1. The document discusses the evolution of medication distribution systems in hospitals from floor stock systems to unit dose systems and the role of technology.
2. Early systems like floor stock led to errors, so unit dose was developed, packaging individual doses for each patient. This required pharmacy to take a larger role in distribution and clinical services.
3. Automated technologies now fill most distribution functions, freeing pharmacists for patient care. Current systems aim to reduce errors while maintaining pharmacist oversight of the medication use process.
The document discusses unit dose medication distribution systems. It defines a unit dose system as a pharmacy-coordinated method for dispensing and controlling medications in organized healthcare settings where medications are packaged in single units and dispensed in a ready-to-administer form. The document reviews the basic elements, advantages, disadvantages and types of unit dose systems. It also provides details about the specific unit dose system used at Dar El Shefa hospital, including medication verification, dispensing, preparation, double checking and returning of unused medications.
pharmacy practice sem 7 notes unit 2
Dispensing of drugs to inpatients, types of drug distribution systems, charging policy
and labelling, Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients, and Dispensing of
controlled drugs
There are four main types of drug distribution systems for dispensing medications to hospital inpatients: (1) individual prescription order system, (2) complete floor stock system, (3) combination of individual and floor stock system, and (4) unit dose dispensing (UDD) system. The UDD system, where medications are packaged and labeled in individual doses, is the safest and most efficient but most expensive. The best system depends on factors like hospital size, patient population, and budget. Pharmacists must understand these options to choose a distribution method that safely and effectively delivers medications to patients.
Drug distribution in hospitals can be categorized as inpatient or outpatient services. For inpatients, drugs are distributed via individual prescription orders, complete floor stock systems, or unit dose dispensing. Complete floor stock stores drugs at nursing stations while unit dose prepares individual doses. Outpatient drugs are dispensed from pharmacies or satellite pharmacies based on physician prescriptions. The goal is to ensure patients receive the right medications safely and efficiently.
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It covers both outpatient and inpatient distribution. For outpatients, drugs are dispensed from a pharmacy near the outpatient area. For inpatients, common distribution systems include individual prescriptions, floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and satellite pharmacies located on hospital floors. The goal is to efficiently provide needed drugs to patients while minimizing errors.
There are two main types of drug distribution in hospitals: inpatient and outpatient. For inpatients, there are four common systems - individual prescriptions, complete floor stock, a combination of the two, and unit dose. Unit dose involves packaging each dose separately for better control and to prevent partially used medications. Outpatients receive drugs from the hospital pharmacy based on a physician's prescription.
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes three main types of systems - ward-controlled, pharmacy-controlled imprest based, and pharmacy-controlled patient issue (unit dose). It provides details on four specific distribution methods: individual prescription order, complete floor stock, non-floor stock, and unit dose. The unit dose system is emphasized as it packages and administers drugs in single doses to minimize errors. Various procedures, advantages and disadvantages are outlined for each distribution method.
The document discusses unit dose medication distribution systems. It defines a unit dose system as a pharmacy-coordinated method for dispensing and controlling medications in organized healthcare settings where medications are packaged in single units and dispensed in a ready-to-administer form. The document reviews the basic elements, advantages, disadvantages and types of unit dose systems. It also provides details about the specific unit dose system used at Dar El Shefa hospital, including medication verification, dispensing, preparation, double checking and returning of unused medications.
pharmacy practice sem 7 notes unit 2
Dispensing of drugs to inpatients, types of drug distribution systems, charging policy
and labelling, Dispensing of drugs to ambulatory patients, and Dispensing of
controlled drugs
There are four main types of drug distribution systems for dispensing medications to hospital inpatients: (1) individual prescription order system, (2) complete floor stock system, (3) combination of individual and floor stock system, and (4) unit dose dispensing (UDD) system. The UDD system, where medications are packaged and labeled in individual doses, is the safest and most efficient but most expensive. The best system depends on factors like hospital size, patient population, and budget. Pharmacists must understand these options to choose a distribution method that safely and effectively delivers medications to patients.
Drug distribution in hospitals can be categorized as inpatient or outpatient services. For inpatients, drugs are distributed via individual prescription orders, complete floor stock systems, or unit dose dispensing. Complete floor stock stores drugs at nursing stations while unit dose prepares individual doses. Outpatient drugs are dispensed from pharmacies or satellite pharmacies based on physician prescriptions. The goal is to ensure patients receive the right medications safely and efficiently.
