Mena Vocabulary GEN
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The document defines and explains 25 key terms related to religions, civilizations, and historical events in the Middle East and around the world, including Judaism, Islam, Christianity, monotheism, prophets, the Bible, Quran, hieroglyphics, cuneiform, ziggurats, mosques, Ramadan, and hunter-gatherers. It provides brief 1-2 sentence explanations for each term.
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The origins of judaism 1
Judaism originated with Abraham, the father of Judaism, who established a covenant with God that his descendants would always own the land of Canaan. His grandson Jacob had 12 sons who started the 12 tribes of Israel. Moses then led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and received the Ten Commandments from God at Mount Sinai. The Ten Commandments formed the basis of Jewish law and taught Jews how to behave towards God and each other.
Judaism.2
This document provides an overview of Judaism, including its origins, key figures, texts, beliefs, and practices. It discusses how Judaism traces back to Abraham and Moses and the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. It outlines the timeline of Moses' life and leadership. It also summarizes the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and other sacred texts like the Talmud. Finally, it briefly outlines some of Judaism's core principles of faith and the Ten Commandments.
Judaism Full Unit
The early stages of Judaism began with the patriarchs Abraham, Moses, and the Israelites who settled in Canaan at God's command in 1900 BC. The kingdom of Israel was established but later split into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Both kingdoms were eventually conquered and the Israelites exiled, but maintained their religion. The editing of the Bible began as a way to preserve national identity and history during and after the exile. The diaspora and loss of the temple led to Judaism being centered around synagogues and rabbis rather than the land of Israel.
Hum40 podcast-week12-judaism-online
The document provides an overview of the origins and foundations of Judaism through its history. It discusses how Judaism emerged from the patriarchal family of Abraham in 2000-1500 BCE and the key defining moments of the Exodus from Egypt under Moses and receiving the Ten Commandments. It also summarizes the periods of exile and return, the development of prophets and scripture, and continuing traditions up to present times.
Judaism Pt 1
The document summarizes key periods and events in early Judaism and Israelite history:
1) The Patriarchal period from around 2000-1550 BC when Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob lived in Canaan.
2) The time of Moses and Joshua in the 15th-13th century BC, including the Exodus from Egypt and establishment of Israel.
3) The united kingdom of Israel under kings Saul, David, and Solomon from the 11th-10th century BC. This was later divided into the northern and southern kingdoms.
Judaism and Christianity
The Middle East is strategically located at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It contains important waterways like the Suez Canal and Strait of Hormuz. The Fertile Crescent region, including the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was historically fertile. The region also has significant oil resources. Arabs are the predominant ethnic group, and Israel has a majority Jewish population.
Judaism
Judaism originated from the ancient Hebrews who lived in Canaan, now known as Palestine. According to the Torah, God chose Abraham and promised the land of Canaan to his descendants. Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt in an event known as the Exodus. The Ten Commandments given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai formed the basis of Jewish religious law. The Kingdom of Israel was established but divided into the northern kingdom of Israel and southern kingdom of Judah. Both kingdoms were later conquered and the first temple was destroyed, though the Hebrews were allowed to return and rebuild the second temple under Persian rule.
Judaism
The document provides an overview of Judaism from its origins with Moses and the Torah to modern times. It discusses key figures like Moses and Maimonides, the development of Zionism and establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and the three main branches of modern Judaism - Reform, Orthodox, and Conservative. It also briefly outlines some of the challenges faced by Israel such as defending its borders during wars and ongoing debates around its status as a Jewish state.
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The origins of judaism 1
Judaism originated with Abraham, the father of Judaism, who established a covenant with God that his descendants would always own the land of Canaan. His grandson Jacob had 12 sons who started the 12 tribes of Israel. Moses then led the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt and received the Ten Commandments from God at Mount Sinai. The Ten Commandments formed the basis of Jewish law and taught Jews how to behave towards God and each other.
Judaism.2
This document provides an overview of Judaism, including its origins, key figures, texts, beliefs, and practices. It discusses how Judaism traces back to Abraham and Moses and the Israelites' exodus from Egypt. It outlines the timeline of Moses' life and leadership. It also summarizes the Tanakh (Hebrew Bible) and other sacred texts like the Talmud. Finally, it briefly outlines some of Judaism's core principles of faith and the Ten Commandments.
Judaism Full Unit
The early stages of Judaism began with the patriarchs Abraham, Moses, and the Israelites who settled in Canaan at God's command in 1900 BC. The kingdom of Israel was established but later split into the kingdoms of Israel and Judah. Both kingdoms were eventually conquered and the Israelites exiled, but maintained their religion. The editing of the Bible began as a way to preserve national identity and history during and after the exile. The diaspora and loss of the temple led to Judaism being centered around synagogues and rabbis rather than the land of Israel.
Hum40 podcast-week12-judaism-online
The document provides an overview of the origins and foundations of Judaism through its history. It discusses how Judaism emerged from the patriarchal family of Abraham in 2000-1500 BCE and the key defining moments of the Exodus from Egypt under Moses and receiving the Ten Commandments. It also summarizes the periods of exile and return, the development of prophets and scripture, and continuing traditions up to present times.
