enemies of the parasites as the method of control,acts on the parasite larvae on pasture natural enemies of parasites include 1.viruses
This File elucidate in Mucormycosis or Black fungus,Types ,sings and symptoms, contagious, Incubation period,risk factors, diagnosis,treatment, complications and prevention.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in food.
The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs including cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions.
Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to both humans and livestock.
Mycotoxin effect on seed quality, Factor affecting mycotoxin production, types of test for mycotoxin, Management of Mycotoxin Contamination and major mycotoxin.
ture, the population size of the species is regulated by environment factors. These factors are responsible for the check and balance of the living organisms. The event where living organisms leave and die without the aid of the man is termed as the natural control. Weather the abiotic factors are responsible for the natural control of the living organism; humidity and temperature are the common factors affecting this sector. Availability of the biotic factors is also a great determine for the survival of the living organisms. Many organisms attacked by pathogens causing diseases to the organisms.CONTROL OF PARASITES;METHODS; Reduction of the source of infection- the parasite is attacked within the host, thereby preventing the dissemination of the infecting agent. Therefore, a prompt diagnosis and treatment of parasitic diseases is an important component in the prevention of dissemination. Sanitary control of drinking water and food. Proper waste disposal – through establishing safe sewage systems, use of screened latrines, and treatment of night soil. The use of insecticides and other chemicals used to control the vector population. Protective clothing that would prevent vectors from resting in the surface of the body and inoculate pathogens during their blood meal. Good personal hygiene. Avoidance of unprotected sexual practices. (1Grazing management strategies in livestock (2Genetic selection (3Biological control and pasture ecology (4Vaccines (5 Dietary control-alternative forages (6 practice safe sex using condom (7 wash your hand regularly, especially after handling uncooked food or feces (8 drink clean water, including bottled water when you are traveling (9fecal exam and regular deworming 1.Grazing management strategies in livestock Management strategies include;Reduce stocking rate Here there is a positive effect on reducing parasites hence is a risk factor that affects the incidence of parasitism in livestock Use of clean grazing Grazing seasons are divided into 2 parts but if the livestock will grazing in different season there will be a dangerous to get infection hence will be at high risk.Mixed/alternate grazing Mixed grazing is based on diluting strategy, do not use cattle under 12 months.Rotational grazing Requires sub division of and careful management, rotation must be long enough for larvae from previous grazing to have died, difficult to estimate time required. 2.biological control The use of biological agents which are natural enemies of the parasites as the method of control,acts on the parasite larvae on pasture natural enemies of parasites include 1.viruses
This File elucidate in Mucormycosis or Black fungus,Types ,sings and symptoms, contagious, Incubation period,risk factors, diagnosis,treatment, complications and prevention.
Mycotoxins are naturally occurring toxins produced by certain moulds (fungi) and can be found in food.
The moulds grow on a variety of different crops and foodstuffs including cereals, nuts, spices, dried fruits, apples and coffee beans, often under warm and humid conditions.
Mycotoxins can cause a variety of adverse health effects and pose a serious health threat to both humans and livestock.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
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Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
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Chapter 6.pptx
1. Chapter 6
6. Fungal Diseases and Toxins
• From an estimated 1.5 million species of fungi
8000 species cause plant diseases
200 species cause human diseases
•There are beneficial and harmful effects of fungi
•Some harmful effects of fungi includes
Destruction of food, lumber, paper and clothes
Cause animal and human diseases including allergies
Produce toxins which can be lethal
Cause plant diseases
Spoil agricultural products
Damage products such as magnetic tapes, disks, glass
lenses, marble statues, bones, etc
1
2. • Most fungi are saprophytic and some are symbiotic
•Infection by fungi occurs when conditions are favourable
•These conditions includes three factors
1. Fungal pathogenecity
2. Host defence factors
3. Environmental factors
• Fungus produce disease when conditions of these three factors
are right
• Some of health effects due to fungal toxins include
death
health problems
weaken immune systems
allergies
harms normal microflora
2
3. 6.1. Mycotoxin and Their Impact on Health
Mycotoxin – toxin produced by toxinogenic molds
Appear in food chain as a result of
fungal infection of crops
consumption of fungus by humans
during livestock feed
• Mycotoxin remain in food chain and dairy products because
resist decomposition or being broken down during digestion
can not be destroyed by cooking and freezing
• Exert adverse health effects in human and animals
• Toxic effects varies depending on chemical structure of toxin
• Degree of adverse effects is determined by
toxin concentration in foods and feeds
duration of exposure to toxin
3
4. • Impact includes
losses in productivity
reducing weight gain
immunosuppression
genotoxic effects
causes human cancers
• Types of mycotoxins includes
Aflatoxins
Ochratoxins
Citrinins
Ergot Alkaloids
Patulins
Fusariums
4
5. a) Aflatoxin
produced by Aspergillus species such as A. flavus and A.