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It covers both outpatient and inpatient distribution. For outpatients, drugs are dispensed from a pharmacy near the outpatient area. For inpatients, common distribution systems include individual prescriptions, floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and satellite pharmacies located on hospital floors. The goal is to efficiently provide needed drugs to patients while minimizing errors.
There are two main types of drug distribution in hospitals: inpatient and outpatient. For inpatients, there are four common systems - individual prescriptions, complete floor stock, a combination of the two, and unit dose. Unit dose involves packaging each dose separately for better control and to prevent partially used medications. Outpatients receive drugs from the hospital pharmacy based on a physician's prescription.
This document discusses drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes three main types of systems - ward-controlled, pharmacy-controlled imprest based, and pharmacy-controlled patient issue (unit dose). It provides details on four specific distribution methods: individual prescription order, complete floor stock, non-floor stock, and unit dose. The unit dose system is emphasized as it packages and administers drugs in single doses to minimize errors. Various procedures, advantages and disadvantages are outlined for each distribution method.
The document summarizes the different drug distribution systems used in hospitals. There are two main types - inpatient and outpatient distribution. For inpatients, drugs can be distributed via individual prescription orders, complete floor stock systems, a combination of the two, or unit dose systems. Complete floor stock systems involve storing commonly used drugs on nursing floors while unit dose systems package drugs in single doses for each patient. The decentralized unit dose system is described as the most common current approach, where a core pharmacy packages and delivers single doses to satellite pharmacies on each hospital floor.
The document discusses different methods for dispensing medications to inpatients in hospitals. It defines an inpatient as someone who occupies a hospital bed for medical care. Dispensing involves removing doses from bulk containers and placing them in other containers for patients. There are four main methods of distributing drugs to inpatients: individual drug ordering, floor stock systems, complete floor stock systems, and unit dose distribution. Floor stock systems involve storing limited drug doses on patient floors, while unit dose distribution involves packaging and administering drugs in single doses. The document provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each distribution method.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN HOSPITAL.pptxAnilDhakal14
The document summarizes the key aspects of drug distribution systems within hospitals. It discusses the various methods of dispensing drugs to inpatients, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, a combination approach, and unit dose systems. It also covers labeling policies, dispensing to outpatients and ambulatory patients, and controlled drug handling procedures. The overall drug distribution process in a hospital is complex and involves prescribing, requisitioning, transfers from pharmacy stores to patient administration through both inpatient and outpatient channels. Standard operating procedures and verification steps are needed to ensure safe and quality drug distribution.
Hospital pharmacy is a specialized field that forms an integrated part of patient healthcare. It comprises selecting, preparing, dispensing, and advising on medicines and devices. The profession strives to maintain and improve medication management and pharmaceutical care of patients to the highest standards in a hospital setting.
Hospital pharmacy departments are organized into divisions to efficiently manage services like dispensing, manufacturing, purchasing, and providing drug information. Larger hospitals may separate divisions for inpatient, outpatient, and specialized services like radiopharmacy and intravenous admixtures. The director of pharmacy oversees all divisions and processes to monitor safe and quality medication use for hospital patients.
This document provides an overview of drug supply systems and distribution in hospitals. It describes the key components of efficient drug supply systems according to the WHO, including selection of essential medicines, quantification and forecasting of demand, procurement, storage, and distribution. It then discusses different methods of drug distribution in hospitals, including individual prescription order systems, complete floor stock systems, and unit dose dispensing methods. It also covers topics like drug standards and legislation, resources for collecting drug information, and how to prepare drug cards.
This document describes different drug distribution systems used in hospitals. It discusses the individual prescription order system, complete floor stock system, non-floor stock system, and unit dose system. The individual prescription order system involves distributing drugs according to each patient's prescriptions. The complete floor stock system stores drugs in nursing unit cabinets. The non-floor stock system keeps all drugs in the pharmacy. The unit dose system distributes single-dose packages of medication from the pharmacy to patients on a scheduled basis.
I. Drug distribution in hospitals can be either in-patient distribution, which involves transferring drugs from storage to patients' bedsides, or out-patient distribution for non-admitted patients.
II. There are several systems for drug distribution, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and non-floor stock systems.
III. Proper control and documentation of drug distribution is important, especially for controlled substances, to prevent errors and misuse while ensuring patients receive needed treatment.
