Men, particularly young men, are experiencing difficulties in today's society. Indications of these difficulties can be found in the predominance of males in marginalized groups, such as the homeless, in the greater number of behavioural problems experienced by young men and boys. Where are the men who can mentor and bring hope and a future to these young men?

1. Men Must Salvage the Boy Child and Young Men
Proverbs 22:6
“Point your kids in the right direction-- when they're old they won't be lost”.(MSG)
This week I have decided to take time and mentor some two young men who discussed
about their lives with me and the problems they have faced in today’s society. I was so
touched by their grief in life and particularly the absence of fathers in their lives.
Apparently even the mothers gave up on them. Men, particularly young men, are
experiencing difficulties in today's society. Indications of these difficulties can be found
in the predominance of males in marginalized groups, such as the homeless, in the greater
number of behavioural problems experienced by young men and boys.
Where are the men who can mentor and bring hope and a future to these young men?
The Family
Family changes, including an increase in single female parenting, have challenged
traditional values around marital and sexual relationships but people have, in general,
adjusted to these developments and some men have welcomed the opportunity to refocus
on fatherhood and home issues. Yet family change may have benefited fathers within
rather then fathers outside the home. Marriage may now be less available to some young
men for economic reasons and because of the greater likelihood that a woman will set up
home, with her child, on her own.
The absence of a father may result in negative social and psychological outcomes for
males but this is dependent on his access to alternative sources of affirmation and models
of behaviour, the parenting ability of the remaining adult and economic resources. It is
also dependent on the child’s relationship with the out-of-home father.
Poverty
Poverty and disadvantage has given rise to marginalization for men in a number of ways.
Poor school outcomes are closely linked to economic vulnerability in the marketplace and
this factor is more common amongst males than females.
Men from lower socio-economic backgrounds do significantly less well in the job market
than men from higher socio-economic backgrounds. Economic factors, especially
unemployment influence the ability to set up an independent home and also affect access
to marriage or long term relationships and fatherhood.
Social Effects
What emerges from the two men’s narratives is that a series of difficulties in their young
lives – personal, family, educational and structural – narrowed their life options as they
grew to adulthood. They were overwhelmingly from economically deprived
backgrounds. Their early family lives were characterized by multiple traumas especially

2. loss, disruption and instability. They had experienced the absence of parenting, either
because a parent had left the family home, or was unable to cope. These men lacked role
models. In one case, the relationships with his father was always in conflict until the
father disappeared from the home. These two guys lacked substitute figures outside the
family.
Even though there is widespread change in men’s roles, the evidence is that many,
perhaps most, men are adjusting and adapting to change. Some categories of men, mainly
young, working class men, have found these social and economic transformations
difficult. Men from these backgrounds are more likely to lack the economic and wider
social benefits of education and marriage and fatherhood may now be less of an option
for them than in the past. These are also at risk of psychological marginalization in that
loneliness and despair was affecting their mental health.
Despite the challenge and confusion amongst men there is no general crisis of
masculinity. There is evidence, however, of the increasing isolation and alienation of a
particular grouping of men who are in this situation due to a combination of structural,
family and personal factors.
Family and Changing Family Structures
There are major changes in the Kenyan family over the last three decades which has
affected the family structure and has had negative impact on the young men and boys. I
will try to attempt to isolate those factors which impact particularly on young boys and
men.
There has been quite considerable family change in Kenya over the last three decades.
The institution of marriage as I knew it when I was young and even after I married has
gradually changed. Marriage is, still overwhelmingly the option for couples setting up a
home together, but the marriage rate has fallen and diverse family forms are now
common .Marital separation has also increased. Types of family units now in evidence
include couples without children and single parent families, the majority of which are
headed by separated and never married females. There has been almost continuous
decline in marriage stability since the 1970s. Single parent family units have increased
considerably since the 1980s.
The Consequences of Family Change
The family environment, it is generally agreed, is key to later outcomes for the child.
Children and young people need certain basic elements although there is flexibility about
how, where and by whom they are delivered. The absence of a parent may be important
in relation to certain outcomes, including behavioural difficulties, in the child but this is
dependent on a number of factors. These include the child’s access to alternative sources
of affirmation and models of behaviour, the parenting ability of the sole or remaining
adult and economic resources. When these features line up in a negative combination,
especially in single parent families with no adequate supports, the children may be
vulnerable. Negative outcomes for children are usually only evident when there is

3. reliance on only one source of parenting and when this parenting is inadequate in the
context of economic disadvantage.
Outcomes
The explanation for boys’ greater tendency for overtly deviant behaviour as they
develop may be explained in terms of a greater propensity amongst males to externalize
problems from an early age. Boys and young men who experience behavioural
difficulties are more likely to hate schooling and drop out of school and are less likely to
have successful school careers or even successful lives.
Family changes have challenged traditional values around marital power relationships
and childcare responsibilities. Marital and sexual relationships are more fluid and lack
permanence. Yet these developments have not always resulted in negative outcomes. Our
Kenyan children and their parents have, in general, adjusted to these developments and
some men have welcomed the opportunity to refocus on fatherhood and home issues. It is
possible however that the gain in terms of family change may have benefited women
more than men. Marriage may have become less available to some young men and in the
light of the positive effects of marriage for men this may represent a loss for them.
Finally
I believe there is hope in this area. I want to encourage our boys and young men to seek
for people who can mentor them and give them hope. All is not lost. My challenge to the
adults men in our society is: “DON’T GIVE UP. INSTEAD DO SOMETHING AND
ASSIST THESE YOUNG MEN AND BOYS AS MUCH AS YOU CAN. THEIR
CRY IS GENUINE AND NEEDS ATTENTION”.