This study surveyed 560 Indian medical students over 5 years to assess tobacco use and attitudes. The study found that 33% of students used tobacco, with 45.4% chewing tobacco, 32.2% smoking cigarettes, and 22.4% doing both. Most students felt tobacco should be restricted and doctors should advise quitting, but specific training was still needed to develop cessation skills. The high tobacco use rates among future doctors underscores the need for comprehensive intervention strategies in medical curricula to address this issue.
Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention on smoking secessionpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist-led smoking cessation intervention program. The study analyzed baseline characteristics of 80 smokers divided into a test and control group. It found that over half of participants in both groups were over 65 years old, all were male, and most worked in business or farming. The pharmacist program helped over half of participants quit smoking at 1 and 3 months, with higher attendance rates linked to higher quit rates. However, steps could be taken to maximize the pharmacist's time while still achieving good patient outcomes. The most common reasons for quitting were health concerns.
This document summarizes a study on drug utilization patterns in patients with burns over 15% of their total body surface area admitted to a tertiary hospital burn ward in Nashik, India. A total of 50 patients were included in the study, with an average burn percentage of 61.96%. The mortality rate was found to be 20% for burns under 40% TBSA, 33% for 40-60% TBSA, and 95% for over 60% TBSA. The most commonly prescribed drugs were Ringer's Lactate, gentamicin, ranitidine, metronidazole, cefoperazone + sulbactam, and ciprofloxacin. The drug utilization 90% included
This document profiles clients attending the needle exchange program at Merchants Quay Ireland in Dublin. Key findings include: high rates of poly-substance use, especially heroin; over a quarter reported sharing injecting equipment; high prevalences of HIV, Hepatitis C and co-infections were found, though testing rates need to improve; and many clients reported public or assisted injecting, indicating risks. Recommendations focus on ensuring adequate harm reduction supplies, improving screening and treatment access for blood-borne viruses, and considering supervised injection facilities. Overall, the study provides an up-to-date profile of this population and identifies ongoing issues to help services meet client needs.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: a hospital based study...Shashwat Mishra
This study examined 362 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated at a hospital in India between 2015-2015. The results showed that HNSCC was more common in males, with chewing tobacco and betel nut being significant risk factors. The most common tumor sites were the mouth in younger patients (age <39) and hypopharynx in older patients (age >39). Chewing tobacco, betel nut, and smoking were positively associated with tumor site. Lower education levels also correlated with higher rates of tobacco and betel nut use. The study concludes tobacco use, male gender, and low education increase HNSCC risk in this population.
Knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine among ...home
The document summarizes a study that examined medical students' knowledge and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Turkey. The study found that the majority of the 943 medical students surveyed were familiar with common CAM methods like herbal treatment, acupuncture, and massage. Most students had positive attitudes toward CAM and expressed willingness to receive training in it. Attitudes declined as students progressed in their medical education. Overall, there was support for integrating CAM into the medical curriculum in Turkey.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated cytotoxicity in buccal cells of individuals who chew gutkha/panmasala or smoke bidis. The study found significantly higher frequencies of micronucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhectic cells, and karyolytic cells in these individuals compared to non-addicted controls, indicating DNA damage and cell death. While some biomarkers like binucleated cells showed no significant differences. The results suggest that long-term chewing or smoking can increase health risks like oral cancer, so monitoring of addicted individuals is important.
This study examined self-medication practices among the tribal population in North Maharashtra, India. The researchers found that 100% of the 318 households surveyed practiced self-medication using traditional methods. Additionally, 92.14% (293 households) practiced self-medication using other medical systems like allopathy. The main reasons for self-medication were economic constraints (100%) and past successful use of the same drugs (89.07%). Ancestors were the main source of information for traditional methods (100%), while private practitioners were the primary source for other medical systems (87.03%). The symptoms commonly self-treated included fever, weakness, and pain.
This document summarizes a study on risk factors, health problems, reasons for admission, and knowledge of diabetes patients admitted to a hospital in Nepal. The study found that over half of patients were aged 40-60 years old, Hindu, and non-vegetarian. Many had complications like hypertension, eye and kidney problems. Patients had some knowledge of their disease but lacked understanding of causes, treatments, diet etc. There is a need for better health education programs to improve patient knowledge and care of diabetes in Nepal.
Effectiveness of clinical pharmacist intervention on smoking secessionpharmaindexing
The document summarizes a study on the effectiveness of a clinical pharmacist-led smoking cessation intervention program. The study analyzed baseline characteristics of 80 smokers divided into a test and control group. It found that over half of participants in both groups were over 65 years old, all were male, and most worked in business or farming. The pharmacist program helped over half of participants quit smoking at 1 and 3 months, with higher attendance rates linked to higher quit rates. However, steps could be taken to maximize the pharmacist's time while still achieving good patient outcomes. The most common reasons for quitting were health concerns.
This document summarizes a study on drug utilization patterns in patients with burns over 15% of their total body surface area admitted to a tertiary hospital burn ward in Nashik, India. A total of 50 patients were included in the study, with an average burn percentage of 61.96%. The mortality rate was found to be 20% for burns under 40% TBSA, 33% for 40-60% TBSA, and 95% for over 60% TBSA. The most commonly prescribed drugs were Ringer's Lactate, gentamicin, ranitidine, metronidazole, cefoperazone + sulbactam, and ciprofloxacin. The drug utilization 90% included
This document profiles clients attending the needle exchange program at Merchants Quay Ireland in Dublin. Key findings include: high rates of poly-substance use, especially heroin; over a quarter reported sharing injecting equipment; high prevalences of HIV, Hepatitis C and co-infections were found, though testing rates need to improve; and many clients reported public or assisted injecting, indicating risks. Recommendations focus on ensuring adequate harm reduction supplies, improving screening and treatment access for blood-borne viruses, and considering supervised injection facilities. Overall, the study provides an up-to-date profile of this population and identifies ongoing issues to help services meet client needs.
Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: a hospital based study...Shashwat Mishra
This study examined 362 patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) treated at a hospital in India between 2015-2015. The results showed that HNSCC was more common in males, with chewing tobacco and betel nut being significant risk factors. The most common tumor sites were the mouth in younger patients (age <39) and hypopharynx in older patients (age >39). Chewing tobacco, betel nut, and smoking were positively associated with tumor site. Lower education levels also correlated with higher rates of tobacco and betel nut use. The study concludes tobacco use, male gender, and low education increase HNSCC risk in this population.
Knowledge and attitudes towards complementary and alternative medicine among ...home
The document summarizes a study that examined medical students' knowledge and attitudes toward complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) in Turkey. The study found that the majority of the 943 medical students surveyed were familiar with common CAM methods like herbal treatment, acupuncture, and massage. Most students had positive attitudes toward CAM and expressed willingness to receive training in it. Attitudes declined as students progressed in their medical education. Overall, there was support for integrating CAM into the medical curriculum in Turkey.
This document summarizes a study that evaluated cytotoxicity in buccal cells of individuals who chew gutkha/panmasala or smoke bidis. The study found significantly higher frequencies of micronucleated cells, condensed chromatin cells, karyorrhectic cells, and karyolytic cells in these individuals compared to non-addicted controls, indicating DNA damage and cell death. While some biomarkers like binucleated cells showed no significant differences. The results suggest that long-term chewing or smoking can increase health risks like oral cancer, so monitoring of addicted individuals is important.
This study examined self-medication practices among the tribal population in North Maharashtra, India. The researchers found that 100% of the 318 households surveyed practiced self-medication using traditional methods. Additionally, 92.14% (293 households) practiced self-medication using other medical systems like allopathy. The main reasons for self-medication were economic constraints (100%) and past successful use of the same drugs (89.07%). Ancestors were the main source of information for traditional methods (100%), while private practitioners were the primary source for other medical systems (87.03%). The symptoms commonly self-treated included fever, weakness, and pain.
This document summarizes a study on risk factors, health problems, reasons for admission, and knowledge of diabetes patients admitted to a hospital in Nepal. The study found that over half of patients were aged 40-60 years old, Hindu, and non-vegetarian. Many had complications like hypertension, eye and kidney problems. Patients had some knowledge of their disease but lacked understanding of causes, treatments, diet etc. There is a need for better health education programs to improve patient knowledge and care of diabetes in Nepal.