Judaism Pt 1
The document summarizes key periods and events in early Judaism and Israelite history:
1) The Patriarchal period from around 2000-1550 BC when Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob lived in Canaan.
2) The time of Moses and Joshua in the 15th-13th century BC, including the Exodus from Egypt and establishment of Israel.
3) The united kingdom of Israel under kings Saul, David, and Solomon from the 11th-10th century BC. This was later divided into the northern and southern kingdoms.
Judaism and Christianity
The Middle East is strategically located at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe. It contains important waterways like the Suez Canal and Strait of Hormuz. The Fertile Crescent region, including the valleys of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, was historically fertile. The region also has significant oil resources. Arabs are the predominant ethnic group, and Israel has a majority Jewish population.
Judaism
Judaism originated from the ancient Hebrews who lived in Canaan, now known as Palestine. According to the Torah, God chose Abraham and promised the land of Canaan to his descendants. Moses led the Hebrews out of slavery in Egypt in an event known as the Exodus. The Ten Commandments given to Moses by God on Mount Sinai formed the basis of Jewish religious law. The Kingdom of Israel was established but divided into the northern kingdom of Israel and southern kingdom of Judah. Both kingdoms were later conquered and the first temple was destroyed, though the Hebrews were allowed to return and rebuild the second temple under Persian rule.
Judaism
The document provides an overview of Judaism from its origins with Moses and the Torah to modern times. It discusses key figures like Moses and Maimonides, the development of Zionism and establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, and the three main branches of modern Judaism - Reform, Orthodox, and Conservative. It also briefly outlines some of the challenges faced by Israel such as defending its borders during wars and ongoing debates around its status as a Jewish state.
World History
The document provides information on several historical topics. It discusses the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire. It then covers the origins and teachings of Islam, the development of early Chinese dynasties, and civilizations in medieval Africa and Japan. It also summarizes medieval Europe, the Americas, and the Renaissance period in Europe. The document compares the Aztec, Inca, and Maya cultures and discusses how the Aztec and Inca Empires were conquered by the Spanish.
Hum2310 fa2014 exam 4 study guide
The document summarizes beliefs and practices of African, Hawaiian, Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions. It describes important gods, rituals, places of worship, and core beliefs across these faiths. Key points include African ancestral worship practices and diviners; Hawaiian gods like Pele and rituals like the Makahiki Festival; Jewish beliefs centered around God, the Torah, and sites like the Western Wall; Christian concepts of the Trinity, Baptism, and denominations; and Islamic pillars such as the Shahada and important places in Mecca and Medina. The document provides an overview of the mythology and theology that shaped these religious traditions.
Hum2310 sm2015 annotated study guide
This document provides an overview of mythology from three different cultures - Norse, African, and Hawaiian. For the Norse section, it describes the creation of the world from a gap between fiery and icy lands, and the origins of the gods, humans, and realms like Asgard. It also outlines some of the most important gods like Odin, Thor, and Loki. The African section discusses common beliefs like a high god, nature spirits, ancestral worship, and the importance of water. For Hawaiian mythology, it mentions the first gods of sky and earth, the cultural heroes and gods, and festivals dedicated to gods of agriculture and fertility.
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docx
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
Unit 7 A walk through history
The document summarizes different periods of history:
1) Prehistory began when humans first appeared and ended when they learned to read and write. Early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers who later settled into villages.
2) Ancient History started when writing began and included important civilizations like the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans around the Mediterranean. The Greeks and Phoenicians were traders while the Romans built an empire throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
3) The Middle Ages followed the fall of the Roman Empire and was defined by feudalism and castles. People moved from cities into the countryside for protection under feudal lords. Cities reemerged by the end of this period.
ISLAM.pdf
The document provides a historical overview of pre-Islamic Arabia. It describes how Arab peoples migrated throughout the Arabian peninsula over millennia and adopted the Arabic language. Several important caravan cities developed, such as Petra and Palmyra, due to their strategic locations along trade routes. The region was influenced by neighboring empires like Persia and Rome, and experienced ongoing conflicts between these powers competing for control over trade. By the 6th century, the Arabian peninsula suffered an economic crisis and decline of agriculture.
Mesopotamian civilization
The document provides an overview of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Key points include: the Sumerians established city-states around 3000 BC and developed writing, agriculture, and organized religion; cities were ruled independently but often in conflict over resources; the landscape comprised river basins that provided fertile soil for farming when flooded.
Unit 9 Early Civilizations.pptx
This document provides an overview of early civilizations and Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization. It discusses the first civilizations emerging around 5000 years ago along major rivers like the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Yellow River, and Indus River. Mesopotamian civilization was the first to develop writing in around 3000 BC, with cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile River, with the annual flooding providing fertile land. Powerful pharaoh kings ruled ancient Egypt, and religion was important for ensuring order. Both civilizations had hierarchical societies divided between elites and commoners. Mesopotamian and Egyptian art served religious and political functions through temples, statues
Judaism
Judaism began over 3,500 years ago and was founded by Abraham around 1750 BCE. The religion is based on the belief in one God and obedience to his laws and commandments as passed down in the Torah and other holy texts. Some key figures and events in early Judaism include Moses leading the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt to Mount Sinai where God gave them the Ten Commandments. Symbols of Judaism include the Star of David and the Western Wall in Jerusalem, while synagogues serve as important houses of worship around the world.
