This document discusses the religious syncretism that occurred in Mexico following the Spanish conquest, focusing on the blending of indigenous and European symbols exemplified by the figure of Our Lady of Guadalupe. It explores how the Aztec earth goddess Tonantzin was transformed into the Virgin Mary, taking on indigenous attributes like appearing as an Aztec princess and speaking Nahuatl. This helped the Spanish convert indigenous people to Catholicism while allowing native traditions to continue subtly. However, it also led to a split between the "pure" Virgin and "impure" indigenous goddesses, demonstrating how European Christianity did not accept the duality present in indigenous religions. La Virgen de Guadalupe thus became a symbol of Mexican national and
Philippine Mythology:
Pantheon of the Gods and Goddesses
Mythological Creatures
Submitted by:
Pamaran, Malcom A.
Rocillo, Michelle G.
Villodres, Amidel P.
====
We actually made a diorama of Philippine Mythology as our partial requirement in Elective03 - Mythology & Folklore; and you'll be able to see in this presentation the many pictures of our OWN drawings of some Phil. gods and goddesses plus some mythological creatures.
Hope you like our drawings. ;)
Philippine Mythology:
Pantheon of the Gods and Goddesses
Mythological Creatures
Submitted by:
Pamaran, Malcom A.
Rocillo, Michelle G.
Villodres, Amidel P.
====
We actually made a diorama of Philippine Mythology as our partial requirement in Elective03 - Mythology & Folklore; and you'll be able to see in this presentation the many pictures of our OWN drawings of some Phil. gods and goddesses plus some mythological creatures.
Hope you like our drawings. ;)
In what ways can the political sorcery trials of the 14th century be.pdfformaxekochi
In what ways can the political sorcery trials of the 14th century be seen as the precursors of the
mass witchcraft trials of the 16th and 17th centuries? In what ways were they fundamentally
different from those later trials?
Solution
Our present-day view of the witch is similar to that of the famous three witches in William
Shakespeare\'s Macbeth -- three ugly old hags huddled around a bubbling cauldron, who possess
magical powers and evoke emotions of fear and perhaps revulsion from the \"normal\" people in
society. Witches also arouse our curiosity; their ability to use charms, cast spells, and divine the
future have long enticed mere mortals, as they beguiled noble Macbeth.
Entwined with our curiosity about witchcraft, however, is the conviction that witches are
somehow evil, somehow unholy. The Bible explicitly condemns sorcery and basically invites the
persecution of witches. But what was the source of this belief? Were witches inherently evil, or
were they falsely accused of evil acts by zealots and opportunists from rival religions?
The word \"witch\" has become over the centuries a pejorative term, used frequently as a mild
curse word for a woman disliked. In European antiquity, however, before the rise of the
organized Christian Church, the witch had a different meaning altogether. The witch was seen as
a wise person, usually a wise woman, one who was skilled in the healing arts. She may have had
a knowledge of ancient herbal medicine and was often a midwife as well. Her religious beliefs, if
she had any, were more often than not a faith based on a respect for Nature -- a faith in the Sun,
the Moon, the forest, and in livings creatures. The witch had a special reverence for the seasons
of the year and the seasonal festivals celebrating the change in the weather relating to the
harvesting of crops.
True ancient witchcraft, contrary to the popularly mistaken notion, had nothing to do with the
Devil or Satan -- an evil being who was in fact found in the predominant, subsequent religion of
Europe, namely, Christianity. The ancient witches who worshipped Nature in their Old Religion
did not even recognize the existence of Satan.
Over centuries the witch would come into direct conflict with the new Christian hierarchy which
rejected the pagans\' awe of nature and the importance of women in such a belief system. (In pre-
Christian Europe, naturally, most people originally followed a pagan faith.) Ancient witches, or
priestesses, recognized a Goddess as well as a God (and indeed since antiquity had an assortment
of several gods and goddesses). Eventually, these witches would be challenged by the Church for
popularity among the common folk. Indeed, at first the Church denied the purported powers of
witchcraft, claiming they were superstition or delusion, and that God alone had supernatural
powers. Later the Church would reverse itself and claim that witches were real -- evil creatures
in league with the Devil, which only the Church (as the r.
This is a power point that was used in connection with the conference, the students and facilitators participated online and were sharing in a a safe "third-space" their knowledge of Southwest USA and Mexican Traditional Cultural History and Holidays and focused on students participation in creating a museum alter for Day of The Dead Dia de los Muertos and explained how it is different from Halloween. This was a student driven and designed multi-phase project. Augmented Reality.