Drug distribution systems in Hospitals for Out patient and Inpatientanand kakde
This document discusses various drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes systems for both outpatients and inpatients. For outpatients, locations for outpatient pharmacies are discussed, including having a separate pharmacy or combining services with the inpatient pharmacy. The process of dispensing drugs to outpatients is outlined. For inpatients, methods like individual prescriptions, floor stock systems, and unit dose systems are described. Floor stock involves storing drugs at nursing units and can include charge or non-charge drugs. Unit dose systems like centralized and decentralized models are defined. Benefits of unit dose include reducing errors and having easier drug accounting.
This document summarizes a presentation on pharmacology. It discusses drug supply and distribution in hospitals, including the selection and procurement of essential medicines, storage, and physical transfer of medicines to patients. It describes two types of drug distribution for outpatients and inpatients. Four systems for inpatient drug distribution are outlined, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock, a combination system, and unit dose dispensing. Procedures for dispensing controlled drugs and maintaining drug cards are also summarized.
PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug formulations and drug delivery systemsPKGupta8
The document discusses drug delivery systems and formulations. It defines key terms like dosage form, formulation, drug delivery, and drug delivery systems. It distinguishes between conventional and newer drug delivery systems. Some newer systems described include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal drug delivery systems like sonophoresis. Osmotic drug delivery systems and microencapsulation are also summarized. The advantages of newer systems include increased efficacy, targeted delivery, and controlled release of drugs.
The document discusses hospital formularies and therapeutic drug monitoring. It defines a hospital formulary as a list of drugs chosen by the medical staff and pharmacy committee that reflects their views on the most effective medications for treating patients. A formulary contains drug information like dosage, administration, and brand/generic names. It differs from a drug list in that it provides more detailed summaries and guidelines. Therapeutic drug monitoring measures drug concentrations in patients to ensure levels are within the therapeutic window for maximum benefit and minimal toxicity. It is used when drug response cannot be directly measured to optimize individual dosage regimens.
This document discusses different drug distribution systems used in hospitals, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock, a combination of the two, and unit dose systems. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. Complete floor stock involves charging drugs to patients and having non-charged drugs available on nursing floors. Unit dose packaging provides single doses of medications and allows accurate tracking of administered drugs. The document also covers dispensing drugs to outpatients and policies for controlling narcotics and other regulated substances in hospitals.
This document discusses drug formulations, drug delivery systems, and newer drug delivery technologies. It defines the differences between dosage forms and formulations. Drug delivery systems aim to target drugs to specific sites and control their release for improved efficacy and safety. Newer systems include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal patches. They provide benefits like increased bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled release profiles. Common technologies are osmotic pumps, microencapsulation, and insertable implants that can deliver drugs over extended periods. Newer delivery systems have advantages but also challenges around costs, potential side effects, and complex manufacturing requirements.
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Developments and general anaesthetic and the rest is the rest of them and they are you can do it for me if you can afford to get it from the rest of the year and general anaesthetic drugs and general anaesthetic drugs
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
This document discusses institutional pharmacy and the functions of a hospital pharmacy. It defines hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, and dispensing medicines to hospitalized and ambulatory patients under the supervision of a pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include providing pharmaceutical services to support medical care, developing policies and procedures, estimating staffing and facility needs, conducting research, and providing education. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in different areas like the central dispensary, patient care units, and ambulatory care. The organizational structure and committees like the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee are described. The benefits of developing a hospital drug formulary are highlighted.
This document outlines the responsibilities and tasks of pharmacists in community and hospital settings. In community pharmacy, pharmacists compound, price, and fill prescriptions, provide drug information to patients and medical professionals, and manage the retail operations. In hospital pharmacy, pharmacists distribute medications via floor stock or unit dose systems, prepare IV medications, provide clinical services like drug consultation and information, and assist with purchasing, inventory control, and committees. The key roles of pharmacists are ensuring safe medication use and providing medication expertise.
The document summarizes the different drug distribution systems used in hospitals. There are two main types - inpatient and outpatient distribution. For inpatients, drugs can be distributed via individual prescription orders, complete floor stock systems, a combination of the two, or unit dose systems. Complete floor stock systems involve storing commonly used drugs on nursing floors while unit dose systems package drugs in single doses for each patient. The decentralized unit dose system is described as the most common current approach, where a core pharmacy packages and delivers single doses to satellite pharmacies on each hospital floor.