Islam theory unit
The document provides an overview of the origin and spread of Islam, the political and social organization of Islamic societies, Islamic religious practices and pillars, the economy of Islamic empires, Islamic culture, and Muslim art. It describes how the religion of Islam originated in the 7th century AD in the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad and then rapidly expanded across large parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe through military conquests and missionary activities. Key aspects of Islamic civilization discussed include the caliphate political system, division of society, emphasis on the five pillars of faith, development of trade networks, cultural centers of learning, and artistic styles featuring calligraphy and geometric patterns.
Islam
Islam has many important religious rituals and beliefs. The five pillars of Islam are the core duties of Muslims which include professing faith, praying five times daily, fasting during Ramadan, giving charity, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Other rituals include circling the Kaaba in Mecca seven times during the hajj pilgrimage. Major religious events include the birth and death of Muhammad, the journey to Mecca for hajj, and the month of fasting and prayer during Ramadan. Key sites of importance are Mecca with the Kaaba, Medina where Muhammad is buried, and Jerusalem with the Dome of the Rock.
Islam Div. 3
Islam has many important religious rituals and beliefs. The five pillars of Islam are the core duties of Muslims which include professing faith, daily prayers, charitable donations, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime. Other rituals include circling the Kaaba in Mecca seven times during the hajj pilgrimage. Major religious events include the birth and death of Muhammad, the journey to Mecca for hajj, and fasting from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan. Important sites of Islam include Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and mosques around the world.
The Sources of Islam
The document examines sources of Islam and the Quran, finding evidence that significant parts were derived from existing human sources available during Muhammad's time. It identifies influences from pre-Islamic Arabian religion including worship at the Kaaba, pilgrimages, fasting during Ramadan, and daily prayers. Jewish sources are also identified such as stories of biblical figures, legends, and the Talmud. Christian sources include apocryphal gospels and heretical writings. The document concludes that if parts of the Quran can be shown to be derived from human rather than divine sources, then Islam's great claims collapse.
03 cradles of early science
The document discusses the development of science in various ancient civilizations around the world prior to European colonization. It describes how the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations in Mesoamerica made advances in astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and other fields. In Asia, ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations contributed to medicine, metallurgy, technology, astronomy and other sciences. During the Golden Age of Islam in the Middle East, Muslim scholars advanced mathematics, medicine, and other disciplines. In Africa, early civilizations in Egypt and other regions developed geometry, astronomy, metallurgy, and other sciences out of practical needs.
03 cradles of early science
The document discusses the development of science in various ancient civilizations around the world prior to European colonization. It describes how the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations in Mesoamerica made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and other fields. In Asia, ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations advanced medicine, metallurgy, astronomy, and technology. The Islamic Golden Age saw scientific advancements in mathematics, medicine, and other areas in the Middle East. In Africa, early civilizations in Egypt and elsewhere developed geometry, astronomy, metallurgy, and algebra.
Ancient koranic-manuscripts-of-sana
1. Ancient Quranic manuscripts dating back to the 7th-8th centuries were discovered in the Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen in 1972 during restoration work.
2. Analysis of the manuscripts found significant textual variations and differences in verse orderings compared to the modern Quran.
3. The discoveries cast doubt on the belief that the Quran is perfectly preserved and unchanged, suggesting the text evolved over time through human editing and rewriting.
Ancient koranic-manuscripts-of-sana
1. Ancient Quranic manuscripts dating back to the 7th-8th centuries AD were discovered in the Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen that differ significantly from the present standard Quran.
2. Analysis of the manuscripts by scholars found unconventional verse ordering, textual variations, different spelling and artistic embellishments compared to the standard Quran.
3. The discoveries cast doubt on the belief that the Quran is perfectly preserved and undermine claims that no human has altered the words of God.
Islam, the light illuminating the world. english
1) The document discusses how Islam brought light and advancement to the world through science, philosophy and culture during a time when Europe was in darkness. It describes how the religion of Islam transformed societies and advanced human civilization.
2) Specifically, it outlines how Islam ended barbarism and violence in Arabia through its teachings of peace, reason and justice. Muslim civilization then drove major scientific and cultural developments.
3) At its peak, the Islamic empire spread across a vast region and established a tolerant society where people of different faiths lived in peace under Muslim rule. This period saw great innovations in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine and architecture that later influenced Western civilization.
Humanities by Cynthia Zera
The document discusses the history of philosophy in ancient Rome. It notes that Roman men did not begin studying philosophy until around 200 BC and that women were not allowed to study philosophy. It also discusses some of the major Roman philosophers like Cicero and Seneca and notes that most Roman philosophy was based on Greek philosophy but was translated to Latin. The three main schools of philosophy in ancient Rome were materialism, pluralism, and atomism.
