The document discusses mental health and mental disorders, defining mental health as a state of well-being encompassing emotional, cognitive, and social aspects. It outlines various types of mental disorders, including anxiety, somatoform, mood disorders, schizophrenia, and substance abuse, highlighting their causes and symptoms. Additionally, it addresses the importance of community awareness, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up care for individuals with mental health issues.

1. UNDERSTANDING
MENTAL HEALTH

2. Mental health
1. What do we know about mental
health/illness?
2. What local words do we use for mental
illness? What do they mean?

3. Mental health
The definition of mental health is more
than just the absence of disease or mental
illness.
It is the possession, development and
interaction of a number of characteristics
and qualities, some inherited and others
acquired.

4. Mental Health
Complete spiritual, emotional, and cognitive
wellbeing, not merely the absence of a mental
disorder.
A state of well being in which an individual
realizes his or her own abilities, can cope with
normal stresses of life, can work productively
and fruitfully and is able to make a contribution
to his or her community.

5. Mental health
Mental
Health
Mental
ill health

6. Mental Disorders
Any illness experienced by a person which
affects their
• emotions,
• thoughts or
• behaviour,
which is out of keeping with their cultural
beliefs and personality, and is producing a
negative effect on their lives or the lives of
their families.

7. Mental Disorders
What is the criteria for determining that a
person has a mental disorder?
1. Abnormality
2. Mal-adaptiveness
3. Personal distress

8. Abnormality
Behaviour that deviates from the typical
person.
Qualitatively abnormal behaviour – deviates
from culturally acceptable standards,
perhaps even seeming bizarre.
Quantitatively abnormal behaviour- deviates
from the statistical average.
Give examples

9. Maladaptiveness
Behaviour that seriously disrupts social
academic or vocational life. Give examples
Personal distress
Subjective feeling of anxiety depression or
another unpleasant emotion determines
whether one has a psychological disorder.

10. CLASSIFICATION OF MENTAL
DISORDERS
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental
disorders published by the American Psychiatric
Association (DSM IV and ICD 10)
Earlier tools classified mental illness into two
categories
Neurosis and psychosis. The world psychosis
has remained in every day talk, even if no-longer
used for classification.

11. DSM IV provides five axes for diagnosing
psychological disorders.
1. Axis I – contains 16 major categories of
psychological disorders
2. Axis II – contains developmental disorders and
personality disorders.
3. Axis III – contains medical conditions that affect
the person’s psychological disorder.
4. Axis IV- contains rating (1-6) of the degree of
social stress that a person has been under in
the past year.
5. Axis V- contains rating (90-1) of both the
currents level of functioning and the highest
level of functioning during the past year.

12. CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Biological Factors
• Heredity
• Chemical substances
• Infections
• Brain trauma
• Excessive or prolonged use of alcohol and drugs
• Brain tumors
• Aging
• malnutrition

13. CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Psychological
Personality
Poor up-bringing
-child abuse
-parenting style
-domestic violence

14. CAUSES OF MENTAL DISORDERS
Social and Environmental
• Natural disasters
• Man – made disasters
• Poverty
• Crime (victim or perpetrator)
• Social stress like relationships problems,
bereavement, loss of work etc

15. FIVE MOST COMMON MENTAL
DISORDERS
1. Anxiety disorders
2. Somatoform disorders
3. Mood disorders
4. Schizophrenia
5. Epilepsy
6. Alcohol and drug

16. Anxiety disorders
A psychological disorder marked by persistent
anxiety that disrupt everyday functioning.
Anxiety – feelings of apprehension accompanied
by sympathetic nervous arousal, which
increases sweating heart rate and breathing
rate.
In as much as anxiety is a part of everyday life, in
the disorder it is intense chronic and disruptive
of everyday functioning

17. Types of anxiety disorders
1. Generalized anxiety disorder- an anxiety
disorder that is marked by persistent state of
anxiety that exists independent of any particular
stressful situation.
- Central feature is worry.
2. Panic disorder – marked by sudden unexpected
attacks of overwhelming anxiety often
associated with fear of dying or loosing ones
mind.
- Often accompanied by dizziness, trembling,
heart palpitations shortness of breath etc.