The document discusses different methods for dispensing medications to inpatients in hospitals. It defines an inpatient as someone who occupies a hospital bed for medical care. Dispensing involves removing doses from bulk containers and placing them in other containers for patients. There are four main methods of distributing drugs to inpatients: individual drug ordering, floor stock systems, complete floor stock systems, and unit dose distribution. Floor stock systems involve storing limited drug doses on patient floors, while unit dose distribution involves packaging and administering drugs in single doses. The document provides details on the advantages and disadvantages of each distribution method.
DRUG DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM IN HOSPITAL.pptxAnilDhakal14
The document summarizes the key aspects of drug distribution systems within hospitals. It discusses the various methods of dispensing drugs to inpatients, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, a combination approach, and unit dose systems. It also covers labeling policies, dispensing to outpatients and ambulatory patients, and controlled drug handling procedures. The overall drug distribution process in a hospital is complex and involves prescribing, requisitioning, transfers from pharmacy stores to patient administration through both inpatient and outpatient channels. Standard operating procedures and verification steps are needed to ensure safe and quality drug distribution.
Hospital pharmacy is a specialized field that forms an integrated part of patient healthcare. It comprises selecting, preparing, dispensing, and advising on medicines and devices. The profession strives to maintain and improve medication management and pharmaceutical care of patients to the highest standards in a hospital setting.
Hospital pharmacy departments are organized into divisions to efficiently manage services like dispensing, manufacturing, purchasing, and providing drug information. Larger hospitals may separate divisions for inpatient, outpatient, and specialized services like radiopharmacy and intravenous admixtures. The director of pharmacy oversees all divisions and processes to monitor safe and quality medication use for hospital patients.
This document provides an overview of drug supply systems and distribution in hospitals. It describes the key components of efficient drug supply systems according to the WHO, including selection of essential medicines, quantification and forecasting of demand, procurement, storage, and distribution. It then discusses different methods of drug distribution in hospitals, including individual prescription order systems, complete floor stock systems, and unit dose dispensing methods. It also covers topics like drug standards and legislation, resources for collecting drug information, and how to prepare drug cards.
This document describes different drug distribution systems used in hospitals. It discusses the individual prescription order system, complete floor stock system, non-floor stock system, and unit dose system. The individual prescription order system involves distributing drugs according to each patient's prescriptions. The complete floor stock system stores drugs in nursing unit cabinets. The non-floor stock system keeps all drugs in the pharmacy. The unit dose system distributes single-dose packages of medication from the pharmacy to patients on a scheduled basis.
I. Drug distribution in hospitals can be either in-patient distribution, which involves transferring drugs from storage to patients' bedsides, or out-patient distribution for non-admitted patients.
II. There are several systems for drug distribution, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock systems, unit dose systems, and non-floor stock systems.
III. Proper control and documentation of drug distribution is important, especially for controlled substances, to prevent errors and misuse while ensuring patients receive needed treatment.
Drug distribution systems in Hospitals for Out patient and Inpatientanand kakde
This document discusses various drug distribution systems in hospitals. It describes systems for both outpatients and inpatients. For outpatients, locations for outpatient pharmacies are discussed, including having a separate pharmacy or combining services with the inpatient pharmacy. The process of dispensing drugs to outpatients is outlined. For inpatients, methods like individual prescriptions, floor stock systems, and unit dose systems are described. Floor stock involves storing drugs at nursing units and can include charge or non-charge drugs. Unit dose systems like centralized and decentralized models are defined. Benefits of unit dose include reducing errors and having easier drug accounting.
This document summarizes a presentation on pharmacology. It discusses drug supply and distribution in hospitals, including the selection and procurement of essential medicines, storage, and physical transfer of medicines to patients. It describes two types of drug distribution for outpatients and inpatients. Four systems for inpatient drug distribution are outlined, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock, a combination system, and unit dose dispensing. Procedures for dispensing controlled drugs and maintaining drug cards are also summarized.
PH1.3 Enumerate and identify drug formulations and drug delivery systemsPKGupta8
The document discusses drug delivery systems and formulations. It defines key terms like dosage form, formulation, drug delivery, and drug delivery systems. It distinguishes between conventional and newer drug delivery systems. Some newer systems described include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal drug delivery systems like sonophoresis. Osmotic drug delivery systems and microencapsulation are also summarized. The advantages of newer systems include increased efficacy, targeted delivery, and controlled release of drugs.
