MERS Middle East Respiratory Syndrome The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is similar like 2003 outbreak virus called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
These virus is also belongs to large group of virus containing Corona virus family.
The nomenclature of MERS is Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV).
In the name Middle East suggests that this virus first detected in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the year of 2012 and other word respiratory syndrome suggests that it causes illness in particular respiratory system and lungs.
Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention, Transmission, Vaccine
ABSTRACT- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major contributor to the global burden of the disease, opportunistic infections, and tumors follow. HIV also directly attacks the immune system and affects certain body’s system (like Central Nervous System, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems, Digestive System etc). HIV transmission is complex and depends on the number of behavioral and biological co-factors. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 helper T cells because of reduced production and increased destruction. Although the typical HIV infected patient shows a sustained CD4 cell increase, a remarkable number of subjects never achieve normal ranges of CD4. HIV infection is also characterized by a marked increase in immune activation, which includes both the adaptive and innate immune systems and abnormalities in coagulation. Extraordinary efforts in the fields of clinical, pharmacology, and biology care have contributed to progressively turn HIV infection from an unavoidably fatal condition into a chronic manageable disease, at least in the countries where HIV infected people have full access to the potent anti-retroviral (ARV) drug combinations that permit a marked and sustained control of viral replication. Although their pathogenesis is still under discussed, they are likely to originate from immune dysfunction associated with HIV infection and chronic inflammation. The last consideration regards the dis-homogenous pattern of HIV disease worldwide. Key-words- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Cell mediated immunity (CMI), Anti-retroviral agents
With brief acknowledgment overview for Pandemic viral infections
#Pharmaceutical
#Medical
#Viral Infection
1.)Introduction
2.) Assessment
(a) Stages
3.) Management
(a.) Containment
(b.) Mitigation
4.) Viral Infection Process
5.) Concerning diseases
6.) List of Antiviral Drugs
7.) Types of viral Infection
8.) Virus Structure
9.) Modification
10.) Causative Agent
10.) Geographical Modification
11.) References
A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occuring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. The classical definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology, or disease severity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
MERS virus is a virus that related to the SARS virus, this virus known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus, because this virus has caused several death of humans in Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.
ABSTRACT- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a major contributor to the global burden of the disease, opportunistic infections, and tumors follow. HIV also directly attacks the immune system and affects certain body’s system (like Central Nervous System, Respiratory and Cardiovascular Systems, Digestive System etc). HIV transmission is complex and depends on the number of behavioral and biological co-factors. The hallmark of HIV infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 helper T cells because of reduced production and increased destruction. Although the typical HIV infected patient shows a sustained CD4 cell increase, a remarkable number of subjects never achieve normal ranges of CD4. HIV infection is also characterized by a marked increase in immune activation, which includes both the adaptive and innate immune systems and abnormalities in coagulation. Extraordinary efforts in the fields of clinical, pharmacology, and biology care have contributed to progressively turn HIV infection from an unavoidably fatal condition into a chronic manageable disease, at least in the countries where HIV infected people have full access to the potent anti-retroviral (ARV) drug combinations that permit a marked and sustained control of viral replication. Although their pathogenesis is still under discussed, they are likely to originate from immune dysfunction associated with HIV infection and chronic inflammation. The last consideration regards the dis-homogenous pattern of HIV disease worldwide. Key-words- Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), Antiretroviral (ARV) therapy, Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), Cell mediated immunity (CMI), Anti-retroviral agents
With brief acknowledgment overview for Pandemic viral infections
#Pharmaceutical
#Medical
#Viral Infection
1.)Introduction
2.) Assessment
(a) Stages
3.) Management
(a.) Containment
(b.) Mitigation
4.) Viral Infection Process
5.) Concerning diseases
6.) List of Antiviral Drugs
7.) Types of viral Infection
8.) Virus Structure
9.) Modification
10.) Causative Agent
10.) Geographical Modification
11.) References
A pandemic is defined as “an epidemic occuring worldwide, or over a very wide area, crossing international boundaries and usually affecting a large number of people”. The classical definition includes nothing about population immunity, virology, or disease severity.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The first three months of the COVID-19 epidemic:
Epidemiological evidence for two separate strains of SARSCoV-2 viruses spreading and implications for prevention
strategies
MERS virus is a virus that related to the SARS virus, this virus known as Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Virus, because this virus has caused several death of humans in Middle East, especially in Saudi Arabia.
Medcrave - MERS coronavirus - current statusMedCrave
CDC: Centers for Disease Control; MERS-CoV: Middle
East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus; RT-PCR: Reverse
Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction; VLP: Virus Like
Particles.
Recently, a new virus started to infect certain individuals in the Middle-East. It was soon identified as a previously unknown coronavirus that caused severe respiratory disease with a high rate of mortality. This virus, MERS-CoV, is still closely watched by health authorities as it has the potential to evolve and cause a major epidemic.