Ancient History Review
The document provides an overview of ancient history from early humans through the rise of Christianity. It describes how early humans were hunter-gatherers and the development of agriculture and permanent settlements. It then discusses the early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China and some of their major accomplishments and innovations. Finally, it summarizes the rise of ancient Greece and Rome and the origins and spread of Christianity.
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Mena vocabulary-new
The document defines and explains 25 key terms related to religions, civilizations, and historical events in the Middle East and North Africa, including Judaism, Islam, Christianity, monotheism, prophets, the Bible, Quran, mosques, Ramadan, hieroglyphics, cuneiform writing, irrigation, desalination, ziggurats, the Fertile Crescent, the Aswan High Dam, Hammurabi, hunter-gatherers, terrorism, OPeC, papyrus, and more.
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The document provides information on several historical topics. It discusses the fall of the Roman Empire and the rise of the Byzantine Empire. It then covers the origins and teachings of Islam, the development of early Chinese dynasties, and civilizations in medieval Africa and Japan. It also summarizes medieval Europe, the Americas, and the Renaissance period in Europe. The document compares the Aztec, Inca, and Maya cultures and discusses how the Aztec and Inca Empires were conquered by the Spanish.
Hum2310 fa2014 exam 4 study guide
The document summarizes beliefs and practices of African, Hawaiian, Jewish, Christian and Islamic religions. It describes important gods, rituals, places of worship, and core beliefs across these faiths. Key points include African ancestral worship practices and diviners; Hawaiian gods like Pele and rituals like the Makahiki Festival; Jewish beliefs centered around God, the Torah, and sites like the Western Wall; Christian concepts of the Trinity, Baptism, and denominations; and Islamic pillars such as the Shahada and important places in Mecca and Medina. The document provides an overview of the mythology and theology that shaped these religious traditions.
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This document provides an overview of mythology from three different cultures - Norse, African, and Hawaiian. For the Norse section, it describes the creation of the world from a gap between fiery and icy lands, and the origins of the gods, humans, and realms like Asgard. It also outlines some of the most important gods like Odin, Thor, and Loki. The African section discusses common beliefs like a high god, nature spirits, ancestral worship, and the importance of water. For Hawaiian mythology, it mentions the first gods of sky and earth, the cultural heroes and gods, and festivals dedicated to gods of agriculture and fertility.
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docx
The Islamic Golden Age
1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632
2. Expansion during the Rashidun Caliphate, 632–661
3. Expansion during the Umayyad Caliphate, 661–750
Islamic civilization experienced a golden age under the Abbassid Dynasty, which ruled from the mid 8th century until the mid 13th century.
Under the Abbassids, Islamic culture became a blending of Arab, Persian, Egyptian, and European traditions. The result was an era of stunning intellectual and cultural achievements.
It is said to have ended with the collapse of the Abbasid Caliphate with the Mongol invasions and the Sack of Baghdad in 1258. Several contemporary scholars, however, place the end of the Islamic Golden Age to be around the 15th to 16th centuries.
Influences for the Golden Age
Religious: The Abbasids were influenced by the Quranic injunctions and hadiths, such as "the ink of a scholar is more holy than the blood of a martyr," that stressed the value of knowledge.
Government sponsorship
The Muslim governments heavily patronized scholars. The best scholars and notable translators, such as Hunayn ibn Ishaq, had salaries that are estimated to be the equivalent of professional athletes today.
The House of Wisdom was a library, translation institute, and academy established in Abbasid-era Baghdad, Iraq by Caliph Harun al-Rashid and his son al-Ma'mun.
The House of Wisdom is where both Muslim and non-Muslim scholars sought to translate and gather all the world's knowledge into Arabic. Many classic works of antiquity that would otherwise have been lost were translated into Arabic and Persian and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew and Latin.
From the translations, the Arab world became a collection of cultures which put together, synthesized and significantly advanced the knowledge gained from the ancient Roman, Chinese, Indian, Persian, Egyptian, Greek, and Byzantine civilizations.
New technology
With a new, and easier writing system, and the introduction of paper, information was democratized to the extent that, for probably the first time in history, it became possible to make a living from simply writing and selling books.
Learning from History…
During this period, the Muslims showed a strong interest in assimilating the scientific knowledge of the civilizations that had been conquered. Many classic works of antiquity that might otherwise have been lost were translated from Greek, Roman, Persian, Indian, Chinese, Egyptian, and Phoenician civilizations into Arabic and Persian, and later in turn translated into Turkish, Hebrew, and Latin.
Philosophy
Ibn Rushd founder of the Averroism school of philosophy, was influential in the rise of secular thought in Western Europe.
Ibn Rushd and Ibn Sina played a major role in saving the works of Aristotle, whose ideas came to dominate the non-religious thought of the Christian and Muslim worlds. They would also absorb ideas from China, and India, adding to them tremendous knowled.
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The document summarizes different periods of history:
1) Prehistory began when humans first appeared and ended when they learned to read and write. Early humans were nomadic hunter-gatherers who later settled into villages.
2) Ancient History started when writing began and included important civilizations like the Phoenicians, Greeks, and Romans around the Mediterranean. The Greeks and Phoenicians were traders while the Romans built an empire throughout Europe and the Mediterranean.