Water pipe (Shisha) smoking among a sample of Iraqi male college students: kn...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Medical Conferences, Pharma Conferences, Engineering Conferences, Science Conferences, Manufacturing Conferences, Social Science Conferences, Business Conferences, Scientific Conferences Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Turkey 2014 2015 2016
Global Research & Development Services (GRDS) is a leading academic event organizer, publishing Open Access Journals and conducting several professionally organized international conferences all over the globe annually. GRDS aims to disseminate knowledge and innovation with the help of its International Conferences and open access publications. GRDS International conferences are world-class events which provide a meaningful platform for researchers, students, academicians, institutions, entrepreneurs, industries and practitioners to create, share and disseminate knowledge and innovation and to develop long-lasting network and collaboration.
GRDS is a blend of Open Access Publications and world-wide International Conferences and Academic events. The prime mission of GRDS is to make continuous efforts in transforming the lives of people around the world through education, application of research and innovative ideas.
Global Research & Development Services (GRDS) is also active in the field of Research Funding, Research Consultancy, Training and Workshops along with International Conferences and Open Access Publications.
International Conferences 2014 – 2015
Malaysia Conferences, Thailand Conferences, Singapore Conferences, Hong Kong Conferences, Dubai Conferences, Turkey Conferences, Conference Listing, Conference Alerts
The CLARITY Challenge aimed to develop standards for clinical genome sequencing by having groups analyze whole exome and genome sequencing data from three families with genetic disorders. 30 international groups participated. Their analyses showed convergence in bioinformatics techniques but diversity in medical interpretation and reporting, demonstrating these areas require further standardization. Only two groups identified the consensus candidate variants in all cases, showing methods need fine-tuning. The Challenge assessed current practices and their ability to diagnose genetic diseases from sequencing data.
Anthropological and bioethics study of clinical research in Malawiwellcome.trust
This document summarizes a study conducted in Malawi that examined cultural attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding biomedical research and informed consent. The study had three phases: qualitative interviews to understand local perspectives; a quantitative survey of clinical trial participants; and community feedback workshops. Key findings included that individuals perceive benefits from research participation and understand voluntary participation, but may have gaps in understanding study objectives. Participants preferred signing or thumbprinting to oral consent. The study concluded that addressing misconceptions and following customary practices can improve community attitudes toward research.
This journal club discussion summarizes a randomized controlled trial that compared the glucose-lowering drug rosiglitazone to metformin and glyburide in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The study was well-designed, experimental in nature, and included over 4,000 patients followed for a median of 4 years. The primary outcome was time to monotherapy failure based on fasting glucose levels. The results showed that rosiglitazone delayed monotherapy failure better than the other drugs and had a lower incidence of progression to higher fasting glucose levels. However, the study also reported some safety concerns with rosiglitazone like increased risk of heart failure. Overall, the discussant found the study to be valid and that the
Fear of withdrawal perpetuates opioid use in CNP.Paul Coelho, MD
This document discusses a study that examined reasons for prescription opioid use among patients seeking treatment for opioid dependence. The study found that participants with chronic pain were more likely to report using opioids initially for pain relief, while avoiding withdrawal was the most common reason for current use among all participants. Participants with chronic pain rated coping with physical pain as a more important reason for use, and social or craving reasons as less important, compared to those without chronic pain. The results highlight the role of physical pain as a key reason for opioid use among patients with dependence who have chronic pain conditions.
This study examined ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients at a hospital in India over one year. A total of 86 patients who met the criteria for VAP were included. The most common pathogen isolated was Acinetobacter baumannii, found in 10 of 18 patients with monomicrobial infections. Polymicrobial infections were more common than monomicrobial, with the most frequent combination being Klebsiella pneumoniae and A. baumannii. Mortality was higher in patients with polymicrobial infections compared to monomicrobial. Most pathogens showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The study aims to identify local microbiological patterns and sensitivities to help guide empirical antibiotic therapy for VAP.
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Alexander Decker
- The study assessed prognostic factors affecting recovery of tuberculosis patients in Ghana's Upper West Region. 400 patients were analyzed.
- Key factors found to significantly contribute to recovery were age, type of patient (pulmonary vs extra-pulmonary), duration of treatment, and HIV status.
- The median recovery time was 25.43 weeks. Older age was found to decrease the risk of relapse. Patients co-infected with HIV had a higher risk of treatment failure.
This document presents findings from research examining the profile and perspectives of individuals attending harm reduction services in Ireland who use performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs). 89 clients who used PIEDs completed a survey. Key findings include:
- The average participant was a 27-year-old Irish male.
- Motivations for PIED use included increasing muscle mass, strength, and confidence.
- Almost all participants reported lifetime injecting use of anabolic-androgenic steroids, with an average initiation age of 24.
- Common PIED types used were oral steroids and injectable steroids. Cycle lengths varied but most common was 8-12 weeks.
OMICS Publishing Group, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics (CPB) emphasizes the phases of drug development from absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion interactions and rational design of drug products to deliver the drug at a specific rate to the body in order to optimize the therapeutic effect and minimize any adverse effects. The CPB acts as an interface between academics, those in research and developments, explicates the research on various developmental applications for contemporary drug development and utilization.
Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Effects of Substance Abuse...Abilittin James Benitto
Substance abuse has become a major problem in any growing society, the pattern of consumption of medical and non-medical use of drugs by preadolescents, adolescents and young adults, is both complex and changing. It’s mainly due to adventurous and risk-taking behaviours, acceptable to peers, curiosity to acquaint oneself with the ecstatic experiences or due to an inner urge to avoid frustrations and boredom. Substance abuse during secondary schools, colleges and universities is a serious problem in society. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents by evaluating the effectiveness of video assisted teaching module and to find out the association between the pre test level of knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health among adolescence with selected demographic variables. A quasi-experimental pre and post test design without control group with experimental approach was undertaken for this study. 70 adolescence students were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire, it was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows highly significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores and no significant association between the pre test scores when compared
to the demographic variables of adolescence. The researcher concluded that video assisted teaching program was effective in providing the knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents.
Change in Practice of using Inhalers for Outpatients have Chronic Obstructive...AI Publications
Objectives: To evaluate changes in the practice of using inhalers for outpatients have chronic obstructive pulmonary at Nam Dinh General Hospital after the intervention. To compare the effectiveness between intervention methods of direct consultation (DC) and direct counseling method incorporating information technology (DC – IT). Subject and method: Intervention study on two groups of patients, 30 patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary in each group with similar characteristics who were treated at Nam Dinh General Hospital from October 2019 to May 2020. Two research groups analyzed and compared the practice of patients at two times, the first time (T1) before the intervention and the second time (T2) after the intervention was 3 months with 3 consecutive interventions (each intervention was 1 month). One group intervened with the direct consultation method; one group intervened with the direct counseling method incorporating information technology. Data were collected by the observational method, using the inhaler procedure and entered and processed on SPSS 20.0 software. Results: The group of patients was intervened with the direct counseling method about practice using inhalers increased after the intervention, the average point of inhaler practice before the intervention was 6.50 ± 1.63 and after the intervention was 8.57 ± 0.63 with p <0.05. The group of patients who intervened with direct counseling method incorporating information technology about using an inhaler increased after the intervention from 6.70 ± 1.29 (before the intervention) to 8.80 ± 0.61 (after intervention), with p <0.05. The efficiency index of using the inhaler dose of (DC – IT) group was higher than the DC group at 63%. Conclusion: The average of the two groups increased significantly after the intervention. However, the intervention method of DC – IT was more effective than the DC method.
Presentation performed for highlighting VERIFY: Galvus-met trials superiority in managing newly diagnosed DMT2 patients with preserving B cell function, evidence.
