Pharyngitis is an inflammation of the throat characterized by pain, irritation, and difficulty swallowing, with common causes including viral and bacterial infections. Transmission occurs primarily through respiratory droplets and direct contact with secretions, and prevention involves good hygiene practices. Diagnosis includes symptom assessment and testing for bacteria, while treatment varies between viral infections that typically resolve on their own and bacterial infections that require antibiotics.

1. MEDIAL SURGICAL NURSING
GROUP TWO
PHARYNGITIS

2. INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION: Pharyngitis is an inflammation of
the back of the throat or wall of the throat. It
causes pain, irritation, difficulty in swallowing
and scratchiness of the throat.

3. SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
• Pharyngitis main causes are throat pain and
difficulty in swallowing. Other causes may
include:
Redness or inflammation of the throat
Neck tenderness and swelling
Pus or white patches on tonsils
Laryngitis(hoarseness) / pain with talking

4. CAUSES
Viral pharyngitis Bacterial pharyngitis Fungal pharingitis
rhinovirus Streptococcus
pyogenes(GAS)
Candida albicans
adenovirus Haemophilus influenzae
coxsackievirus Clamydophila pneumoniae
coronavirus Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Pespiratory syncytial virus
- parainfluenza
Arcanobacterium
haemolyticum
Epstei-Barr virus Neisseria gonorrhoeae
orthomyxoviridae Treponema pallidum

5. TRANSISSION.
• Group A strep pharyngitis commonly spread
through direct person to person transmission.
• Typically occur through respiratory droplets
but also through contact with secretion, such
as saliva, wound discharge or nasal secretions.
• Symptomatic patients are likely to transmit
the bacteria or viral to other than
asymptomatic pharyngeal carriers.

6. Cont….
• Crowed conditions such as those in schools, daycare
centers, or military training facilities facilitate
transmission.
• Also can be rarely transmitted through food. Food
borne outbreak of pharyngitis have to occur due to
improper food handling.
• Evidence from outbreak investigation indicate that
environmental transmission of group A strep may be
possible, although it is likely a less common route of
transmission.
• Incubation period of group A step pharyngitis is
approximately 2 to 5 days

7. Cont..
• Other causes apart from common viral
illnesses and bacteria infections include:
 Allergies especially post natal drip
 Dryness such as when nasal congestion is
present and breathing through the mouth
occurs
 Irritants such as chemicals and smoke
 Gastro esophageal reflux syndrome(GERD)

8. PREVENTION
• Avoiding germs and practicing good hand
hygiene is the best way to prevent infection.
Tips of avoiding infection incude:
 avoid contact with people who are sick
Wash your hands thoroughly and frequently
with soap and water
Avoiding sharing foods and drinking after
others

9. Cont…
Use alcohol based hand sanitizer when hand
washing is unavailable
Regularly clean frequently touched surfacers
with sanitizing cleaner.

10. DIAGNOSIS
• Diagnosis of pharyngitis include;
 assessment of presenting signs and symptoms
 laboratory investigations involving rapid strep
testing and throat culture: throat culture remains
the criterion standard for bacterial pharyngitis
diagnosis.
Rapid antigen detection testing(RADT): This test
detect viral and bacterial antigen from throat
swab taken from tonsillar exudates or posterior
oropharyngeal using dipstick.

11. TREATMENT
• Viral infection usually resolve on their own within
5-7days and only require symptom management.
Example :
 fever can be managed by administering
ibuprofen and acetaminophen
Lozenges and sprays help to reduce pain.
• bacterial pharyngitis such as strep pharyngitis
treated by antibiotics after culture and sensitivity

12. Cont….
• Pharyngitis can also be relieved locally by
using warm salty water gargles( 1teaspoon to
1 cup of water)

13. NURSING MANAGEMENT
• NURSING ASSESSMENT:
History of exposure.
• history of exposure to known carries , fever,
headache, abdominal pain in conjunction with a
sore throat suggest group A beta hemolytic strep
pharyngitis
• history of intake: because supportive care is a
primary goal in all cases, historical information
regarding oral intake and hydration status is also
important.

14. • Assessment of signs and symptoms :
Involve all signs and symptoms shown by patient
with pharyngitis which include;
Redness or inflammation of the throat
Neck tenderness and swelling
Pus or white patches on tonsils
Laryngitis(hoarseness) / pain with talking

15. • Nursing diagnosis
based on assessment data, the majornursing
diagnosis are;
 ineffective breathing pattern related to
inflammatory process in the respiratory tract.
Ineffective airway clearance related to
mechanical obstruction of the airway as
evidenced by increased secretions
Anxiety related to disease experience

16. Nursing intervention
• Positioning, place the patient in semi fowlers
position in order to facilitate lung expansion
• Increase fluid intake, encourage fluid intake to
decrease viscosity of secretions.
• Increase room humidity using cool moist
vaporizer to relieve stiffness of the nose
• Administer medication, administer antibiotics
as prescribed after positive culture results

17. Nursing evaluation
goals are met as evidenced by;
 The patient reported increased energy
 The patient is afebrile
 The patient experience no further signs and
symptoms of infection
 The patient was able to expectorate sputum
efficiently
 The patient expressed feelings of comfort in
maintaining air exchange

18. PARTICIPANTS
• Godlisen shirima
• Salma mponda
• Ashura shaban
• Arafa ally mkoma
• Abdulkarim shomvi
• Jamila mansour