parasiticus
Aflatoxin refers to four different types of mycotoxins
Aflatoxin B1
Aflatoxin B2
Aflatoxin G1
Aflatoxin G2
Among them Aflatoxin B1 is
the most toxic
potent carcinogen
causes adverse health effects like liver cancer in many
animals species
Aflatoxins largely associated with commodities produced in
tropics and subtropics such as cotton, peanut, spices and
maize
5
6. b) Ochratoxin
has three secondary metabolite forms, A, B and C
produced by Penicillium and Aspergillus species
Ochratoxin B is non chlorinated form of Ochratoxin A and
Ochratoxin C is ethyl ester form of Ochratoxin A
Aspergillus ochraceus contaminate wide range of
commodities including beverages
A. carbonarius found on vine fruit and releases toxin
during juice making process
Ochratoxin A is labeled as
-Carcinogen and nephrotoxin
- cause tumors in human urinary tract
6
7. c) Citrinin
• Isolated from Penicillium citrinum
• Later isolated from dozen species of Penicillium and several
species of Aspergillus
• Some species used to produce cheese (P. camemberti ) and soy
sauce (A. oryzae )
• Citrinin cause nephrotoxin in animal tested
• Full significance for human health is unknown
• Act synergistically with ochratoxin A to depress RNA synthesis
in murine kidneys
7
8. d) Ergot Alkaloids
• toxic mixture of alkaloids produced by Claviceps species
(phylum Ascomycota)
• pathogens of various grass species
• ingestion causes ergotism (St. Anthony’s fire)
• two forms of ergotism
gangrenous – affect blood supply to extremities
convulsive – affect central nervous system
• modern method of grain collecting reduced ergotism
• still an important veterinary problem
• ergot alkaloids also used pharmaceutically
8
9. e) Patulin
• Produced by some species of Penicillium and Aspergillus
• associated with moldy fruits and vegetables
• can destroyed by fermentation in beverages
• not carcinogenic
• damage immune systems in animals
9
10. f ) Fusarium
• produced by over 50 species of Fusarium
• infect grain of developing cereals ( wheat and maize)
• three types of fusarium toxin
fumonins – affect nervous system of horses, causes cancer
to rodents
trichothecenes – chronic and fatal toxic effects in humans
and animals
zearalenone – no fatal toxic effects
10
11. 6.2. Amatoxins
• toxin produced by toxic mushrooms
• found in several genera of poisonous mushrooms
- Amanita phalloides and several other members of genus Amanita
- Some species of mushroom like Conocybe, Galerina and Lepiota
• amatoxins are potent and selective inhibitors of RNA polymerase II
• when amatoxins inhibits RNA polymerase II
-synthesis of mRNA stops
-Cell metabolism stops
- cell lysis ensues
11
12. • primary mode of exposure to amatoxins is by ingestion
• can be absorbed through inhalation and skin contact
• upon exposure to amatoxins
-Gastrointestinal tract absorbs it
- liver is affected
- kidney is affected
- heart is affected
- cause headache
- cause diarrhea
- cause back pain
- cause coughing
- result in death
12
13. • 0.1 mg/kg is estimated minimum lethal dose (child , old people)
• 7 mg/kg is estimated maximum lethal dose (adults)
• susceptibility to effects of amatoxins increase due to persons
pre-existing skin disorders
central nervous system disorders
impaired kidney, liver and pulmonary functions
• amatoxins effects develops rapidly due to their
swift intestinal absorption
thermostability
• toxic hepatitis is most effective amatoxin and cause hepatorenal
syndrome
13
14. 6.3. Hallucinating mushrooms
• name given to psychoactive fungi
• affects mind
• experience real perception of something not actually present
• contain hallucinogenic compounds like psilocybin and psilocin
• at low doses their primary effects are
perceptual distortions
alteration of thought or mood
lucid awareness (dream like thought)
minimal effects on memory and orientation
• chemically diverse class due to their chemical structures
• use of hallucinogenic drugs rarely results in true hallucinations
14
15. 6.4. Introduction to mycosis
- Mycosis – fungal infection of animals including humans
- Variety of environmental and physiological conditions
contribute to development of fungal diseases
-spread generally from the environment to people (animals) with
limited person-to-person spread
- Skin and lungs are predominant entry site for many fungi
- persistent infections initiated by :-
• inhalation of fungal spores
• localized colonization of skin by fungus