This study analyzed the prescription patterns of antihypertensive drugs prescribed to 137 patients in India to determine adherence to JNC 7 guidelines. The most frequently prescribed classes of drugs were diuretics, followed by calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. Combination drug therapy was prescribed to 72% of patients, most commonly a combination of a calcium channel blocker and beta blocker. The prescription patterns were found to adhere to JNC 7 guidelines, which recommend diuretics as first-line treatment and combination therapy including a diuretic for stage 2 hypertension.
Halometasone monohydrate 0.05% was assessed for efficacy and safety in treating occupational contact dermatitis. 150 patients with occupational contact dermatitis were enrolled and treated with halometasone twice daily for 4 weeks. Assessment scales showed statistically significant improvements in eczema severity, symptoms, and quality of life. Treatment was successful in resolving or improving eczema in 87.8% of patients. Halometasone was well-tolerated with no reported adverse effects, demonstrating it is an effective and safe topical treatment for occupational contact dermatitis.
To evaluate the awareness about human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine in the pr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated awareness of the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention among 500 medical students in Mumbai, India. The key findings were:
- 96% of participants were aware that HPV causes cervical cancer, but only 69.4% were aware a vaccine is available.
- Awareness of vaccine availability in India was 56.2% and only 27.6% knew the recommended target population for vaccination.
- The most common source of information was electronic media like the internet.
- Only 6% of participants had received the HPV vaccine despite its availability.
- Most (79.6%) felt inadequate information was the main barrier to vaccination programs in India.
- Overall acceptance of the HPV vaccine was 67
This study examined the relationship between type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease in a cohort of over 21,000 US male physicians over 23 years:
1) Men with a history of type 2 diabetes had a 34% increased risk of Parkinson's disease compared to non-diabetic men.
2) The highest risk was seen in those with short-duration, older-onset diabetes without complications.
3) Differences in diabetes incidence between Parkinson's patients and controls were greatest near the time of Parkinson's diagnosis, suggesting detection bias rather than a causal relationship.
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on long-term smoking abstinence rates. The intervention involved brief counseling, smoking cessation materials, referral to a quitline, and nicotine replacement therapy. At the 1-year follow-up, smoking cessation was reported in 25% of patients who received the intervention compared to 8% of control patients. Lower nicotine dependence at baseline and receiving the intervention were predictive of long-term smoking cessation. The study demonstrates that a minimally intensive perioperative smoking cessation intervention can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates not just short-term but also at 1 year postoperatively.
This study assessed the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients in India with four chronic diseases: epilepsy, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The researchers surveyed over 4,600 patients and found that 34.7% used CAM. CAM use was highest among diabetes patients (63%) and lowest among epilepsy patients (7.7%). Ayurveda was the most commonly used CAM therapy. The study also assessed patient satisfaction with CAM and found the highest satisfaction for effectiveness and overall among HIV patients, and the lowest among rheumatoid arthritis patients. A large proportion of patients with chronic diseases in India are using CAM and are satisfied with it.
This study investigated the association between the MMP-3 promoter polymorphism (-1171 5A->6A) and risk of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in an Indian population. The authors genotyped 362 subjects, including 101 OSMF cases, 135 HNSCC cases, and 126 healthy controls. They found the 5A allele frequency was higher in OSMF (0.15) and HNSCC (0.13) compared to controls (0.07). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in 5A genotype frequency between OSMF and controls (p=0.01, OR=2.26) and between HNSCC
This document summarizes a research article that discusses genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions. It describes how MMPs degrade the extracellular matrix, a key event in tumor progression and metastasis. It reviews the classification of MMPs and their substrates. It also discusses how MMPs and TIMPs are regulated and expresses polymorphisms that may be associated with cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
Water pipe (Shisha) smoking among a sample of Iraqi male college students: kn...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care.
Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice
Medical Conferences, Pharma Conferences, Engineering Conferences, Science Conferences, Manufacturing Conferences, Social Science Conferences, Business Conferences, Scientific Conferences Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Hong Kong, Dubai, Turkey 2014 2015 2016
Global Research & Development Services (GRDS) is a leading academic event organizer, publishing Open Access Journals and conducting several professionally organized international conferences all over the globe annually. GRDS aims to disseminate knowledge and innovation with the help of its International Conferences and open access publications. GRDS International conferences are world-class events which provide a meaningful platform for researchers, students, academicians, institutions, entrepreneurs, industries and practitioners to create, share and disseminate knowledge and innovation and to develop long-lasting network and collaboration.
GRDS is a blend of Open Access Publications and world-wide International Conferences and Academic events. The prime mission of GRDS is to make continuous efforts in transforming the lives of people around the world through education, application of research and innovative ideas.
Global Research & Development Services (GRDS) is also active in the field of Research Funding, Research Consultancy, Training and Workshops along with International Conferences and Open Access Publications.
International Conferences 2014 – 2015
Malaysia Conferences, Thailand Conferences, Singapore Conferences, Hong Kong Conferences, Dubai Conferences, Turkey Conferences, Conference Listing, Conference Alerts
The CLARITY Challenge aimed to develop standards for clinical genome sequencing by having groups analyze whole exome and genome sequencing data from three families with genetic disorders. 30 international groups participated. Their analyses showed convergence in bioinformatics techniques but diversity in medical interpretation and reporting, demonstrating these areas require further standardization. Only two groups identified the consensus candidate variants in all cases, showing methods need fine-tuning. The Challenge assessed current practices and their ability to diagnose genetic diseases from sequencing data.
Anthropological and bioethics study of clinical research in Malawiwellcome.trust
This document summarizes a study conducted in Malawi that examined cultural attitudes, beliefs, and perceptions regarding biomedical research and informed consent. The study had three phases: qualitative interviews to understand local perspectives; a quantitative survey of clinical trial participants; and community feedback workshops. Key findings included that individuals perceive benefits from research participation and understand voluntary participation, but may have gaps in understanding study objectives. Participants preferred signing or thumbprinting to oral consent. The study concluded that addressing misconceptions and following customary practices can improve community attitudes toward research.
This journal club discussion summarizes a randomized controlled trial that compared the glucose-lowering drug rosiglitazone to metformin and glyburide in patients with recently diagnosed type 2 diabetes. The study was well-designed, experimental in nature, and included over 4,000 patients followed for a median of 4 years. The primary outcome was time to monotherapy failure based on fasting glucose levels. The results showed that rosiglitazone delayed monotherapy failure better than the other drugs and had a lower incidence of progression to higher fasting glucose levels. However, the study also reported some safety concerns with rosiglitazone like increased risk of heart failure. Overall, the discussant found the study to be valid and that the
Fear of withdrawal perpetuates opioid use in CNP.Paul Coelho, MD
This document discusses a study that examined reasons for prescription opioid use among patients seeking treatment for opioid dependence. The study found that participants with chronic pain were more likely to report using opioids initially for pain relief, while avoiding withdrawal was the most common reason for current use among all participants. Participants with chronic pain rated coping with physical pain as a more important reason for use, and social or craving reasons as less important, compared to those without chronic pain. The results highlight the role of physical pain as a key reason for opioid use among patients with dependence who have chronic pain conditions.
This study examined ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) in patients at a hospital in India over one year. A total of 86 patients who met the criteria for VAP were included. The most common pathogen isolated was Acinetobacter baumannii, found in 10 of 18 patients with monomicrobial infections. Polymicrobial infections were more common than monomicrobial, with the most frequent combination being Klebsiella pneumoniae and A. baumannii. Mortality was higher in patients with polymicrobial infections compared to monomicrobial. Most pathogens showed resistance to commonly used antibiotics. The study aims to identify local microbiological patterns and sensitivities to help guide empirical antibiotic therapy for VAP.
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Alexander Decker
- The study assessed prognostic factors affecting recovery of tuberculosis patients in Ghana's Upper West Region. 400 patients were analyzed.
- Key factors found to significantly contribute to recovery were age, type of patient (pulmonary vs extra-pulmonary), duration of treatment, and HIV status.
- The median recovery time was 25.43 weeks. Older age was found to decrease the risk of relapse. Patients co-infected with HIV had a higher risk of treatment failure.
This document presents findings from research examining the profile and perspectives of individuals attending harm reduction services in Ireland who use performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs). 89 clients who used PIEDs completed a survey. Key findings include:
- The average participant was a 27-year-old Irish male.
