The document details fundamental measurements in a laboratory, including mass, volume, temperature, and time, along with respective units and measuring tools. It emphasizes laboratory safety rules such as proper attire, handling chemicals, and disposal of waste. Additionally, it highlights the importance of following instructions and recognizing hazard symbols to ensure a safe working environment.

1. Measurements
Mass
Volume
Time
Temperature

2. Mass
Is the amount of matter inside an
object
Unit : Kg, gm
Using Sensitive Balance
(top load balance)

3. Volume
 Is the space occupied by an object.
 Unit: Cm, L, ml
 It can be measured by different tools according to the accuracy
needed.
3
Measuring
Cylinder
Pipette Burette Gas syringe

4. Correct way of reading volume
 The base of the measuring cylinder
must be placed on a flat surface
 The liquid inside the cylinder has a
curvature called the meniscus.
You measure the volume at the bottom
of the meniscus

5. • The meniscus of all liquids is curved downwards
except mercury is curved upwards

6. Temperature
 Thermometer is used to measure temperature in Celsius.
 The liquid mercury inside it expands when gets hotter and contract
when the temperature falls.

7. Time
It is measured with a stopwatch or stop clock in
seconds (sec)

8. Apparatus used in the laboratory
The glass apparatus or tools that are
used in the lab are made from Pyrex
Glass is Inert (doesn’t react)

17. Lab Safety Rules
Follow all written and verbal instructions
carefully.
Do not touch any equipment, chemical, or other
materials in the lab. Area until you are instructed
to do so.
Food and drinks are not allowed inside the
laboratory.
Always work in a well ventilated area.
Dispose of all chemical waste properly.

18. Keep hands away from face, eyes,
mouth and body while using
chemicals or lab equipment.
Wash your hands with soap and water
after performing all experiments.
Wearing safety goggles is a must
while working in the lab

19. Dress properly, long hair must be tied
back, and loose or baggy clothes are a
hazard in the laboratory.
Never return unused chemicals to their
original container.
Never remove chemicals or other
materials from the laboratory area.

20. Important rules to be safe in the
lab
Wear lab coat
Wear goggles
Wear gloves

21. Hazard Symbols

23. Explosive
A chemical can
explode