18. Anxiety disorders continued…
3. Phobias – marked by excessive or
inappropriate fear.
- the person realizes that the fear is
irrational but cannot control it.
4. Obsessive – compulsive disorder – the
person has recurrent, intrusive thoughts
(obsessions) or recurrent ritualistic actions
(compulsions).

19. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
A psychological disorder characterized by
physical symptoms in the absence of
disease or injury.
Different from malingering in which the
person invents symptoms to evade certain
responsibility.

20. Types of Somatoform Disorders.
1. Hypochondriasis – a person interprets
the slightest physical changes in their
body as evidence of a serious illness.
2. Conversion disorder – a person exhibits
motor or sensory loss or the alteration of
physiological function without any
apparent physical cause.

21. MOOD DISORDERS
A psychological disorder marked by
prolonged periods of extreme depression
or elation, often unrelated to the person’s
current situation.

22. Types of Mood Disorders
1. Major Depression (clinical depression) –
marked by depression so intense that a person
may not be able to function in everyday life.
Person’s may express despondency,
helplessness, and loss of self esteem.
2. Bipolar disorder – marked by periods of mania
alternating with longer periods of major
depression.
Mania is marked by euphoria, hyperactivity,
grandiose ideas, annoying talkativeness,
unrealistic optimism and inflated self-esteem.

23. SCHIZOPHRENIA
A class of psychological disorders
characterized by grossly impaired social,
emotional, cognitive and perceptual
functioning.
Characterized by hallucinations, cognitive
disturbances, schizophrenic language,
delusions.

24. Types of Schizophrenia
1. Disorganized schizophrenia- marked by
personality deterioration and extremely
bizarre behaviour.
2. Catatonic schizophrenia – marked by
unusual motor behaviour such as bizarre
actions, extreme agitation or immobile
stupor.
3. Paranoid schizophrenia – marked by
hallucination, delusions, suspiciousness
and argumentativeness.
4. Undifferentiated schizophrenia.

25. Epilepsy
Common symptoms
• Recurrent seizures or fits
• Sometimes loss of consciousness
• May pass urine and faeces
TYPES OF EPILEPSY
1. Grand mal epilepsy
2. Petit mal epilepsy
3. Simple partial seizures
4. Temporal lobe epilepsy
5. Continuous fits

26. ALCOHOL AND DRUG ABUSE
1. These are common problems in our
communities
2. The abuse of alcohol takes place when a
person consumes more than their body can
handle.
3. Abuse of both alcohol and drugs takes place
when a person cannot control the amount or
type of consumption.
4. Abuse takes place when a person is addicted
and will loose dignity of the opportunity to
consume the drug or alcohol.

27. Development Disorders
1. Normally caused by a mutation of one of
or a set of genes.
2. May also be as a result of injury or
trauma during pregnancy or the birthing
process.

28. Development Disorders
• Downs Syndrome
• Autism
• Attention deficit disorder with or without
hypersensitivity.

29. In summary
Mental disorders
1. Affect ones ability to maximize their
potential
2. Affects a persons ability to cope with
everyday stresses of life
3. Affect the person’s productivity.
“any one who has a brain can have a mental
disorders”.

30. Reporting
Side
effects
Stabilised
PWMIs
Users selling
produce
Users allowed
participating in
community
development
Acceptance of PWMIs
in community, through:
Users staging
drama shows on
MH
Joining user
group
Meaningful action
Diagnosis.
History
taking by
Health
Worker
Prescription
of MH
Drugs.
(Treatment)
Patient
and carer
report for
next clinic
day
Reporting
of patient
condition
during
follow up
Requisition for MH
drugs
Patient and
carer
counseling.
Side effect
management
Side effect
management
Patient and
carer
counseling.
No Side
effects
Community
awareness
sensitization on MH
by -Health Workers
- BNUU/ MHU
Identification and
referral of
PWMIs to Health
Units
Follow up visits by
volunteer teams, user
group members
Home care for
patient.
Adherence to
treatment,
counseling
Situation Before
Situation After
CMH PROCESS

31. THANK YOU