- Motivations for PIED use included increasing muscle mass, strength, and confidence.
- Almost all participants reported lifetime injecting use of anabolic-androgenic steroids, with an average initiation age of 24.
- Common PIED types used were oral steroids and injectable steroids. Cycle lengths varied but most common was 8-12 weeks.
OMICS Publishing Group, Journal of Clinical Pharmacology & Biopharmaceutics (CPB) emphasizes the phases of drug development from absorption, disposition, metabolism, excretion interactions and rational design of drug products to deliver the drug at a specific rate to the body in order to optimize the therapeutic effect and minimize any adverse effects. The CPB acts as an interface between academics, those in research and developments, explicates the research on various developmental applications for contemporary drug development and utilization.
Effectiveness of Video Assisted Teaching Module on Effects of Substance Abuse...Abilittin James Benitto
Substance abuse has become a major problem in any growing society, the pattern of consumption of medical and non-medical use of drugs by preadolescents, adolescents and young adults, is both complex and changing. It’s mainly due to adventurous and risk-taking behaviours, acceptable to peers, curiosity to acquaint oneself with the ecstatic experiences or due to an inner urge to avoid frustrations and boredom. Substance abuse during secondary schools, colleges and universities is a serious problem in society. The present study aimed to assess the knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents by evaluating the effectiveness of video assisted teaching module and to find out the association between the pre test level of knowledge on effects of substance abuse on health among adolescence with selected demographic variables. A quasi-experimental pre and post test design without control group with experimental approach was undertaken for this study. 70 adolescence students were selected by purposive sampling and data were collected by using structured knowledge questionnaire, it was analyzed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study result shows highly significant difference between pre and post test knowledge scores and no significant association between the pre test scores when compared
to the demographic variables of adolescence. The researcher concluded that video assisted teaching program was effective in providing the knowledge regarding effects of substance abuse on health and its preventive measure among adolescents.
Change in Practice of using Inhalers for Outpatients have Chronic Obstructive...AI Publications
Objectives: To evaluate changes in the practice of using inhalers for outpatients have chronic obstructive pulmonary at Nam Dinh General Hospital after the intervention. To compare the effectiveness between intervention methods of direct consultation (DC) and direct counseling method incorporating information technology (DC – IT). Subject and method: Intervention study on two groups of patients, 30 patients have chronic obstructive pulmonary in each group with similar characteristics who were treated at Nam Dinh General Hospital from October 2019 to May 2020. Two research groups analyzed and compared the practice of patients at two times, the first time (T1) before the intervention and the second time (T2) after the intervention was 3 months with 3 consecutive interventions (each intervention was 1 month). One group intervened with the direct consultation method; one group intervened with the direct counseling method incorporating information technology. Data were collected by the observational method, using the inhaler procedure and entered and processed on SPSS 20.0 software. Results: The group of patients was intervened with the direct counseling method about practice using inhalers increased after the intervention, the average point of inhaler practice before the intervention was 6.50 ± 1.63 and after the intervention was 8.57 ± 0.63 with p <0.05. The group of patients who intervened with direct counseling method incorporating information technology about using an inhaler increased after the intervention from 6.70 ± 1.29 (before the intervention) to 8.80 ± 0.61 (after intervention), with p <0.05. The efficiency index of using the inhaler dose of (DC – IT) group was higher than the DC group at 63%. Conclusion: The average of the two groups increased significantly after the intervention. However, the intervention method of DC – IT was more effective than the DC method.
Presentation performed for highlighting VERIFY: Galvus-met trials superiority in managing newly diagnosed DMT2 patients with preserving B cell function, evidence.
This study analyzed the prescription patterns of antihypertensive drugs prescribed to 137 patients in India to determine adherence to JNC 7 guidelines. The most frequently prescribed classes of drugs were diuretics, followed by calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and ARBs. Combination drug therapy was prescribed to 72% of patients, most commonly a combination of a calcium channel blocker and beta blocker. The prescription patterns were found to adhere to JNC 7 guidelines, which recommend diuretics as first-line treatment and combination therapy including a diuretic for stage 2 hypertension.
Halometasone monohydrate 0.05% was assessed for efficacy and safety in treating occupational contact dermatitis. 150 patients with occupational contact dermatitis were enrolled and treated with halometasone twice daily for 4 weeks. Assessment scales showed statistically significant improvements in eczema severity, symptoms, and quality of life. Treatment was successful in resolving or improving eczema in 87.8% of patients. Halometasone was well-tolerated with no reported adverse effects, demonstrating it is an effective and safe topical treatment for occupational contact dermatitis.
To evaluate the awareness about human papilloma virus (hpv) vaccine in the pr...pharmaindexing
This study evaluated awareness of the HPV vaccine for cervical cancer prevention among 500 medical students in Mumbai, India. The key findings were:
- 96% of participants were aware that HPV causes cervical cancer, but only 69.4% were aware a vaccine is available.
- Awareness of vaccine availability in India was 56.2% and only 27.6% knew the recommended target population for vaccination.
- The most common source of information was electronic media like the internet.
- Only 6% of participants had received the HPV vaccine despite its availability.
- Most (79.6%) felt inadequate information was the main barrier to vaccination programs in India.
- Overall acceptance of the HPV vaccine was 67
This study examined the relationship between type 2 diabetes and Parkinson's disease in a cohort of over 21,000 US male physicians over 23 years:
1) Men with a history of type 2 diabetes had a 34% increased risk of Parkinson's disease compared to non-diabetic men.
2) The highest risk was seen in those with short-duration, older-onset diabetes without complications.
3) Differences in diabetes incidence between Parkinson's patients and controls were greatest near the time of Parkinson's diagnosis, suggesting detection bias rather than a causal relationship.
This randomized controlled trial evaluated the effectiveness of a perioperative smoking cessation intervention on long-term smoking abstinence rates. The intervention involved brief counseling, smoking cessation materials, referral to a quitline, and nicotine replacement therapy. At the 1-year follow-up, smoking cessation was reported in 25% of patients who received the intervention compared to 8% of control patients. Lower nicotine dependence at baseline and receiving the intervention were predictive of long-term smoking cessation. The study demonstrates that a minimally intensive perioperative smoking cessation intervention can significantly increase smoking abstinence rates not just short-term but also at 1 year postoperatively.
This study assessed the use of complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) among patients in India with four chronic diseases: epilepsy, HIV, rheumatoid arthritis, and diabetes. The researchers surveyed over 4,600 patients and found that 34.7% used CAM. CAM use was highest among diabetes patients (63%) and lowest among epilepsy patients (7.7%). Ayurveda was the most commonly used CAM therapy. The study also assessed patient satisfaction with CAM and found the highest satisfaction for effectiveness and overall among HIV patients, and the lowest among rheumatoid arthritis patients. A large proportion of patients with chronic diseases in India are using CAM and are satisfied with it.
This study investigated the association between the MMP-3 promoter polymorphism (-1171 5A->6A) and risk of oral submucous fibrosis (OSMF) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) in an Indian population. The authors genotyped 362 subjects, including 101 OSMF cases, 135 HNSCC cases, and 126 healthy controls. They found the 5A allele frequency was higher in OSMF (0.15) and HNSCC (0.13) compared to controls (0.07). Statistical analysis revealed a significant difference in 5A genotype frequency between OSMF and controls (p=0.01, OR=2.26) and between HNSCC
This document summarizes a research article that discusses genetic polymorphisms of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), in potentially malignant and malignant head and neck lesions. It describes how MMPs degrade the extracellular matrix, a key event in tumor progression and metastasis. It reviews the classification of MMPs and their substrates. It also discusses how MMPs and TIMPs are regulated and expresses polymorphisms that may be associated with cancer susceptibility and prognosis.
This study aimed to determine the prevalence of oral soft tissue lesions in patients in Vidisha, Central India. The researchers screened 3030 subjects and found that 8.4% had oral lesions, many associated with tobacco use, trauma, or prosthetic devices. 256 patients were found to have significant mucosal lesions, of which 216 agreed to scalpel biopsies. The most common lesions were leukoplakia (88 cases), oral submucous fibrosis (21 cases), and smoker's melanosis (9 cases). The high prevalence of oral lesions and rampant tobacco use indicate a need for greater community education and prevention programs.