The document discusses hospital formularies and therapeutic drug monitoring. It defines a hospital formulary as a list of drugs chosen by the medical staff and pharmacy committee that reflects their views on the most effective medications for treating patients. A formulary contains drug information like dosage, administration, and brand/generic names. It differs from a drug list in that it provides more detailed summaries and guidelines. Therapeutic drug monitoring measures drug concentrations in patients to ensure levels are within the therapeutic window for maximum benefit and minimal toxicity. It is used when drug response cannot be directly measured to optimize individual dosage regimens.
This document discusses different drug distribution systems used in hospitals, including individual prescription ordering, complete floor stock, a combination of the two, and unit dose systems. It describes the advantages and disadvantages of each. Complete floor stock involves charging drugs to patients and having non-charged drugs available on nursing floors. Unit dose packaging provides single doses of medications and allows accurate tracking of administered drugs. The document also covers dispensing drugs to outpatients and policies for controlling narcotics and other regulated substances in hospitals.
This document discusses drug formulations, drug delivery systems, and newer drug delivery technologies. It defines the differences between dosage forms and formulations. Drug delivery systems aim to target drugs to specific sites and control their release for improved efficacy and safety. Newer systems include liposomes, nanoparticles, microspheres, and transdermal patches. They provide benefits like increased bioavailability, targeted delivery, and controlled release profiles. Common technologies are osmotic pumps, microencapsulation, and insertable implants that can deliver drugs over extended periods. Newer delivery systems have advantages but also challenges around costs, potential side effects, and complex manufacturing requirements.
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step. This is the important
stage for success of a product
New Drug Developments and general anaesthetic and the rest is the rest of them and they are you can do it for me if you can afford to get it from the rest of the year and general anaesthetic drugs and general anaesthetic drugs
New product dedisions provide a dear path to the business. New product development
astep by step process. A Complete idea is required behind new product.
1 1deal Generation: The development of a product starts with the concept and idea.
The remaining process is depending on that idea.
2 Screening of Idea: This step is cruial to ensure that unsuitable ideas, for whatever
reason, are rejected as soon as possible. Ideas need to be considered objectively,
ideally by a group or committee.
3. Concept Development and Testing: After having an idea, next is the sreening
stage. The idea should now convert into concept. It has depth information which can
be visualizing by the consumer.
4. Anaysis of business: After finalization of concept, a business case needs to be kept
algTStogether to consider whether the new service /product will be gainful.
2665.Product Development If the nev product is approved, it will be approved to the
2marketing and technical development step.
6. Test Marketing: Market testing (test marketing or) is different to consumer testing.
in that it introduces the product that follows proposed plan of marketing.
od7. Commercialization: When the concept has been tested and developed, final
0decisions are required to move the product to its introduction into the market.
8. Launch: A detailed plan of launch is required for this step
Drug distribution is one of the basic service provided by the hospital pharmacy.
Drug distribution system falls in to 3 categories -
1)Ward – controlled system
2)Pharmacy controlled imprest based system
3)Pharmacy controlled patient issue system
This document discusses institutional pharmacy and the functions of a hospital pharmacy. It defines hospital pharmacy as the department responsible for procuring, storing, and dispensing medicines to hospitalized and ambulatory patients under the supervision of a pharmacist. The key functions of a hospital pharmacy include providing pharmaceutical services to support medical care, developing policies and procedures, estimating staffing and facility needs, conducting research, and providing education. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of pharmacists in different areas like the central dispensary, patient care units, and ambulatory care. The organizational structure and committees like the Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committee are described. The benefits of developing a hospital drug formulary are highlighted.
This document outlines the responsibilities and tasks of pharmacists in community and hospital settings. In community pharmacy, pharmacists compound, price, and fill prescriptions, provide drug information to patients and medical professionals, and manage the retail operations. In hospital pharmacy, pharmacists distribute medications via floor stock or unit dose systems, prepare IV medications, provide clinical services like drug consultation and information, and assist with purchasing, inventory control, and committees. The key roles of pharmacists are ensuring safe medication use and providing medication expertise.
The skin is the largest organ and its health plays a vital role among the other sense organs. The skin concerns like acne breakout, psoriasis, or anything similar along the lines, finding a qualified and experienced dermatologist becomes paramount.