3) The Middle Ages followed the fall of the Roman Empire and was defined by feudalism and castles. People moved from cities into the countryside for protection under feudal lords. Cities reemerged by the end of this period.
ISLAM.pdf
The document provides a historical overview of pre-Islamic Arabia. It describes how Arab peoples migrated throughout the Arabian peninsula over millennia and adopted the Arabic language. Several important caravan cities developed, such as Petra and Palmyra, due to their strategic locations along trade routes. The region was influenced by neighboring empires like Persia and Rome, and experienced ongoing conflicts between these powers competing for control over trade. By the 6th century, the Arabian peninsula suffered an economic crisis and decline of agriculture.
Mesopotamian civilization
The document provides an overview of the ancient Mesopotamian civilization located between the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers in modern-day Iraq. Key points include: the Sumerians established city-states around 3000 BC and developed writing, agriculture, and organized religion; cities were ruled independently but often in conflict over resources; the landscape comprised river basins that provided fertile soil for farming when flooded.
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This document provides an overview of early civilizations and Mesopotamian and Egyptian civilization. It discusses the first civilizations emerging around 5000 years ago along major rivers like the Tigris, Euphrates, Nile, Yellow River, and Indus River. Mesopotamian civilization was the first to develop writing in around 3000 BC, with cuneiform writing on clay tablets. Egyptian civilization emerged along the Nile River, with the annual flooding providing fertile land. Powerful pharaoh kings ruled ancient Egypt, and religion was important for ensuring order. Both civilizations had hierarchical societies divided between elites and commoners. Mesopotamian and Egyptian art served religious and political functions through temples, statues
Judaism
Judaism began over 3,500 years ago and was founded by Abraham around 1750 BCE. The religion is based on the belief in one God and obedience to his laws and commandments as passed down in the Torah and other holy texts. Some key figures and events in early Judaism include Moses leading the Israelites out of slavery in Egypt to Mount Sinai where God gave them the Ten Commandments. Symbols of Judaism include the Star of David and the Western Wall in Jerusalem, while synagogues serve as important houses of worship around the world.
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The document provides an overview of the origin and spread of Islam, the political and social organization of Islamic societies, Islamic religious practices and pillars, the economy of Islamic empires, Islamic culture, and Muslim art. It describes how the religion of Islam originated in the 7th century AD in the Arabian Peninsula under the prophet Muhammad and then rapidly expanded across large parts of Asia, Africa, and Europe through military conquests and missionary activities. Key aspects of Islamic civilization discussed include the caliphate political system, division of society, emphasis on the five pillars of faith, development of trade networks, cultural centers of learning, and artistic styles featuring calligraphy and geometric patterns.
Islam
Islam has many important religious rituals and beliefs. The five pillars of Islam are the core duties of Muslims which include professing faith, praying five times daily, fasting during Ramadan, giving charity, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Other rituals include circling the Kaaba in Mecca seven times during the hajj pilgrimage. Major religious events include the birth and death of Muhammad, the journey to Mecca for hajj, and the month of fasting and prayer during Ramadan. Key sites of importance are Mecca with the Kaaba, Medina where Muhammad is buried, and Jerusalem with the Dome of the Rock.
Islam Div. 3
Islam has many important religious rituals and beliefs. The five pillars of Islam are the core duties of Muslims which include professing faith, daily prayers, charitable donations, fasting during Ramadan, and making a pilgrimage to Mecca once in their lifetime. Other rituals include circling the Kaaba in Mecca seven times during the hajj pilgrimage. Major religious events include the birth and death of Muhammad, the journey to Mecca for hajj, and fasting from dawn to dusk during the holy month of Ramadan. Important sites of Islam include Mecca, Medina, Jerusalem, and mosques around the world.
The Sources of Islam
The document examines sources of Islam and the Quran, finding evidence that significant parts were derived from existing human sources available during Muhammad's time. It identifies influences from pre-Islamic Arabian religion including worship at the Kaaba, pilgrimages, fasting during Ramadan, and daily prayers. Jewish sources are also identified such as stories of biblical figures, legends, and the Talmud. Christian sources include apocryphal gospels and heretical writings. The document concludes that if parts of the Quran can be shown to be derived from human rather than divine sources, then Islam's great claims collapse.
03 cradles of early science
The document discusses the development of science in various ancient civilizations around the world prior to European colonization. It describes how the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations in Mesoamerica made advances in astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and other fields. In Asia, ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations contributed to medicine, metallurgy, technology, astronomy and other sciences. During the Golden Age of Islam in the Middle East, Muslim scholars advanced mathematics, medicine, and other disciplines. In Africa, early civilizations in Egypt and other regions developed geometry, astronomy, metallurgy, and other sciences out of practical needs.
03 cradles of early science
The document discusses the development of science in various ancient civilizations around the world prior to European colonization. It describes how the Maya, Aztec, and Inca civilizations in Mesoamerica made contributions to astronomy, mathematics, agriculture, and other fields. In Asia, ancient Indian and Chinese civilizations advanced medicine, metallurgy, astronomy, and technology. The Islamic Golden Age saw scientific advancements in mathematics, medicine, and other areas in the Middle East. In Africa, early civilizations in Egypt and elsewhere developed geometry, astronomy, metallurgy, and algebra.