REVIEW Open AccessMERS coronavirus diagnostics,epidemio.docxmichael591
REVIEW Open Access
MERS coronavirus: diagnostics,
epidemiology and transmission
Ian M. Mackay1,2,3* and Katherine E. Arden2
Abstract
The first known cases of Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS), associated with infection by a novel coronavirus (CoV),
occurred in 2012 in Jordan but were reported retrospectively. The case first to be publicly reported was from Jeddah, in
the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). Since then, MERS-CoV sequences have been found in a bat and in many dromedary
camels (DC). MERS-CoV is enzootic in DC across the Arabian Peninsula and in parts of Africa, causing mild upper
respiratory tract illness in its camel reservoir and sporadic, but relatively rare human infections. Precisely how virus transmits
to humans remains unknown but close and lengthy exposure appears to be a requirement. The KSA is the focal point of
MERS, with the majority of human cases. In humans, MERS is mostly known as a lower respiratory tract (LRT) disease
involving fever, cough, breathing difficulties and pneumonia that may progress to acute respiratory distress syndrome,
multiorgan failure and death in 20 % to 40 % of those infected. However, MERS-CoV has also been detected in mild and
influenza-like illnesses and in those with no signs or symptoms. Older males most obviously suffer severe disease and
MERS patients often have comorbidities. Compared to severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), another sometimes- fatal
zoonotic coronavirus disease that has since disappeared, MERS progresses more rapidly to respiratory failure and acute
kidney injury (it also has an affinity for growth in kidney cells under laboratory conditions), is more frequently reported in
patients with underlying disease and is more often fatal. Most human cases of MERS have been linked to lapses in
infection prevention and control (IPC) in healthcare settings, with approximately 20 % of all virus detections reported
among healthcare workers (HCWs) and higher exposures in those with occupations that bring them into close contact
with camels. Sero-surveys have found widespread evidence of past infection in adult camels and limited past exposure
among humans. Sensitive, validated reverse transcriptase real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-rtPCR)-based diagnostics
have been available almost from the start of the emergence of MERS. While the basic virology of MERS-CoV has advanced
over the past three years, understanding of the interplay between camel, environment, and human remains limited.
Keywords: Middle East respiratory syndrome, Coronavirus, MERS, Epidemiology, Diagnostics, Transmission
Background
An email from Dr Ali Mohamed Zaki, an Egyptian
virologist working at the Dr Soliman Fakeeh Hospital in
Jeddah in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) an-
nounced the first culture of a new coronavirus to the
world. The email was published on the website of the
professional emerging diseases (ProMED) network on
20thSeptember 2012 [1] (Fig. 1) and described the first
reported case.
MIDDLE EAST RESPIRATORY SYNDROME CORONA VIRUS (MERS CoV)Dhruvendra Pandey
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome, countries affected by MERS virus, preventive and control strategies for MERS infection, recommendation for healthcare professionals and hospitals in case of MERS corona virus infection, time trend of different events in corona virus infection, MERS Cov is associated with camels, Saudi Arabia guideline for travellers to haj and umrah, MERS CoV Vaccine
Coronavirus presentation by Leyla RashidliAzer Rashidov
Today,I've done a presentation for students about most important health issue in our community,that is called Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Coronavirus(MERS-CoV).
Serological evidence of MERS-CoV antibodies in dromedary camels (Camelus drom...ILRI
Presented by Eric M. Fèvre, Sharon L. Deem, Margaret Kinnaird, Springer Browne, Dishon Muloi, Gert-Jan Godeke, Marion Koopmans and C.B.E.M. Reusken at the 4th Medical and Veterinary Virus Research Symposium in Kenya (MVVR), Nairobi, Kenya, 15-16 October 2015.
Similar to Mers middle east respiratory syndrome (20)
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
How to Make a Field invisible in Odoo 17Celine George
It is possible to hide or invisible some fields in odoo. Commonly using “invisible” attribute in the field definition to invisible the fields. This slide will show how to make a field invisible in odoo 17.
Welcome to TechSoup New Member Orientation and Q&A (May 2024).pdfTechSoup
In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
Biological screening of herbal drugs: Introduction and Need for
Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
Natural Products, In vitro evaluation techniques for Antioxidants, Antimicrobial and Anticancer drugs. In vivo evaluation techniques
for Anti-inflammatory, Antiulcer, Anticancer, Wound healing, Antidiabetic, Hepatoprotective, Cardio protective, Diuretics and
Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
2. INTRODUCTION
The Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) is
similar like 2003 outbreak virus called Severe Acute
Respiratory Syndrome (SARS).
These virus is also belongs to large group of virus
containing Corona virus family.
The nomenclature of MERS is Middle East
Respiratory Syndrome Corona virus (MERS-CoV).
In the name Middle East suggests that this virus first
detected in The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in the year
of 2012 and other word respiratory syndrome
suggests that it causes illness in particular
respiratory system and lungs.
2
3. INTRODUCTION
It is one of the deadly virus with the high Fatality rate
and majorly risk groups are infants, elderly people,
persons with immune system problems like diabetes,
blood pressure, heart and Lungs disease and Kidney
problem people are easily infected with MERS-COV.
These virus are zoonotic in nature and majorly
camels are responsible for the transmission but the
role of bats are still under investigation in the mode
of transmission of MERS-CoV.