Travel Clinic Cardiff: Health Advice for International TravelersNX Healthcare
Travel Clinic Cardiff offers comprehensive travel health services, including vaccinations, travel advice, and preventive care for international travelers. Our expert team ensures you are well-prepared and protected for your journey, providing personalized consultations tailored to your destination. Conveniently located in Cardiff, we help you travel with confidence and peace of mind. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
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Promoting Wellbeing - Applied Social Psychology - Psychology SuperNotesPsychoTech Services
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
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2. Introduction
Historical overview
Types of Medication Distribution systems
Floor stock system
Patient prescription system
Unit Dose System
Technology and Medication Distribution Systems
Future of distribution systems
2
3. - Pharmacy department is responsible for the
safe and effective use of medication throughout
the entire hospital .
So , One of the primary responsibilities of the
hospital pharmacy is to provide the patient with
an appropriate medication in an acceptable
dosage form available at the appropriate time to
facilitate easy administration .
Introduction
3
4. - Although this sounds relatively simple, the
system required to perform this task is complex
and involves considerable organization .
- The evolving drug distribution system used by
hospital pharmacists reflects the expanding
pharmacist’s role , advancement in technology
and the increasing complexity of drug products .
4
5. - The role of the hospital pharmacist 50 years ago
was primarily confined to the basement . This
location reflects the role of the pharmacist had in
the medication use cycle .
compounding, repackaging, and relabeling of
multiple dose supplies of medications into containers for
subsequent dispensing and storage on a patient care unit
(PCU) .
Historical Overview
5
6. - There were at least two distinct distribution
methods the pharmacist would utilize for the
nurse to obtain the medications for patient use .
- One was referred to as the floor stock system
and the other was the patient prescription
system
6
7. - In the early 1960s of the last century, it became
apparent that more sophisticated distribution
systems would be required. During this period,
unit dose as a new drug distribution system, was
introduced.
- Several university hospitals in USA were, in
part, responsible for laying the foundation and
providing the force for shifting to UD.
- What transformed the hospital pharmacist into
an integral member of the health care team is
the unit dose system .
7
10. -The Floor stock system was the more common
used method .
- It was a duplication of a small pharmacy on the
nursing unit. Drugs were stored so the nurse
would prepare drugs for patient administration.
- The pharmacist was responsible for stocking
nursing unit .
10
11. Floor Stock System (continued)
- The pharmacist would place bulk containers of
medications on the unit often called medication
room .
- The nurse was the professional responsible for
preparing patient specific medications for both
oral and intravenous use .
11
12. Floor Stock System (continued)
-Medications were Not labeled for a specific
patient and could therefore be used for
several doses for numerous patients .
- It was common for 150- 200 medications to
be
stored in a minipharmacy on each PCU .
-The pharmacist would see only transcribed
drug requisitions sent by nursing personnel .
12
13. Advantages of floor stock system:
1- Availability of medicines at nursing site.
2- Reduction in the number of pharmacy personnel .
3- Reduction in the number of orders received in the
pharmacy.
4-Minimized return of medications.
13
Floor Stock System (continued)
14. Disadvantages of floor stock system:
1. Increased medication errors .
2. Increased drug inventory on the pavilions
3. Greater opportunity for pilferage.
4. Increased hazards associated with drug
deterioration.
5. Lack of proper storage facilities.
6. Greater nurses time is spent on drug dispensing.
7. Minimal pharmacy-doctors contact.
8. Pharmacist can not make drug monitoring.
14
Floor Stock System (continued)
15. - After the physician wrote a medication order,
the nurse would transcribe the medication order
and sent it to the pharmacy for preparation, the
pharmacist would prepare a 2 to 5 days supply
of medication for the patient , the nurse would
store the medication on the nursing unit .
15
16. Disadvantages of Patient prescription system :
- While not as disadvantageous as the complete
floor stock system, this method is also discouraged.
- Some of the disadvantages include:
1. increased potential for medication errors due to
the lack of checks in the distribution of medication
doses and to the inefficiencies inherent in the
procedures used to schedule, prepare, administer,
control, and record during the drug distribution
and administration process.
16
Patient Prescription System (continued)
17. 2. Consumption of excessive nursing manpower in
the preparation of medication doses and in
conducting other medication-related activities.
3. Increased potential for drug loss due to waste,
obsolescence, and deterioration.
17
Patient Prescription System (continued)
18. - Several researchers studied the medication use
process and found that the floor stock system and
individual prescription system were error-prone .
