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This document discusses different types of temperature measurement devices. It describes thermocouples as devices that generate a small voltage when two dissimilar metallic wires are joined to form a junction that is heated or cooled, allowing the measurement of temperature. It outlines five laws that govern the operation of thermocouples. It also describes Wheatstone bridges for measuring low resistance and disappearing-filament pyrometers, which measure temperature by comparing the light of an object to a heated filament. It provides examples of calculating temperature measurements using these different devices.
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Class3
* Current drawn = 5 kA
* Arc voltage = 50 V
* Resistance of transformer referred to secondary (R1) = 0.002 Ω
* Resistance of transformer referred to secondary (R2) = 0.004 Ω
* Power (P) = Current x Voltage = 5 kA x 50 V = 250 kW
* Reactive power (Q) = Current x Arc voltage = 5 kA x 50 V = 250 kVAR
* Apparent power (S) = √(P^2 + Q^2) = √(250kW)^2 + (250kVAR)^2 = 250√2 kVA
* Power factor (PF) = Power/
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridge
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
B012640917
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
B012640917
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
Electronic Measurement - Temperature Measurement
This section describes the elementary principles of Temperature measuring techniques normally used in the industry.
Working principle and structure of thermocouple
Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting small voltage differences created by the junction of two different metals. The document discusses how thermocouples work based on thermoelectric principles and three laws of thermocouples. It also describes common thermocouple types and structures, potential issues with measurement, and proper installation and handling procedures to ensure accurate temperature readings.
Thermocouple- Metrology& Instrumentation
The thermocouple is a device which converts thermal energy to electrical energy. It is particularly used as a thermosensor. It has wider applications in instrumentation and measurements.
This PPT gathered many relevant topics relating to thermocouple like its working, principle, laws and different types.
Thank you!
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Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Recommended
Class3
* Current drawn = 5 kA
* Arc voltage = 50 V
* Resistance of transformer referred to secondary (R1) = 0.002 Ω
* Resistance of transformer referred to secondary (R2) = 0.004 Ω
* Power (P) = Current x Voltage = 5 kA x 50 V = 250 kW
* Reactive power (Q) = Current x Arc voltage = 5 kA x 50 V = 250 kVAR
* Apparent power (S) = √(P^2 + Q^2) = √(250kW)^2 + (250kVAR)^2 = 250√2 kVA
* Power factor (PF) = Power/
Fabrication of Thermo Electric Solar Fridge
IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of mechanical and civil engineering and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in mechanical and civil engineering. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
B012640917
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
B012640917
This document describes the fabrication of a thermoelectric solar fridge. It contains the following key points:
1. A thermoelectric module uses the Seebeck and Peltier effects to generate electrical power from a temperature gradient or convert electrical energy into a temperature gradient for cooling. A solar panel charges a battery through photovoltaic effect, and the battery powers the thermoelectric module.
2. The thermoelectric module is composed of P-type and N-type semiconductors, usually bismuth telluride, between ceramic substrates. When current passes through, it absorbs heat on one side and releases heat on the other, allowing one side to be used for cooling.
Electronic Measurement - Temperature Measurement
This section describes the elementary principles of Temperature measuring techniques normally used in the industry.
Working principle and structure of thermocouple
Thermocouples measure temperature by detecting small voltage differences created by the junction of two different metals. The document discusses how thermocouples work based on thermoelectric principles and three laws of thermocouples. It also describes common thermocouple types and structures, potential issues with measurement, and proper installation and handling procedures to ensure accurate temperature readings.
Thermocouple- Metrology& Instrumentation
The thermocouple is a device which converts thermal energy to electrical energy. It is particularly used as a thermosensor. It has wider applications in instrumentation and measurements.
This PPT gathered many relevant topics relating to thermocouple like its working, principle, laws and different types.
Thank you!
Electricity Generation using Thermoelectric System from Waste Heat of Flue Gases
Energy related cost have become a significant fraction of cost in any industry. The three top operating expenses are often to be found in any industry like energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If we were found the manageability of the above equipment's the energy emerges a top ranker. So energy is best field in any industry for the reduction of cost and increasing the saving opportunity. Thermoelectric methods imposed on the application of the thermoelectric generators and the possibility application of Thermoelectrity can contribute as a "Green Technology" in particular in the industry for the recovery of waste heat. Finally the main attention is too focused on selecting the thermoelectric system and representing the analytical and theoretical calculation to represent the Thermoelectric System.
Sheeba singh
Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect, where the junction of two different conductors generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient. The voltage is generated along the portion of the conductors experiencing a temperature change, not at the junction itself. The voltage can be approximated based on the Seebeck coefficients of the two materials and the temperatures of the hot and cold junctions. Thermocouples are suitable for temperature measurement over a large range up to 2300°C and are commonly used for industrial processes, though other sensors are better for small temperature changes.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined together that produces a voltage dependent on the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect to measure a wide range of temperatures from -270°C to 3000°C. They are commonly used to monitor temperatures in industrial processes like kilns but are less accurate than other sensors for measuring small temperature differences with high precision.
The Working principle of Thermocouple
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
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This document summarizes a student project report on developing a campfire charger. It includes:
1. The names and student IDs of the two students working on the project.
2. A verification page signed by the students and supervisor confirming the project meets requirements.
3. An abstract stating the project aims to utilize waste heat from campfires to generate electricity and charge electronic devices through a thermoelectric generator.
Temperature Measurement
The document provides information about temperature measurement and various temperature measurement devices. It discusses:
1. Temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin and their conversions. Common temperature measurement methods include mechanical, electrical and radiation methods.