3
4. SYMPTOMS
Fever
Cough
Shortness of breath
Myalgia
Diarrhea
Vomiting
Abdominal pain
The incubation period of MERS-CoV is 2 to 14 days
after person infected from the MERS-CoV.
But most of the cases showed symptoms in 5 to 6
days.
4
5. VIRAL STRUCTURE
The MERS-CoV is belongs to large corona virus
family.
In corona virus family it belongs to β-corona virus
type.
The size of MERS-CoV is approximately 50 to 200
nm.
The genomic size of MERS-CoV is about 26.2 to
31.7 kb and consist ssRNA (Single Stranded) as a
genetic material and spike proteins which covered
from the large envelope.
The genome of MERS-CoV is classified into two
clades.
That are Clade A and Clade B. Clade A is observed
5
7. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The virus first detect in Saudi Arabia in September,
2012.
Since now this virus had seen in 27 countries with 3
major outbreaks.
COUNTRY YEAR CASES TOTAL
CASES TILL
NOW
TOTAL
DEATHS TILL
NOW
Saudi Arabia 2014 402 1029 452
South Korea 2015 150 150 38
UAE 2017 74 78 10
7
8. EPIDEMIOLOGY
The total cases of MERS-CoV as per January, 2020
according to World Health Organization (WHO) are
2,519 cases with 866 deaths all over the world.
The fatality rate of MERS-CoV is 34.3 % which is the
highest in corona virus family.
The countries which are affected is shown in below
graph;
8
10. DIAGNOSIS
The MERS-CoV is detected using a reverse
transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (PCR)
test.
On June 5, 2013 the FDA issued an emergency-
use authorization (EUA) for the CDC Novel
Corona virus 2012 Real-Time RT-PCR Assay.
This test detects Middle East respiratory
syndrome corona virus (MERS-CoV) formerly
known as novel corona virus 2012 or NCV-2012,
in patients with signs and symptoms of MERS
and appropriate risk factors.
10
11. DIAGNOSIS
This assay is distributed by the CDC to
qualified laboratories.
The PCR is performed on a sample of
respiratory secretions or blood.
ELISA or enzyme-linked immune sorbent
assay and IFA or immune fluorescence
assay are tests for antibody to MERS-CoV
but it is used for research purposes rather
than patient care.
11
12. TRANSMISSION
Transmission MERS-CoV is the zoonotic virus.
Mostly camel are responsible for the transmission of
this virus but the role of bats are still under
investigation.
The MERS-CoV is transmitted in the three different
patterns which are mention in as below;
1. Camel to camel transmission
2. Camel to Human transmission
3. Human to Human transmission
12
14. TRANSMISSION
Camel to Camel Transmission
The MERS-CoV are usually found in younger camels
as compare to adult one.
The spread of MERS-CoV in camel to camel or
camel to human it could be influenced by crowding
mixing of camels from transportation and in animal
markets or could be in slaughter houses.
Many countries have reported that the MERS-CoV
had been in the camel which are in farmhouse or in
animal market.
Because a study shows that camels produced the
antibody of MERS-CoV at the age of 1 year old.
14
15. TRANSMISSION
Camel to Human Transmission
The MERS-CoV is a zoonotic virus.
It is infected through direct or indirect contact with
infected dromedary camels in the Middle East.
Strains of MERS-CoV have been identified in camels
in several countries including Egypt, Jordan, Oman,
Qatar and Saudi Arabia.
Most of human cases do not have a history of direct
contact with camels if camels or other animals are
the source the route of the transmission to humans
could be indirect.
15
16. TRANSMISSION
Human to Human Transmission
The virus does not appear to pass easily from
person to person unless there is close contact such
as providing clinical care to an infected patient.
This has been among family members, patients and
health care workers.
Undermined droplet and direct contact probably
large droplet transmission is suspected as the most
likely route.
Majority cases have resulted from human to human
transmission in health care settings.
All reported cases have been linked to countries in
and near the Arabian Peninsula.
16
17. TREATMENT
Till now date there is been no specific vaccine or
medicinal treatment available to cure MERS-CoV
disease.
But certain type of drugs like Lopinavir, Ritonavir,
Remdesivir and Favipiravir can be used in treatment
of patients with having MERS-CoV.
The pharmaceutical companies and other institutions
are still trying to develop a drug or a vaccine which
can prevent these diseases but it is very long and
costly process.
17
18. VACCINE
In 2014, the researchers began to develop a vaccine
against the MERS corona virus in preparation for
large outbreaks of the virus.
The vaccine is based on an attenuated virus (MVA:
Modified Vaccine Virus), which had previously been
used in a smallpox vaccination and has now been
altered to contain protein components from the
MERS corona virus.
This recombinant, vector-based vaccine is
scientifically termed MVA-MERS-S.
18
19. PREVENTION
To prevent MERS-CoV people should avoid
close contact with camels and avoid the
consumption of raw or undercooked animal
products like their meat, milk and other
material.
The infected person should be properly
isolated.
According to guidelines of World Health
Organization and Center for Disease Control
CDC cover nose and mouth with mask and
wash hands often with soap and hand wash for
20 sec.
19