- Because it was believed that the hospital
pharmacist could play a larger role in the
medication use cycle, a few hospitals began
experimenting with the unit dose system because it
seemed a safer system.
-This placed the pharmacist in a position to begin
affecting a patients medication therapy.
18
19. - In 1975, ASHP issued a statement of unit distribution.
- The unit dose system is defined as a pharmacy-
coordinated method of dispensing and controlling
medications in health care institutions .
19
Unit Dose System (continued)
20. Unit Dose System (continued)
This system is characterized by :
1- Medications are contained in, and administered
from, single unit or unit dose packages.
Unit Dose (UD) Package: is a package that contains
the ordered amount of a drug in a dosage form
ready for administration to a particular patient by
the prescribed route at a prescribed time. (e.g., the
physician ordered 500mg Ampicillin the UD
package can be one single-unit package of 500mg
capsule or tow single-unit packages of 250mg
capsules) .
20
21. Single-Unit Package is one which contains one
discrete pharmaceutical dosage form,( e.g., one
tablet, one capsule, or one 30ml liquid quantity).
21
Unit Dose System (continued)
25. 2- Medications are dispensed in ready-to-
administer form to the extent possible.
3- For most medications, not more than a 24-
hour supply of doses is provided to or available
at the patient-care area at any time.
4- A patient medication profile is concurrently
maintained in the pharmacy for each patient.
25
Unit Dose System (continued)
26. The unit dose system is very different than the
previous methods discussed. The pharmacist
dispenses patient-specific medications to be
administered, not prepared, by the nurse .
26
Unit Dose System (continued)
27. - The U.S. General Accounting Office concluded in
1971 that the unit dose system was the most cost-
effective of any distribution system—more cost-
effective in fact than any other pharmacy system
when the entire medication use cycle is
considered .
27
Unit Dose System (continued)
29. Articles have evaluated the reduction of medication errors when transitioning from the floor
stock system to the unit dose system . The table below lists a comparison of some of these
studies and their specific outcomes .
29
Unit Dose System (continued)
30. Advantages of unit dose system:
1. Reduction of medication errors.
2. Reduction in total cost of medication.
3. More efficient usage of pharmacy and nursing
personnel.
4. Improved overall drug control and drug use
monitoring.
5. More accurate patient billing for drugs.
30
Unit Dose System (continued)
31. Unit Dose System (continued)
6. Great control over pharmacy workload
pattern and staff scheduling.
7. Reduction in the size of drug inventories
located in patient care areas .
8. Greater adaptability to computerized and
automated procedures .
31
32. Disadvantages of unit dose system:
- High initial cost which could be compensated by
time.
32
Unit Dose System (continued)
37. - There are two main ways that a pharmacy can
be structured in order to provide unit dose
services:
- centralized model .
- decentralized model .
37
Unit Dose System (continued)
38. Centralized Model
- A centralized model emanates from the main
pharmacy (a centralized location) .
- The medication order is received in the central
pharmacy and all of the processing for patients
occurs there: order processing, drug packaging,
cart fill, and medication dispensing.
38
Unit Dose System (continued)
39. Advantages and Disadvantages of centralized model :
- The advantages of this model are that all
resources can be localized into one area and
drug inventors can be minimized .
- The biggest disadvantage is that the pharmacist
is not able to directly interact with the physician
and nurse. Clinical services are limited since the
pharmacy is not closely located to patient care
areas .
39
Unit Dose System (continued)
40. Decentralized Model
- The decentralized model is characterized by
pharmacy satellites distributed evenly throughout
the institution. A physician order is routed to this
satellite.
- The pharmacist there processes the order and
dispenses the first dose of the medication directly
to the nursing station.
40
Unit Dose System (continued)
41. - Since satellite pharmacies are closely located to
patient care areas, it is very easy for a health care
professional to stop by to ask a question. The
pharmacist can also go into the patient care
areas to speak with a patient or provide clinical
services.
41
Unit Dose System (continued)
Decentralized Model
42. Unit Dose System (continued)
- In addition to the pharmacy satellite ,
a centralized pharmacy still exists to provide cart
fill and serve the decentralized satellites . Also,
the centralized pharmacy remains open all the
time , providing services for the satellites when
they close. These satellites can be focused on
pediatrics , oncology, critical care, the emergency
room, and the operating room.