Ancient koranic-manuscripts-of-sana
1. Ancient Quranic manuscripts dating back to the 7th-8th centuries were discovered in the Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen in 1972 during restoration work.
2. Analysis of the manuscripts found significant textual variations and differences in verse orderings compared to the modern Quran.
3. The discoveries cast doubt on the belief that the Quran is perfectly preserved and unchanged, suggesting the text evolved over time through human editing and rewriting.
Ancient koranic-manuscripts-of-sana
1. Ancient Quranic manuscripts dating back to the 7th-8th centuries AD were discovered in the Great Mosque of Sana'a in Yemen that differ significantly from the present standard Quran.
2. Analysis of the manuscripts by scholars found unconventional verse ordering, textual variations, different spelling and artistic embellishments compared to the standard Quran.
3. The discoveries cast doubt on the belief that the Quran is perfectly preserved and undermine claims that no human has altered the words of God.
Islam, the light illuminating the world. english
1) The document discusses how Islam brought light and advancement to the world through science, philosophy and culture during a time when Europe was in darkness. It describes how the religion of Islam transformed societies and advanced human civilization.
2) Specifically, it outlines how Islam ended barbarism and violence in Arabia through its teachings of peace, reason and justice. Muslim civilization then drove major scientific and cultural developments.
3) At its peak, the Islamic empire spread across a vast region and established a tolerant society where people of different faiths lived in peace under Muslim rule. This period saw great innovations in fields like mathematics, astronomy, medicine and architecture that later influenced Western civilization.
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The document discusses the history of philosophy in ancient Rome. It notes that Roman men did not begin studying philosophy until around 200 BC and that women were not allowed to study philosophy. It also discusses some of the major Roman philosophers like Cicero and Seneca and notes that most Roman philosophy was based on Greek philosophy but was translated to Latin. The three main schools of philosophy in ancient Rome were materialism, pluralism, and atomism.
Ancient History Review
The document provides an overview of ancient history from early humans through the rise of Christianity. It describes how early humans were hunter-gatherers and the development of agriculture and permanent settlements. It then discusses the early civilizations that emerged in Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, and China and some of their major accomplishments and innovations. Finally, it summarizes the rise of ancient Greece and Rome and the origins and spread of Christianity.
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The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docx
The Islamic Golden Age 1. Expansion under Muhammad, 622–632 .docx
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East~sSoutheast asia Vocabulary
This covers the list of 24 vocabulary words. Depending on your class, you may have a few more or a few less
Mena vocabulary-new
The document defines and explains 25 key terms related to religions, civilizations, and historical events in the Middle East and North Africa, including Judaism, Islam, Christianity, monotheism, prophets, the Bible, Quran, mosques, Ramadan, hieroglyphics, cuneiform writing, irrigation, desalination, ziggurats, the Fertile Crescent, the Aswan High Dam, Hammurabi, hunter-gatherers, terrorism, OPeC, papyrus, and more.
South Asia vocabulary
The document defines important terms related to South Asia, including:
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Sub Saharan Africa Vocab GEN
This document contains definitions and descriptions of various terms related to Africa, including:
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Gtvocabulary
The document provides definitions for 6 geography terms: butte, thematic map, islet, landform, map projection, and precipice. Specifically, it defines a butte as a raised flat area of land with steep sides smaller than a mesa, a thematic map as one that focuses on a specific idea, an islet as a little island, a landform as a feature of the earth's surface like a mountain or valley, a map projection as one of the ways to show the earth's curved surface, and a precipice as a cliff with a nearly vertical or overhanging face.
Our Earth Vocab 2008
1. The document defines various geographic terms related to maps, including latitude and longitude, hemispheres, compass points, parallels, meridians, and map symbols.
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Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Dear readers,
This month we continue with more inspiring talks from the Global Spirituality Mahotsav that was held from March 14 to 17, 2024, at Kanha Shanti Vanam.
We hear from Daaji on lifestyle and yoga in honor of International Day of Yoga, June 21, 2024. We also hear from Professor Bhavani Rao, Dean at Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University, on spirituality in action, the Venerable BhikkuSanghasena on how to be an ambassador for compassion, Dr. Tony Nader on the Maharishi Effect, Swami Mukundananda on the crossroads of modernization, Tejinder Kaur Basra on the purpose of work, the Venerable GesheDorjiDamdul on the psychology of peace, the Rt. Hon. Patricia Scotland, KC, Secretary-General of the Commonwealth, on how we are all related, and world-renowned violinist KumareshRajagopalan on the uplifting mysteries of music.
Dr. Prasad Veluthanar shares an Ayurvedic perspective on treating autism, Dr. IchakAdizes helps us navigate disagreements at work, Sravan Banda celebrates World Environment Day by sharing some tips on land restoration, and Sara Bubber tells our children another inspiring story and challenges them with some fun facts and riddles.
Happy reading,
The editors
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Unleash your spiritual growth journey as a truth-seeker!