Here is a slideshow about the integration of Digital Literacy and Chicanx/Latinx Studies. This was my final presentation for my Ethnic Studies Class in fall, 2018.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
We all have good and bad thoughts from time to time and situation to situation. We are bombarded daily with spiraling thoughts(both negative and positive) creating all-consuming feel , making us difficult to manage with associated suffering. Good thoughts are like our Mob Signal (Positive thought) amidst noise(negative thought) in the atmosphere. Negative thoughts like noise outweigh positive thoughts. These thoughts often create unwanted confusion, trouble, stress and frustration in our mind as well as chaos in our physical world. Negative thoughts are also known as “distorted thinking”.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
1. Mestizaje de
Símbolos Religiosos
Focus: Religious
Mestizaje of Indigenous
and European symbols
resulting from the
Spanish Conquest of
MesoAmerican as
exemplified by La Virgen
de Guadalupe.
2. Roman Catholicism vs. Folk
(Mexican Catholicism)
• Roman Catholicism is highly
influenced by and representative of
Western Christianity.
• It is monotheistic but also
acknowledges many saints and the
Virgin Mary.
• European in appearance and
represents a geographical region’s
race and cultural customs/values.
• The extent to which the Virgin
Mary became a central figure in
Spain in relation to the intermixing
of religious symbols in
MesoAmerica and Spain.
4. European Virgin Mary
• Throughout the centuries,
Catholics have viewed the
Virgin Mary from a multitude
of perspectives, at times
derived from specific Marian
attributes ranging from
queenship to humility, and at
times based on cultural
preferences of events taking
place at specific points in
history.
5. Apparitions of La Virgin for
Mexican Catholicism
• By all accounts, when Juan Diego, age 57, reported the
apparition of Our Lady of Guadalupe on Tepeyac hill in Mexico
in 1531, he did not receive a lot of attention in Rome, since
the Church was busy with the challenges of the Protestant
Reformation of 1521 to 1579 and perhaps very few Cardinals
in Rome had ever heard the details of Mexico and its environs.
Yet, just as a large number of people were leaving the Catholic
Church in Europe as a result of the Reformation, Our Lady of
Guadalupe was instrumental in adding almost 8 million people
to the ranks of Catholics in the Americas between 1532 and
1538.
6. La Virgin de Guadalupe (hybrid
religious figure)
Another example is the Saint
Juan Diego's account of the
appearance of the Virgin of
Guadalupe in 1531 as a
tanned Aztec princess who
spoke in his local Nahuatl
language. The clothing of the
Virgin of Guadalupe image
has been identified as that of
an Aztec princess.
7. La Virgen De Guadalupe
• Indigenous Roots: Borrowed from the Nahuatl name
Coatlalopeuh: a central diety for MesoAmerica that connects
us to our Indian ancestry. Pg#49
• Mother of God
• Holy Mary of Guadalupe
• Our Lady of Guadalupe
• Indigenous History of La Virgin: Following the Conquest of
1519-21, the Spanish destroyed a temple of he mother
goddess Tonantizin (pg. 49) at Tepayac outside of Mexico City
and built a chapel dedicated to the Spanish Catholic Virgin on
the Site.
• But Anzaldua tells us a different story of, Coatlalopeuh and
Coatlique as the female deities who were marred by dark
images and being from an under world. And associated with
8. The Dark Transformation of Indigenous
Female Deities. The Resulting Need for Purity.
• Evil aspects such as Tlazolteotl
and Cihuacoatl (Kali)
• Tlazolteotl
• In Aztec mythology, Tlazolteotl
(or Tlaçolteotl, Nahuatl
pronunciation: /tɬasoɬˈteotɬ/) is a
goddess of purification, steam
bath, midwives, filth, and a
patroness of adulterers. In
Nahuatl, the word tlazolli can
refer to vice and diseases
9. Dual Nature Female
Indigenous Dieties Split Apart
• However, she was a purification goddess as well, who forgave
the sins and disease of those caused by misdeeds, particularly
sexual misdeeds
• Regardless of the dual nature of these Dieties, the European
version of Catholicism and Christianity did not allow for
duality. It was believed that deities were either all good or all
bad.
• Tonantsi had to be a split of the pagan goddesses dark side
and this was done with the Lady of Guadalupe. She is a
descendent, however, from indigenous history, culture and
language.
• Lady of Guadalupe is a Mestiza version of Tonantsi who is a
descendent of Coatlalopeuh. (bottom of 49)
10. Dual Nature cont…
• Aztec deities could not only be of double gender but different
names represented different facets of the character of the
same deity. Tonantzin, therefore, may be associated with the
dread goddess Cihuacoatl (a serpent woman), whom Sahagun
identified not with the Virgin Mary, but with Our Mother Eve
and her encounter with the serpent of good and evil in the
Garden of Eden.