This document summarizes the history of tobacco control legislation in India. It discusses the key acts and amendments made from 1975 onwards to increasingly regulate tobacco advertising and use. The 1975 Cigarettes Act was the first law and required health warnings on packages but did not cover all tobacco products. Subsequent laws and amendments expanded coverage, increased penalties, banned smoking in public places, and prohibited tobacco depictions in films. However, full implementation of laws remains a challenge due to opposition from the tobacco industry and conflicting court rulings. The document argues for stronger and more uniform tobacco control across India to reduce tobacco-related disease burden and costs.
Godfrey Phillips India launched a new non-filter cigarette called Tipper Gold Tipped in select markets in India in 2002 under guidance from Mr. Anoop Rohiri. Market research found dissatisfaction with current brands, so Tipper was designed to provide benefits like a compact tip and clean smoke. GPIL used in-shop promotions, distribution strategies, and promotional schemes to launch Tipper, but faced competition from ITC who increased displays in response. Initial sales analysis found Tipper catching up to competitors within two months, with highest brand switching from ITC's Capstan filter cigarette. Factors important for new FMCG launches include product quality/price, distribution, brand awareness and availability.
Launching A Cigarette Under A Banned Promotional EnvironmentRicha Dhall
This document discusses the cigarette industry in India. It provides information on major cigarette companies in India, types of cigarettes, and the ban on smoking in public places. It also discusses Godfrey Phillip India Pvt. Ltd (GPIL), one of the major players, including its current market share, revenue, exports, and diversification into other business segments. Some questions are also presented on assessing the potential of a new cigarette brand launched by GPIL and factors to consider when launching fast-moving consumer goods.
The document discusses a social awareness campaign in India to reduce smoking. It provides background on the large number of tobacco users in India and health consequences of smoking. The campaign aims to target current and occasional smokers aged 15-40 through public messages highlighting health risks and helping smokers quit. Strategies include public service announcements, workshops, a helpline, and community initiatives. The campaign hopes to target women smokers and reduce smoking in public places to protect non-smokers. It provides a multi-phase rollout plan and estimated annual budget of 16 million rupees focused initially in Maharashtra.
This document summarizes Maine's history of tobacco policy initiatives and laws from 1897 to 2011. It discusses the progression of laws that have been passed to reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, restrict youth access to tobacco, increase tobacco taxes, and establish tobacco prevention programs. Key milestones include the first workplace smoking ban in 1985, comprehensive smoke-free laws in the 1990s and 2000s, increased tobacco taxes in 1997 dedicated to prevention programs, and the 1998 tobacco Master Settlement Agreement. The document provides a high-level overview of Maine's extensive efforts to enact tobacco control policies and initiatives over the past century.
- The study assessed the effectiveness of an awareness program on the knowledge and self-reported practices of adolescent students regarding the harmful effects of tobacco and alcohol.
- 107 students aged 14-17 years from a school in India participated. The program significantly improved students' knowledge about the harmful effects based on pre- and post-test scores.
- While no students reported using tobacco or alcohol, many reported that family/friends engaged in these practices. The study concluded the awareness program was effective at improving knowledge about the harmful effects of substance use."
This research presentation summarizes a study on the prevalence and associated factors of substance use among HIV patients receiving ART treatment at Asella Hospital in Ethiopia. The study found that 27.5% of patients had a history of substance use, with alcohol being the most common at 13.6%. Being male, having substance-using friends or family were significantly associated with increased substance use. The study concludes substance use is an important issue among HIV patients and recommends increased awareness efforts by health professionals and further research by the university's public health department.
My Research Report Study About the prevalence of smoking in Health Care Provi...Dr Asad A. Babar
- The document summarizes a study on the prevalence of smoking among healthcare providers at Wapda Teaching Hospital Complex in Lahore, Pakistan.
- A total of 90 healthcare workers were surveyed using questionnaires between June-July 2012. The results found that 32 respondents (35.6%) were current smokers while 58 (64.4%) were non-smokers.
- The majority of smokers started for personal reasons like pleasure, with most smoking 1-10 cigarettes per day. Approximately half had smoking friends while 16% had restarted smoking after quitting previously.
- While most respondents were aware of smoking's health risks and their institution's non-smoking policy, the study concluded that efforts are
This study evaluated changes in youth alcohol and marijuana consumption and perceptions after legalizing recreational marijuana use in Washington and Colorado. The study found that after legalization, college students perceived marijuana as slightly less risky but used at similar rates by others. Students also perceived greater marijuana accessibility. For consumption, infrequent marijuana users increased alcohol use most, while frequent users initially decreased but then increased alcohol use. The findings suggest legalization is linked to modest changes in youth perceptions of marijuana norms and increases in both alcohol and marijuana consumption over time.
This study examined the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) among smokeless tobacco users in Dharwad, Karnataka, India. The study found:
1) The prevalence of OMLs was 54.18% overall, with higher rates among males (91.5%) compared to females (8.49%).
2) The most common OMLs among males were oral submucous fibrosis (26.95%), leukoplakia (10.35%), and carcinoma (9.94%). The most common lesion among females was carcinoma (28.31%).
3) Betel quid was the most common form of smokeless tobacco used among both males
PREVENTION AND REHABILITATION PROGRAM ON DRUG ADDICTSMukesh Mishra
This document provides an abstract for a study on the effectiveness of a drug rehabilitation center in Kathmandu, Nepal called Asara Sudhar Kendra. The study aims to explore the rehabilitation techniques used at the center and the benefits achieved by clients. 71 current and former clients were surveyed about their socio-demographics, drug use history, views on treatment effectiveness, satisfaction with the center, and post-rehabilitation adjustment. The findings suggest that most clients used drugs due to peer pressure, used cannabis frequently, and believed treatment could help them change their lives. Over 75% reported being satisfied with the center's services and support from staff.
Challenges in Expanding the Role of Health Care Providers and Delivering Trea...Global Bridges
Presentation by Jagdish Kaur, MBBS, Union Health Ministry, India, at the Global Bridges Preconference at the 15th World Conference on Tobacco OR Health in Singapore.
The document discusses a study on smoking patterns in tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh, finding that 61% were smokers before their TB diagnosis, with 50.8% continuing to smoke after diagnosis despite treatment. Younger age groups between 21-50 were most likely to smoke, with over 68% smoking less than 10 cigarettes per day, and the most common reason for continuing smoking was to reduce stress. The study recommends that evaluating smoking status in TB patients and encouraging smoking cessation could help improve treatment outcomes.
Drug abuse has now become a major public health problem in Nigeria requiring urgent attention. Although drug abuse cut across all age groups, the youths are however the most affected. This study aimed at assessing Community Pharmacists involvement in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims. The study was carried out in Abuja Municipal Area Council, questionnaires were administered to Community Pharmacists practicing within the Area Council. A total of 176 Community Pharmacists participated in the study, and slightly above a quarter (27.43%) of them had post-graduate degrees. More than three-quarters (79.5%) of the study participants had received training on drug abuse. A total of 89.2% of the study participants had come across persons suspected to be abusing prescription medicines. Almost all (96.6%) of the study participants indicated that they are willing to advise persons suspected to be abusing drugs on the dangers of drug abuse, and 88.1% of the study participants had spoken to clients concerning abuse of prescription medicines. Also, more than three-quarters (80.1%) of the study participants indicated that pharmacists’ role in the prevention of drug abuse is very important. The study has revealed that Community Pharmacists can play an invaluable role in the rehabilitation of drug abuse victims in Nigeria.
This poster was presented at the 45th Union World Conference on Lung Health in 2014. It outlines the interim findings of a study that tests behaviour change interventions aimed at lung health patients in Nepal
The use of cessation assistance among smokers from china findings from the ...Julia Purpera
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers reported attempting to quit smoking between the first and second waves of the survey, while only 6% were abstinent at 18-month follow-up.
2) Visiting a doctor or health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit.