Learn More:
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Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
Do you ever feel like your Bible highlighting isn't quite enough to ignite lasting spiritual growth? Have you struggled to retain key takeaways from your Bible study sessions?
Discover how living in 4D can transform your highlighting into a strategic tool for spiritual development.
Learn More:
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In this video, you'll gain insights on:
How highlighting key verses and themes can enhance memory and retention of Scripture (we see a few key ones, here!)
Studies have shown that highlighting can significantly improve information recall. Highlighting key points visually reinforces them in your mind, leading to better long-term memory.
How to personalize your Bible study through strategic highlighting. Don't just highlight everything!
This video will teach you how to strategically highlight based on what resonates with you, focusing on central themes, recurring ideas, or connections between different passages.
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How connecting highlighted passages can reveal deeper biblical truths. By highlighting these connections, you can see the bigger picture and uncover the underlying messages within Scripture.
By the end of this video, you'll be equipped to unlock the hidden potential within your highlighted Bible and embark on a transformative spiritual growth journey! Don't forget to like and subscribe for more inspiring content on deepening your faith.
Note: For Christians seeking to enrich their Bible study and deepen their faith, as well as any other spiritual seeker of truth and growth.
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Tales of This and Another Life - Chapters.pdf
This book is one of the best of the translated ones, for it has a warning character for all those who find themselves in the experience of material life. Irmão X provides a shrewd way of describing the subtleties and weaknesses that can jeopardize our intentions, making us more attentive and vigilant by providing us with his wise pages, reminding us between the lines of the Master's words: "Pray and watch."
Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
Esta lição é uma oportunidade para discutirmos um assunto multo mal interpretado no contexto cristão, que é o fato de algumas pessoas pensarem que o conhecer Jesus é ter a nossa vida mudada em todas as áreas, como se Deus tivesse o dever de transportar-nos deste mundo para um outro mundo onde muitas coisas maravilhosas que desejamos seriam reais. No entanto, a nossa fé não nos tira do mundo após nos convertermos; ao invés disso, permanecemos vivendo sob as mesmas circunstâncias. O propósito de Deus não é nos tirar do mundo, mas nos livrar das ações do maligno (Jo 17.15), Sendo assim, a vida eterna não significa estar fora da realidade deste mundo, mas conhecer o único Deus verdadeiro (Jo 17.3).
Monthly Khazina-e-Ruhaniyaat Jun’2024 (Vol.15, Issue 2)
2nd issue of Volume 15. A magazine in urdu language mainly based on spiritual treatment and learning. Many topics on ISLAM, SUFISM, SOCIAL PROBLEMS, SELF HELP, PSYCHOLOGY, HEALTH, SPIRITUAL TREATMENT, Ruqya etc.A very useful magazine for everyone.
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian.pptx
Lesson 12 - The Blessed Hope: The Mark of the Christian
SBS – Sunday Bible School
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MAGAZINE: THE CAREER THAT IS PROPOSED TO US: The Path of Salvation, Holiness and Perseverance to Reach Heaven
Commentator: Pastor Osiel Gomes
Presentation: Missionary Celso Napoleon
Renewed in Grace
sanskrit yoga mantras chanting for yoga class
Introduction
Mantra Yoga is an exact science. "Mananat trayate iti mantrah- by the Manana (constant thinking or recollection) of which one is protected or is released from the round of births and deaths, is Mantra." That is called Mantra by the meditation (Manana) on which the Jiva or the individual soul attains freedom from sin, enjoyment in heaven and final liberation, and by the aid of which it attains in full the fourfold fruit (Chaturvarga), i.e., Dharma, Artha, Kama and Moksha. A Mantra is so called because it is achieved by the mental process.
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The pervasiveness of Lying in today's World.pptx
In our interconnected world, lies weave through the fabric of society like hidden threads. We encounter them in politics, media, personal relationships, and even within ourselves. The prevalence of deception raises profound questions about truth, trust, and the human condition.
THE IMPORTANCE OF AWARENESS AND CONSCIOUSNESS
The subject of spiritualism fundamentally relates to two specific tenets, independent yet closely associated as one—awareness and consciousness.
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Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
This lecture created by Brandon Taylorian (aka Cometan) specially for the CESNUR Conference held Bordeaux in June 2024 provides a brief introduction to the legacy of religious and philosophical thought that Astronism emerges from, namely the discourse on transcension started assuredly by the Cosmists in Russia in the mid-to-late nineteenth century and then carried on and developed by Mordecai Nessyahu in Cosmodeism in the twentieth century. Cometan also then provides some detail on his story in founding Astronism in the early twenty-first century from 2013 along with details on the central Astronist doctrine of transcension. Finally, the lecture concludes with some contributions made by space religions and space philosophy and their influences on various cultural facets in art, literature and film.
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Book of Revelation, filled with symbolic and apocalyptic imagery, presents one of its most striking visions in Revelation 9:3-12—the locust army. Understanding the significance of this locust army provides insight into the broader themes of divine judgment, protection, and the ultimate triumph of God’s will as depicted in Revelation.
Is Lucid Dreaming Dangerous? Risks and Benefits!