11. De-Sexualization of Guadalupe
and Demonizatin of Indigenous Female
Deities
• After the Conquest, the Spaniards and their Church continued
to split Tonantsi/Guadalupe (Coatlaopeuh)
• Eventually, La Virgen was made into a chaste Virgin and
Tlazoleteotl/Coatlcue/la Chingada became putas and beasts.
• This process was begun by Nahuas and continued with
Europeans to the point where all Indian deities and religious
practices appeared to be the work of the devil.
• So all that was impure was associated with the indigeonous,
while all that was pure was associated with the new Lady of
Guadalupe or La Virgin de Guadalupe.
14. More to the story of Religious
Mestizaje….
• Declaring herself to be the Virgin Mary, Mother of Christ, she
called Juan her son. He reported his vision to Bishop Juan de
Zumarraga, who demanded additional evidence of the divine
apparition.
• Whatever the "scientific" explanation, this image of the Virgin
Mary not only reflects the sudden and violent clash of two
cultures, Spanish and Aztec, but remains for many a symbol of
the birth of the Mestizo nation of modern Mexico.
• However, there is another side to the story. Before the fall of
the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan in 1521, the hill where Juan
Diego had his vision had also been the site of an ancient
temple to the Aztec goddess Tonantzin (Our Revered Mother),
later leveled to the ground by the Spaniards.
15. Anzaldua says…
• Guadalupe is a symbol of the Mexican rebellion against the
rich, upper and middle class; against their subjugation of the
poor and the indio.
• La Virgen de Guadalupe is the symbol of ethnic identity and of
tolerance for ambiguity that Chicanos, Mexicanos people of
mixed race, people who have Indian blood, people who cross
cultures by necessity possess.
• 52: La gente Chicana tiene tres madres. All three are
mediators.
• Guadalupe, the virgin mother, la Chingada (Malinche), the
raped mother whom we have abandoned and la Llorona, the
mother who seeks her lost children.
16. Cont.
• Guadalupe is supposed to make us docile and enduring.
• La Chingada makes us ashamed of our Indian side.
• La Llorona to make us long-suffering people.
• Coatlicue, Lade of the Serpent Skirt, contained and balanced
the dualities of male and female, light and dark, life and
death.
• The devotion to the Virgin of Guadalupe is a syncretic
manifestation of Catholic and Aztec beliefs
• In the 1960's César Chavez marched with the image when The
United Farm Workers went on strike. Ester Hernández's 1975
depiction, "The Virgin of Guadalupe Defending the Rights of
Chicanos" is a radical interpretation of the religious icon as
warrior-defender of minority rights.
17. • According to Carlos Fuentes, the orphaned children of the
New World were granted a mother through Juan Diego's
apparition, allowing the Spanish authorities to transform the
Indian people from children of violated women (see Malinche)
to the children of the pure virgin.
• Into the 21th century, Nuestra Señora de Guadalupe remains
enormously popular, appearing even now on the posters of a
bitter López Obrador.
20. Duality in Religious Beliefs vs.
Spiritual Beliefs
• http://www.mexconnect.com/articles/2614-our-lady-of-guadalupe-
tonantzin-or-the-virgin-mary
• Voodoo…quote from 59
22. • Castillo, Ana. ed. Goddess of the Americas/ La Diosa de las Américas. Riverhead Books, N.Y.
1996.
Chabram-Dernassian, Angie. "I Throw Punches for My Race, But I Don't Want to be a Man:
Chica/nos (Girl, Us/Chicanas) into the Movement Script." ed. Nelson, Cary; Paula Treichler;
and Laurence Gross-berg. Cultural Studies. New York: Routledge, 1992.
De la Maza, Francisco. El Guadalupanismo Mexicano. Mexico City: Fondo de Cultura
Económica, 1953.
Gonzales, Sylvia A. "La Chicana: Guadalupe or Malinche" ed. Beverly Lindsay. Comparative
Perspectives of Third World Women: The Impact of Race, Sex and Class. New York: Praeger
1980.
Paz, Octavio. The Labyrinth of Solitude: Life and Thought in Mexico. New York: Grove, 1961.
Rodriquez, Jeanette. Our Lady of Guadalupe: Faith and Empowerment among Mexican-
American Women. Austin: University of Texas Press, 1994.
Lafaye, Jacques. Quetzalcoatl and Guadalupe: The Formation of Mexican National
Consciousness. tr. Benjamin Keen. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976.
Harrington, Patricia. "Mother of Death, Mother of Rebirth: The Mexican Virgin of
Guadalupe." Journal of the American Academy of Religion LVI/I 25-51.
Valdés, Maria Elena. "Guadalupana Syncretism and Postcolonial Literature in Mexico."
Canadian Review of Comparative Literature. vol 22, 729-743.
Wolf, Eric R. "The Virgin of Guadalupe; A Mexican National Symbol." Journal of American
Folklore. 71, 1958.