Specialized pharmacy satellites
42
43. - The advantages with a decentralized model
compared to a centralized model include reduced
turnaround time, increased physician and nursing
satisfaction, expansion of clinical services, fewer
dispensing errors, and decreased floor stock.
43
Unit Dose System (continued)
44. Table below lists a sample of delivery methods and
doses needed for a typical tertiary care hospital .
44
Unit Dose System (continued)
45. - The unit dose system has led to greater use of the
pharmacist’s drug therapy expertise and in turn improved
patient care .
- With this system the pharmacist assumes responsibilities
not only for delivery a carefully prepared drug product to the
patient in a safe, accurate, and timely manner but also the
monitoring all prescribed drug therapy to assess
appropriateness of dose, suitability of therapy in light of the
patient’s condition, cost effectiveness of therapy, and the
potential for drug interactions .
- These combined activities form the foundation of
clinical pharmacy practice .
45
46. - Automated pharmacy systems, including
medication storage and distribution devices, had
become an integral widespread part of the
medication-use process. They are defined by the
American National Association of Boards of
Pharmacy (NABP) as “including, but not limited to,
mechanical systems that perform operations or
activities, other than compounding or
administration, relative to the storage, packaging,
dispensing, or distribution of medications, and which
collect, control, and maintain all transaction
information.”
46
47. - These systems have many advantages as
1- They free pharmacists from labor-intensive
distributive functions .
2- Help pharmacists provide pharmaceutical care .
3- Improve the accuracy and timeliness of
distributive functions .
47
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
48. - Several manufacturers produce automated
devices with a variety of configurations and
software capabilities that may interface with the
pharmacy’s and the health care organization’s
information systems. These devices could be
deployed in selected areas as emergency room
where floor stocks are used a lot, or for selected
drug categories as for controlled drugs that
need time for documentation and tracking, or
throughout patient care areas as with many
healthcare organizations.
48
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
49. Historical Overview
Brewer system
- The original attempt to automate the drug
distribution system ( 1961 ) .
- was located on the nursing unit and it provided
individual doses with labels, charge slips, and an
accounting report .
49
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
50. Baxter ATC-212
- located in a central place, packaged individual
doses upon demand .
- This system interfaces with the computer
containing the fill list. This information is
transferred to the machine. which instructs it to
package and dispense medications in the order
it is generated. It is usually operated by
technicians.
50
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
51. - This system has been demonstrated to
significantly reduce technician time with cart fill,
by saving 0.36 technician FTE and significantly
reducing error rate (from 0.84% to 0.65%). It had
no effect on reducing pharmacist time in cart
checking .
- They demonstrated accuracy and reduced
medication errors .
51
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
52. ROBOTS
- Another device that has widespread
utilization is the use of robots. These are a
centralized automated dispensing devices used
to fill medication carts. It contains a medication
selection station, a bar-code reader, and
packaging and bar-coding equipment .
52
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
53. - The benefit of the system is that it replaced
the manual activity of the cart fill. The
assumption is that this would also be a more
accurate system, since it is completely bar-code
driven. It removes confusion over sound-alike
drug names, skipping a medication, or choosing
the wrong strength. It also freed up technician
and pharmacist time to become more involved
in other activities within the institution.
53
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
ROBOTS
55. Automated Dispencing Cabinets
-Types :
- non-profiled ADC ( modified floor stock .) .
- Profiled ADC ( containing accurate , up to date patient
specific profile) , Logs onto the system with a unique
password or by using bio-ID scanning of fingerprint .
-Configuration :
-Restrictive : only housing the medication of interest
-less restrictive : gaining access to all of the
medications in this drawer, trusting the nurse to choose
the correct medication .
55
Technology and Medication Distribution (continued)
57. Future of medication use system
electronic prescribing
& administration
ward-based
automated storage
Ward
based
Pharmacy
Team -
Pharmacist
Technician
Support
worker Direct to ward
medicines delivery
Dispensing patient meds
locker
57
58. Summary
- In summary , the unit dose system and the
development of automation for medication
distribution has had a profound impact on elevating
the practice of hospital pharmacy, The unit dose
system reduced medication errors and aided in the
introduction of the concept of clinical pharmacy .
Technology has further enhanced the distribution of
medications, allowing pharmacists to become more
involved with patient care. The future of technology
should further reduce medication errors while
maintaining the pharmacist oversight of the process
and allow the pharmacist to better care of patients .
58