3) Only 5.8% of smokers who attempted to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Contrary to findings in other countries, NRT use in China was associated with lower abstinence rates.
4) The
This study examined smoking cessation behavior and use of cessation assistance among Chinese smokers. The key findings were:
1) Approximately 26% of smokers attempted to quit between waves of the survey (18 months apart), while 6% were abstinent at follow-up.
2) Only 5.8% of those attempting to quit reported using nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) and NRT was associated with lower odds of abstinence.
3) Visiting a doctor/health professional was associated with greater attempts to quit smoking and higher abstinence rates compared to those who did not visit a professional.
4) The use of formal cessation assistance remains low in China despite some evidence that
This study examined the prevalence and patterns of tobacco chewing among youth in western Nepal. A cross-sectional study was conducted with 844 college students across 5 colleges in Pokhara, Nepal between 2006-2007. The prevalence of ever chewing was found to be 21.3% and current chewing was 8.3%. The mean age of initiation was 15.7 years for ever chewers and 16.5 years for current chewers. Peer influence, family members who chew, and personal experimentation were identified as risk factors for chewing initiation. Having chewer friends and family members continued the habit. The study highlights the public health issue of rising smokeless tobacco use among youth in Nepal.
Prevalence and Pattern of Tobacco Use among Adults in an Urban Community iosrjce
Tobacco use is a global pandemic and is the leading cause of preventable death. Most of the deaths
are occurring in the low and middle income countries.
Objectives: To determine the prevalence and pattern of tobacco use among adults in an urban community.
Materials and methods: A cross sectional study was conducted using face to face interviews on 403 individuals
aged 18 years and above residing in an urban community of Imphal West, Manipur. Descriptive statistics and
Chi –square test was used for analysis.
Results: The prevalence of ever use of tobacco use was 66.3% and of which 95.5% were current users. Tobacco
was used predominantly in smokeless form (zarda pan, khaini, gutkha) by 85% of the users. Smoked tobacco
was used only by 15% of the users. The commonest influencing factor for tobacco use was peer pressure.
Conclusion: Prevalence of tobacco use in this community was high. There is a need to develop effective health
education and multifactorial tobacco quitting strategies with focus on help and support for those who wish to
quit tobacco.
Tobacco use: A Major Risk Factor for Non-Communicable Diseases in Central NepalDr. Kishor Adhikari
1) The study assessed tobacco use and its association with blood pressure in central Nepal. It found that 42.1% of males and 18.4% of females currently used tobacco.
2) Tobacco use was found to have no significant relationship with systolic blood pressure but had a significant relationship with diastolic blood pressure.
3) Logistic regression showed that tobacco use increases the odds of high diastolic blood pressure by 33.2%. Reducing tobacco use is recommended to help prevent non-communicable diseases in Nepal.
This study surveyed the deans of student affairs at US medical schools to understand their awareness of medical student smoking rates, smoking cessation programs available, and hiring policies that restrict employment of smokers including residency applicants. The survey found that most medical schools estimate the smoking rate among students is around 6% based on guesses rather than formal surveys. Over half of schools lack smoking cessation programs. Despite trends in hospital policies prohibiting hiring of smokers, only 22% of deans were aware of such policies impacting residency matching. The study concludes medical schools need better awareness and support for students to quit smoking to ensure residency placement.
—Reproductive health development depends on the menstrual hygiene in adolescence. Half of all mental health disorders in adulthood start during adolescence. Drug, alcohol and tobacco use is major concern in this group. The present study was conducted to study the reproductive health, mental health and various addictions in urban adolescents. This cross sectional study was conducted among 506 adolescents from standard 9 th and 10 th in a high school in Margao city of South Goa district in year 2015. Study participants were sampled by census method and interviewed by using a pretested, structured questionnaire. The mean age of study participants i.e. in girls it was 16.30 years & in boys it was observed 16.43 years. 85.4% of the study participants experienced one of the feelings of being anxious, sad, irritable or stressed, 74.4% of the study participants experienced feelings suggestive of psychosomatic disorder and 48.4% participants felt they were good for nothing. 58.1% had normal cycles of 21-35 days while 30.7% and 11.2% of the girls had cycles of < 21 days & 36-60 days respectively. 49.2% experienced mild symptoms of dysmenorrhoea, equal percentage experienced moderate symptoms and 1.6% experienced severe dysmenorrhoea. 40.4% had curdy white vaginal discharge, 5.5% had greenish yellow discharge and 19.8% had blood stained vaginal discharge. 5.5% of the adolescents smoked.1.2% of the participants chewed Gutkha. 26.5% had consumed alcohol & 3.8% had tried drugs. The study shows that adolescents face various problems which need to be addressed.
Life Style for Adult Patients with Hyperthyroidism at Baghdad Teaching Hospitaliosrjce
IOSR Journal of Nursing and health Science is ambitious to disseminate information and experience in education, practice and investigation between medicine, nursing and all the sciences involved in health care. Nursing & Health Sciences focuses on the international exchange of knowledge in nursing and health sciences. The journal publishes peer-reviewed papers on original research, education and clinical practice.
By encouraging scholars from around the world to share their knowledge and expertise, the journal aims to provide the reader with a deeper understanding of the lived experience of nursing and health sciences and the opportunity to enrich their own area of practice. The journal publishes original papers, reviews, special and general articles, case management etc.
This document describes a study assessing the knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs of university students at risk of becoming first-time electronic cigarette users. The study involved surveying 455 students, identifying 39 at-risk participants. Most students were aware of e-cigarettes and many had tried them or were contemplating using them. Based on pre-testing different communication designs with the at-risk group, three designs - a hand with text, aerosol spray can, and infographic - tested most favorably and will be implemented in a campus health communication campaign to educate students on e-cigarette risks. The project aims to contribute to the university's initiative to discourage first-time e-cigarette use among students.
Opioid Usage Trends in Rheumatoid Arthritis_20151005_SJAJ.A. Zamora-Legoff
- Patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had significantly higher rates of both any opiate use and chronic opiate use compared to non-RA patients over the study period of 2004-2014. 40% of RA patients used opiates in 2014 compared to 24% of non-RA patients.
- Chronic opiate use was substantially higher in RA patients, with 12% using chronic opiates in 2014 compared to 4% of non-RA patients. Younger RA patients aged 18-49 had the highest rates of chronic opiate use.
- RA disease characteristics did not correlate with chronic opiate use, but glucocorticoid use was associated with higher risk of chronic opiate use in RA patients.
Opioid Usage Trends in Rheumatoid Arthritis_20151005_SJA
Mehrotra Tob Ajcp Smoking
1. Tobacco Use by Indian Medical Students and Comprehensive Intervention Strategies
RESEARCH COMMUNICATION
Tobacco Use by Indian Medical Students and the Need for
Comprehensive Intervention Strategies
Ravi Mehrotra1*, Ajay Kr Chaudhary2, Shruti Pandya1, Kavita Aditi Mehrotra3,
Mamta Singh1
Abstract
Background: Tobacco is one of the most important causes of pulmonary and cardiac diseases. Health
professionals, including medical students, should ideally play an important role in the fight against tobacco use
but several reports suggest that a good number of medical students are themselves addicted to tobacco. Methods:
This is a single institutional cross-sectional survey of preclinical medical students in Moti Lal Nehru Medical
College, Allahabad over a five-year period from 2003-2007. Data was collected using the WHO Global Health
Professionals Survey questionnaire. Results: 560 students over a period of five years were included in this study.
A total of 183 were tobacco users of which 83 were tobacco chewers, 59 cigarette smokers and 41were addicted
to both chewing and smoking. As health professionals, 88% knew that they should advise their patients to quit
tobacco. Conclusion:This study showed rampant abuse of tobacco. Specific smoking cessation training is needed
for medical students to develop appropriate skills and strategies.