Lucid Dreaming: Understanding the Risks and Benefits
The ability to control one's dreams or for the dreamer to be aware that he or she is dreaming. This process, called lucid dreaming, has some potential risks as well as many fascinating benefits. However, many people are hesitant to try it initially for fear of the potential dangers. This article aims to clarify these concerns by exploring both the risks and benefits of lucid dreaming.
The Benefits of Lucid Dreaming
Lucid dreaming allows a person to take control of their dream world, helping them overcome their fears and eliminate nightmares. This technique is particularly useful for mental health. By taking control of their dreams, individuals can face challenging scenarios in a controlled environment, which can help reduce anxiety and increase self-confidence.
Addressing Common Concerns
Physical Harm in Dreams Lucid dreaming is fundamentally safe. In a lucid dream, everything is a creation of your mind. Therefore, nothing in the dream can physically harm you. Despite the vividness and realness of the dream experience, it remains entirely within your mental landscape, posing no physical danger.
Mental Health Risks Concerns about developing PTSD or other mental illnesses from lucid dreaming are unfounded. As soon as you wake up, it's clear that the events experienced in the dream were not real. On the contrary, lucid dreaming is often seen as a therapeutic tool for conditions like PTSD, as it allows individuals to reframe and manage their thoughts.
Potential Risks of Lucid Dreaming
While generally safe, lucid dreaming does come with a few risks as well:
Mixing Dream Memories with Reality Long-term lucid dreamers might occasionally confuse dream memories with real ones, creating false memories. This issue is rare and preventable by maintaining a dream journal and avoiding lucid dreaming about real-life people or places too frequently.
Escapism Using lucid dreaming to escape reality can be problematic if it interferes with your daily life. While it is sometimes beneficial to escape and relieve the stress of reality, relying on lucid dreaming for happiness can hinder personal growth and productivity.
Feeling Tired After Lucid Dreaming Some people report feeling tired after lucid dreaming. This tiredness is not due to the dreams themselves but often results from not getting enough sleep or using techniques that disrupt sleep patterns. Taking breaks and ensuring adequate sleep can prevent this.
Mental Exhaustion Lucid dreaming can be mentally taxing if practiced excessively without breaks. It’s important to balance lucid dreaming with regular sleep to avoid mental fatigue.
Lucid dreaming is safe and beneficial if done with caution. It has many benefits, such as overcoming fear and improving mental health, and minimal risks. There are many resources and tutorials available for those interested in trying it.
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Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Heartfulness Magazine - June 2024 (Volume 9, Issue 6)
Tracking "The Blessing" - Christianity · Spiritual Growth · Success
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Lição 12: João 15 a 17 – O Espírito Santo e a Oração Sacerdotal | 2° Trimestr...
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Astronism, Cosmism and Cosmodeism: the space religions espousing the doctrine...
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
The Significance of the Locust Army in Revelation 9
Mena Vocabulary GEN
- 1. 1. The complete body of Jewish teaching, thought and literature.
- 2. Torah
- 3. 2. The removal of salt from seawater for drinking or watering crops.
- 4. desalination
- 5. 3. A pyramid shaped clay structure that served as a foundation for a temple in Mesopotamia.
- 6. ziggurat
- 7. 4. Monotheistic religion that believes Mohammed was a prophet.
- 8. Islam
- 9. 5. To supply land with water via ditches, pipes or canals.
- 10. irrigation
- 11. 6. An Islamic house of worship
- 12. Mosque
- 13. 7. A chemical product made from petroleum or natural gas.
- 14. petrochemical
- 15. 8. The holy book of Christianity
- 16. Bible
- 17. 9. Created to control flooding on the Nile River
- 18. Aswan High Dam
- 19. 10. Person who calls Muslims to pray 5 times a day.
- 20. Muezzin
- 21. 11. Muslims are obligated to make this trip to Mecca at least once in their lives.
- 22. hajj
- 23. 12. Person thought to be a messenger of God
- 24. prophet
- 25. 13. The belief in one God
- 26. Monotheism
- 27. 14. Babylonian king that created the first set of written laws.
- 28. Hammurabi
- 29. 15. A region in Southwest Asia; site of the world’s first civilizations.
- 31. 16. Religion based on the teachings of Jesus.
- 32. Christianity
- 33. 17. Egyptian writing system using pictures and symbols to represent words or sounds.
- 34. Hieroglyphics
- 35. 18. The 9th month in the Islamic calendar in which Muslims fast from sunrise to sunset.
- 36. Ramadan
- 37. 19. An early form of paper made from a reed-like plant found in the Nile River delta.
- 38. papyrus
- 39. 20. An early form of writing that uses wedges and lines pressed into clay tablets.
- 40. cuneiform
- 41. 21. Use of violence for political purposes.
- 42. terrorism
- 43. 22. In the Old Stone Age, those went in search of food.
- 44. hunter-gatherers
- 45. 23. A religion whose prophets are Abraham and Moses
- 46. Judaism
- 47. 24. Group of countries that control the price and production of the majority of the world’s oil
- 49. 25. The sacred text of Islam
- 50. Qur’an (Koran)