-Mycoses often start in lungs or on skin
- Fungal infection of skin was 4th mostcommondisease in2010
15
16. - people at risk of fungal infections due to
taking antibiotics for long periods of time
•Weakened immune system
•Diabetes
• Age
Types of Mycoses
A) Superficial mycoses
B) Cutaneous mycoses
C) Subcutaneous mycoses
D) Systematic mycoses due to primary pathogens
E) Systematic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
16
17. A. Superficial mycosis:
- occur on outer skin layer
- no immune response
-caused mostly by yeasts
- example of such fungal infection is Tinea versicolor and
dandruff
- affects skin of young people esp. chest, back, upper arms and
legs
- caused by fungus that lives in skin of some adults
- produces spots that are lighter than skin or reddish brown
- become more visible due to
high humidity
immune and hormone abnormalities
- Almost all people with this very common condition are
healthy
17
18. B. Cutenous mycoses:
• infect epidermal layers including invasive hair and nail diseases
• may evoke immune response
• restricted to keratinized layers of skin, hair and nails
• caused by dermatophytes molds
•Tinea (Ringworm, Athlete’s foot, jock itch)
-caused by Dermatophytes (Trychophytum, Microsporum,
Epidermophyton )
- cutaneous mycoses often called ringworm (but no worm
involved)
- one common disease is athlete’s foot, commonly affects
children before puberty
18
19. C. Subcutenous mycoses:
• Chronic infection of subdermal tissues including muscle and
fascia
• can be initiated by piercing trauma to skin which allows
fungi to enter
• may require surgical intervention
D. Systemic mycoses due to primary pathogens:
•Mostly originating in the lung and may spread to many organ
systems
• caused by virulent dimorphic fungi
• Blastomycosis, Histoplasmosis, Coccodiomycosis,
Sporotrichosis
19
20. 20
E) Systemic mycoses due to opportunistic pathogens
• infection of patient with immune deficiencies who would other
wise not be infected
• conditions that allow to become infected by this mycoses
include
• AIDS
• alteration of normal flora by antibiotics
• immunosuppressive therapy
• metastatic cancer
• eg:- Candidiasis, Cryptococcosis and Aspergillosis
21. 6.5. Fungal disease of plants
Of all types of plant pathogens, fungi constitute 90%.
Parasitic fungi; 1-Obligate parasites/ necrotrophes.
2-Facultative >> / biotrophes.
6.5.1. Fungal pathogens of economically important plants
The most common cereal crops pathogens are ergot, rust, smut,
(“lebaklet, wage, aremamo”)
Ergot caused by Claviceps purpurea, ascomycota, affects grasses,
cereals crops:-rye barley, oat.
Reduce yield and qualities of crops and hay.
produce mycotoxins which is toxic to animals & man.
Spore dispersal: insects, wind, rain splash,
Prevention done by-crop rot., deep plough,
Positive- medicinal aspects.
22. The rust
Attacks grains, leaf, mostly form rusty color,
Basidio., wheat rust called Puccinia graminis.
Two hosts required to complete its life cycle barberry & insects.
Life cycle:-
urediospore
Teliospore
Basideospore
spermatogoniu
m
Receptive &
spermatia
wheat
barberry
aeciospores
23. The smut
Dirty fungus, basidio., most affect ovaries of cereals
• Significant fungal plant pathogens include:
Ascomycetes
• Fusarium spp. (causal agents of Fusarium wilt disease)
• Thielaviopsis spp. (causal agents of: canker rot, black root
rot, Thielaviopsis root rot)
• Verticillium spp.
• Magnaporthe grisea (causal agent of blast of rice and
gray leaf spot in turfgrasses)
• Sclerotinia sclerotiorum white mold
24. Basidiomycetes
• Ustilago spp.
• Rhizoctonia spp.
• Phakospora pachyrhizi (causal agent of soybean
rust)
• Puccinia spp. (causal agents of severe rusts of
virtually all cereal grains and cultivated grasses)
• Armillaria spp. (the so-called honey fungus
species, which are virulent pathogens of trees
and produce edible mushrooms)
24
25. 6.6. Antifungal Therapy
• Fungi, like mammalian cells, are eukaryotic. Therefore, antifungal
agents can indiscriminately affect both fungal and host cells.
• Toxic side-effects is always a common during or following
chemotherapy with antifungal drugs.
• Eg.Three major classes antifungal therapy : polyenes, azoles and 5-
fluorocytosine.
• Based on the mechanism of action and kill cells (fungicidal) or
reversibly inhibit their growth (fungistatic).
• Antifungal agents may be naturally derived (antibiotics) or chemically
synthesized (synthetic) compounds.