Keywords: Tobacco - medical students - intervention strategies
Asian Pacific J Cancer Prev, 11, 349-352
Introduction Materials and Methods
Health professionals have an important role in the This is a single institutional cross-sectional survey
fight against tobacco use. The World Health Organization of preclinical medical students in the Moti Lal Nehru
(2006) recommends that they can help to educate the Medical College, Allahabad over a five-year period
population about tobacco, as community members they from 2003-2007. Third and fourth semester students
can support anti-tobacco policies and at a societal level, of consecutive batches were surveyed. Nearly 90-95%
they may influence national and global tobacco control students of each batch were participated. Data was
efforts. (Imam et al., 2007) Hypothesized that rapid collected in the WHO Global Health Professionals Survey
industrialization, urbanization and increased exposure (GHPS) questionnaire after institutional ethical committee
to the Western life style may have contributed to the clearance. The participation was entirely voluntary. A
spreading of substance use, with alcohol and tobacco brief introduction was given to the purpose of the study
acting as “gateway drugs” to the use of other substances and the participants were reassured about confidentiality.
like cocaine, heroin etc. Glynn et al (2009) noted that in Questionnaires were distributed in the class and collected
most developed countries where tobacco use has come after 15-20 minutes.
down; usually doctors have led the way by being the first The collected data included age, sex and habit of
group to quit its use. smoking, type of tobacco use, tobacco use in family,
Physicians are in a position to lead the smoking awareness of tobacco and tobacco control issues etc. The
cessation programs, give guidance and help to their determinants of tobacco use among the medical students
patients to stop smoking (Shimkhada and Peabody, are many and varied. Sociodemographic factors such as
2003). Medical students are ideally suited to provide gender, and rural versus urban residence are related to
knowledge about tobacco use. However, medical students tobacco . Factors affecting social norms were investigated
who themselves use tobacco are unlikely to counsel including family influence and tobacco use by friends;
patients against using tobacco (Gupta and Ray, 2003). curricular teaching; exposure to advertisements in the
The objective of this study was to assess the prevalence, media and community; access and availability of tobacco
awareness, and attitudes towards tobacco consumption products in the area of residence; concurrent alcohol and
amongst medical students. tobacco smoking; nicotine dependence; desire to quit
tobacco use; levels of awareness about the harmfulness of
Department of Pathology, Moti Lal Nehru Medical College, 2Centre for Biotechnology, University of Allahabad, 3Department of
1
Computer Science, Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology, Allahabad, India *For Correspondence: rm8509@gmail.com
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 11, 2010 349
2. Ravi Mehrotra et al
tobacco and attitudes towards government tobacco control
policies on access.
A total of 586 preclinical medical students participated
in this study. Out of these, 564 students completed the
questionnaires and 22 declined to participate, giving a total
response rate of 96.2%. Four incomplete questionnaires
were excluded from the final evaluation. Thus finally, 560
complete questionnaires were analyzed.
Definitions of variables:
Current user: Current user (smoker/chewer) was
defined as one who had smoked/chewed tobacco products
at least 2-5 or more times daily.
Ex-User: Ex-user was defined as a person who ever
used tobacco in any form in his/her lifetime.
Non-user: Non-users was defined as those who never Figure 1. Perceived Role of Medical Students
used tobacco in any form in his/her lifetime. Regarding Tobacco Control
Results Practice and Awareness of tobacco related products:
A total of 236 (42.2%) participants started tobacco
Responses from 560 students were included in the chewing and smoking because their close friends smoked
survey. Of these, 183(33%) were users and 377 (67%) and/or chewed tobacco. 402 (71.7 %) participants were
participants did not have any habit i.e. never chewed of the view that tobacco products were easily available
tobacco nor smoked cigarettes in their life. Out of the 560 everywhere and this free access helped them in consuming
responders, 374 (66.8%) were males and 186 (33%) were cigarettes and chewing tobacco frequently. 486 (86.7%)
females. Of these 374 males, 121(32.4%) were users and agreed that it should be banned at public places. 443
253(67.6%) non-users. Of 186 females, 62(33.3%) were (79.2%) students were of the view that sale of tobacco
users and 124(66.7%) nonusers. Maximum participants products to adolescents should be banned. 447 (79.8%)
475 (84.8%) were between the age of 18 to 24 years. 432 participants wanted that advertising of these products
(77%) students lived on-campus, of which 143 (33%) should be banned, while 375 (66.9 %) were of the view
were tobacco users and 289 (67%) were non-users, while that tobacco products should be banned in discos/ pubs/
128 (23%) lived off-campus; of which 40 (31.3%) used restaurants.
tobacco products and 88 (68.7%) were non-users. (Table As health professionals, 495 (88.4%) knew that they
1). On the basis of habits, out of 183 users, 83(45.4%) should advise their patients to quit smoking and 352
were tobacco chewers, 59(32.2%) cigarette smokers and (62.8%) were keen to give information about the harmful
41(22.4%) were addicted to both. Individual breakup of effects of tobacco products and insist on patients to quit
these participants is given in Table 1. tobacco products. 452(80.4%) participants were keen to
Table 1. Bivariate Analysis of Tobacco Use among have specific training on tobacco cessation strategies.
Medical Students (Figure 1).
Variables Users Non User Total
Limitations
Sex Male 121 (32.4) 253 (67.6) 374 (66.8) The participation rate was 96.2%. As this was a self-
Female 62 (33.3) 124 (66.7) 186 (33.2) administrated questionnaires survey, there may be some
Age (Years)18 -24 165 (34.7) 310 (65.3) 475 (84.8) probability of reporting and information bias. Considering.
>24 18 (21.0) 67 (79.0) 85 (15.2)
the existing taboos about the tobacco use, female students
Residence On campus 143 (33.0) 289 (67.0) 432 (77.1)
Off campus 40 (31.3) 88 (68.7) 128 (22.9)
are likely to under-report tobacco use.
Table 2. Tobacco Use among Medical Students Discussion
Use Total (183) Male (121) Female (62)
Tobacco is one of the most important causes of various
Tobacco Chewing diseases all over the world (WHO, 2002). Consumption
Current user 49 (59%) 28 (57.1%) 21 (42.8%) of tobacco is a major challenge for health professionals
Ex-user 34 (40.9%) 25 (73.5%) 10 (26.5%)
and policy-planners. Warren et al recently reported that
Total 83 (45.4%) 53 (64.0%) 30 (36.0%)
Cigarettes
in 47 out of 80 global health professional students’ survey
Current user 32 (54.2%) 19 (59.4%) 13 (40.6%) sites around the world, over 20% of the medical students
Ex-smoker 27 (45.7%) 21 (77.7%) 6 (22.3%) currently smoked cigarettes; and in 29 of 77 sites, over
Total 59 (32.2%) 40 (67.7%) 19 (32.2%) 10% of the medical students currently used other tobacco
Tobacco Chewing + Cigarettes products. 60% of health professional students recognized
Current user 22 (53.6%) 17 (77.2%) 5 (22.7%) that they are role models in society and believed that they
Ex-users 19 (46.3%) 11 (57.9%) 8 (42.1%) should receive training on counseling patients to quit
Total 41 (22.4%) 28 (68.2%) 13 (31.7%) the tobacco use (Warren et al., 2008). The percentage of
350 Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 11, 2010
3. Tobacco Use by Indian Medical Students and Comprehensive Intervention Strategies
tobacco users in the present survey was, however, higher in favor of banning the use of these products in public
than the world median of 32.7%. places.
In this study, 560 responses of undergraduate medical Gupta et al (2003) suggested that doctors who
students in their second year of study were analyzed. themselves use tobacco are unlikely to counsel patients
Out of these, 183 (33%) were addicted to tobacco, both against using it. In this study, 88.4% students were of the
smoking and smoke-free. Ramakrishna et al (2005) view that health professionals served as role models for
reported that 7% among the male first-year medical their patients and they should give advice and information
students from Orissa smoked and this increased to 16% in regarding the harmful effects of tobacco. 80.4% of them
the fifth year. Singh et al (1989) also found that smoking were of the opinion that health professionals should get
rates increased from 17% to 43% between the first and specific training in tobacco cessation program. Similarly,
fifth year while Sandell et al (1983) observed a similar Prochaska et al (2007) from San Francisco reported that
trend, with lower overall prevalence rates of 4% in the 74% of the medical students surveyed by them were
first year medical students to 10% in the fourth and fifth ready to advise patients to quit tobacco product for health
years. However a survey of tobacco consumption in the benefits and suggested the need of additional training and
final year students was not attempted in this study and is integration of cessation counseling into clinical rotations.
planned in the future. Recently, Rai et al (2008) reported Stanikas (2005) reported that knowledge and extent of
that out of 2135 medical students who were surveyed at the tobacco problem in undergraduate medical students
a medical festival, 6.1% used tobacco products. was not sufficient. Teaching about tobacco and related
In this study, 33% students, who were tobacco users, issues is generally ignored in the undergraduate medical
lived on-campus while 31.3% students who used tobacco course. It might be expected that the medical schools
lived off-campus. Thus there was minimal difference would provide an environment where students who are
between the tobacco users who lived on-campus and off- smokers would be motivated to give it up and those who
campus and residential status did not make any difference are non-smokers would remain so. However, evidence
in starting or continuing the habit. In this study, 42.2% from their study was found to be contrary. Schkrohowsky
students, who were addicted to tobacco, admitted that they et al (2007) highlighted the need for medical schools to
were initiated into the habit because their close friends place greater emphasis on developing the knowledge base
also used tobacco in any form. 79.8% students surveyed and skills required for future physicians to effectively
favored banning advertisements of tobacco in any form. guide their nicotine-dependent patients to stop smoking. A
Nawaz et al (2007) from Pakistan concurred with these recent study from Kerala, South India also suggested that
findings and concluded that advertisements should be tobacco education program should be incorporated into
banned and the price of tobacco products should be the medical education curriculum (Mohan et al., 2006).
increased. In this study, participants consumed tobacco Positive student attitudes towards their role in tobacco
both in smoking and smokeless forms (Paan, Gutka etc). chewing and smoking cessation were found in this study.
On the other hand, in a similar study from neighboring There was an almost universally held view that doctors
Pakistan, chewing tobacco (Naswar) was found to be the can have a significant impact on reducing tobacco chewing
most common form consumed (Imam et al., 2007). This and smoking levels. Although most students perceived
could possibly be due to the fact that smoking tobacco smoking intervention to be a worthwhile activity, they
is relatively socially unacceptable in a Muslim society, remained pessimistic about the ease with which patients
unlike a multi-cultural society like India. smoking behavior could be changed. Positive smoking
In this study, out of 183 users, 53 (64%) male and cessation knowledge changes may be readily achieved
30(36%) female responders were tobacco chewers. On the through training. However, specific smoking cessation
other hand, a report from Calcutta showed that 49% male training is needed for medical students to develop
and 28% female medical students were current tobacco appropriate skills and strategies. Roche et al (1996)
users (Naskar and Bhattacharya, 1999). Higher number suggested that specific training in smoking cessation
of males as compared to females was also reported by techniques is necessary to increase the intervention skills
Imam from Pakistan (Imam et al., 2007). Lei et al (1999) of medical students. Traditional teaching methods are
reported that in China, smoking among women medical ineffective in developing smoking cessation intervention
students (1.8%) was much lower than in men (21.5%). In skills. Enhanced teaching, of an appropriate nature, at
this study, 59.4% males and 40.6% females were current undergraduate and postgraduate levels is needed. (Roche
smokers while 77.7% males and 22.3% females were ex et al., 1996) Tobacco use in India, specially smokeless
smokers. Stanikas et al (2005) also reported, in their study tobacco, has been on the rise vis-à-vis the more developed
from Lithuania, that 19.4% males and 4.2% females were countries and the future physicians being exposed to
current smokers, while 15.9% males and 10.4% females the same social milieu, cannot be spared (Jandoo and
were ex smokers. Mehrotra, 2008). Physicians occupy a key position in
The availability of tobacco products in attractive, the society and may lead smoking cessation program in
inexpensive colored pouches on every road corner, the community. Urgent steps are required to be taken to
including the college and associated hospitals, made educate medical students about tobacco usage so that
accessibility of these products much easier. Ahmed et they can serve as role models to their non-medical peers.
al reported similar findings (2006). In this study, 79% It is vital that medical students - the future medical
medical students were of the view that sale of tobacco practitioners - have adequate knowledge of smoking
products to adolescents should be banned and 86.7% were related diseases and skills in smoking cessation.
Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 11, 2010 351
4. Ravi Mehrotra et al
References World Health Organization (2006). Tobacco Free Initiative (TFI)
Website. [Cited Oct]. Available from: http://www.who.int/
Ahmed MS, Ali SA, Ali AS (2006). Epidemiology and etiology tobacco. /en/. (Accessed Sept. 21, 2009)
study of oral submucous fibrosis among gutka users in Patna,
Bihar, India. J Ind Soc Pedod Prev Dent, 24, 84-9.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2005). Tobacco use
and cession counseling-Global health professionals survey
(GHPS) pilot study.10 countries. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep, 54, 505-9.
Glynn T, Pertschuk M, Saloojee Y (2009). Tobacco control
strategy planning guides. www.strategyguides.globalink.
org (Accessed Sept. 21, 2009).
Gupta PC, Ray CS (2003). Smokeless tobacco and health in
India and South Asia. Respirology, 8, 419-31.
Imam SZ, Nawaz H, Sepah YJ (2007). Use of smokeless tobacco
among groups of Pakistani medical students – a cross
sectional study. BMC Public Health, 7, 231-4.
Jandoo T, Mehrotra R (2008). Tobacco control in India: Present
scenario and challenges ahead. Asian Pacific J Cancer
Prev, 9, 826-30.
Lei Z, Jingheng H, Jianzhong L (1997). Smoking among
Shanghai medical students and the need for comprehensive
intervention strategies. Health Promot Int, 12, 27-32.
Warren C W, Jones NR, Chauvin J (2008). Tobacco use and
cessation counseling: cross-country. Data from the Global
Health Professions Student Survey (GHPSS), 2005-7.
Tobacco Control, 17, 238-47.
Mohan S, Pradeepkumar AS, Thresia CU (2006). Tobacco use
among medical professionals in Kerala, India: the need
for enhanced tobacco cessation and control efforts. Addict
Behav 31, 2313-5.
Naskar NN, Bhattacharya SK (1999). A study on drug abuse
among the undergraduate medical students in Calcutta. J
Indian Med Assoc, 97, 20-21
Nawaz H, Imam SZ, Zubairi AB (2007). Smoking habits and
beliefs of future physicians of Pakistan. Int J Tuberc Lung
Dis, 11, 915-9.
Prochaska JJ, Teherani A, Hauer KE (2007). Medical students’
use of the stages of change model in tobacco cessation
counseling. J Gen Intern Med, 22, 223-7.
Rai D, Gaete J, Girotra S (2008). Substance use among medical
students: time to reignite the debate? Natl Med J India, 21,
75-8.
Ramakrishna GS, Sharma PS, Thankappan KR (2005). Tobacco
used among medical students in Orissa. Natl Med J India,
18, 285-9.
Roche AM, Eccleston P, Sanson-Fisher R (1996). Teaching
smoking cessation skills to senior medical students: a block-
randomized controlled trial of four different approaches.
Prev Med, 25, 251-8.
Sandell J, Singh S, Sati TK (1983). A study of smoking habits of
medical students of Uttar Pradesh. Indian J Public Health,
27, 96-101.
Schkrohowsky JG, Kalesan B, Alberg AJ (2007). Tobacco
awareness in three U.S. medical schools. J Addict Dis, 26,
101-06.
Shimkhada R, Peabody JW (2003). Tobacco control in India.
Bull WHO, 81, 48-52.
Singh SK, Narang RK, Chandra S (1989). Smoking habits of the
medical students. Indian J Chest Dis Allied Sci, 31, 99-103.
Stanikas T (2005). Smoking habits, attitudes and smoking
cessation among sixth-year medical students of Kaunas
University of Medicine Aurelijus Veryga. Medicina, 41,
607-13.
World Health Report (2002). Quantifying selected major risks
to health. Available from http:/www.who.int.whr/2002/
chapter4.pdf. (Accessed Sept. 21, 2009).
352 Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, Vol 11, 2010