2. Types of temperature measurement devices like expansion thermometers (bimetallic, spiral), filled system thermometers (liquid, gas), electrical devices (RTD, thermistor, thermocouple), and radiation devices (pyrometers - infrared, optical).
3. Working principles, advantages and applications of various devices like RTD, thermistor, thermocouple and pyrometers are explained along with examples. Heat transfer methods of conduction, convection and
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This document discusses thermistors and the Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by explaining that thermistors are temperature dependent resistors used for temperature sensing. It then discusses the Steinhart-Hart equation used to relate resistance and temperature for NTC thermistors. Finally, it explains how the Wheatstone bridge circuit can be used to measure unknown resistances by balancing the bridge.
Temperature measurement part i
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
Thermocouple as a Transducer ppt
This document discusses thermocouples as temperature transducers. It begins with an introduction to thermocouples, explaining that they use the Seebeck effect to produce voltage when two different metals are joined and experience a temperature difference. The document then covers the definition, working principles including Seebeck, Peltier and Thompson effects, construction including junction types, working, measurement of output, advantages including low cost and fast response, disadvantages like low accuracy, and applications such as in thermostats, metal industries, food industries, and chemical plants. In summary, the document provides an overview of thermocouples as temperature sensors that operate based on the Seebeck effect and are used across various industrial and commercial applications.
Thermoelectric materials & Applications
A material that can be used to convert thermal energy into electric energy or provide refrigeration directly from electric energy
Thermal Switch
A High Resistance Connection (HRC) is a problem that results from loose or poor connections in traditional electrical accessories and switchgear which can cause heat to develop, capable of starting a fire. Safety devices such as fuses and Residual-current devices (RCDs) are unable to detect thermal rise and disconnect the electrical supply because they cannot sense HRC. A safety device to prevent HRC operates by effectively monitoring for abnormal thermal rise and will prevent ignition, smoke or burning odour of the electrical accessory or electrical installation.
Cold junction compensation
Thermocouples produce a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and exposed to different temperatures. This effect is called the Seebeck effect. For accurate temperature measurement, the reference or "cold" junction must be at a known temperature like 0°C. In industry, the cold junction is often at ambient temperature which introduces error. To compensate, a voltage corresponding to the ambient temperature is added to the thermocouple voltage measurement. Thermocouples are widely used in industrial processes like steel making due to their ruggedness, wide temperature range up to 2300°C, and linear output.
Thermocouple
Thermocouple is a temperature measurement device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined at one end to form a junction. When there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other ends, a voltage is produced due to the Seebeck effect. This effect converts thermal energy into electrical energy proportional to the temperature difference. Thermocouples have various applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, and power production to measure temperature. Common types are classified based on the materials used like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and platinum-rhodium. Thermocouples can operate within a wide range of temperatures depending on the type.
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck Effect
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Low_temperature_resistance
This experiment measured and compared the voltage-current characteristics of copper, constantan, germanium, and a diode at different temperatures. Copper's resistance increased with temperature, constantan's resistance increased slightly, and germanium's resistance decreased. The diode showed exponential voltage-current characteristics. By plotting the diode data, the energy gap was calculated to be 1334 ± 2 meV. Limitations included the inability to keep the temperature exactly constant during measurements.
New Mexico State University .docx
New Mexico State University 1
New Mexico State University
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department
Experimental Methods II
ME 445
LAB Exercise-4
TIME FOR BRIDGEWIRE BREAK
4.1 Objective
To apply the principles of heat transfer to estimate the break time of a resistive wire through
which a constant electric current is flowing.
Through this experiment, students will theoretically estimate the time using energy
balance equations.
Apply linear regression to fit manufacturer’s data with the model to deduce unknown
heat transfer parameters.
Predictions will be verified or contradicted by experimental measurement.
4.2 Theoretical Background
The physical representation of the problem is shown in the following figure:
Figure 4.0.1: Physical representation of the wire
A wire of length L and diameter D is considered. Due to the passage of electric current through
the wire, heat is generated internally. If radiation and convective heat loss are presumed as the
principal heat loss mechanisms, the energy balance for this problem, based on lumped mass for
the wire and infinite length, can be written:
Rate of change of Internal Energy (Qstored)
= Rate of Internal Energy Generation (Qgenerated) – Rate of Heat Loss (Qloss)
In the above equation, note that the heat input is not considered since no heat is being supplied
to the wire from its boundaries.
Symbolically, we can write the energy equation as:
TThATTAi
dt
dT
mc
wireswires
442
(4.1)
New Mexico State University 2
where,
m = mass of the wire = density of the wire * volume of the wire = ρV
Twire = Surface temperature of the wire
i = Current
R = Resistance of the wire
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 X 10
8
W/m
-2
K
-4
c = Specific heat capacity of the wire material
ε = Emissivity of the wire
As = Surface area of the wire
For present purposes the assumption is made that convection around the horizontal wire is fully
developed. The quantities m, c, I, , σ, As and Ts are presumed known. However, uncertainty
exists in the emissivity of the wire because of oxidized state is not precisely known, and the
convection coefficient is known to vary somewhat with size, and mean temperature across the
thermal boundary layer.
For the case of the wire which is to be used in this experiment, the manufacturer has provided
temperature versus current data for steady state. Hence, by using a multi-variable linear
regression, it is possible to use this data along with the steady state energy equation, to obtain
estimates for h and ε. However, when such an approach is taken, it is found that the value of ε
exceeds unity, an impossible condition. In order to resolv.
45687659-6b96-4f20-9bc4-97687aa98782-170118061220.pdf
Thermocouple is a temperature measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that produce a voltage when joined at a junction and there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other end. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a temperature gradient along the wires generates an electromotive force (EMF) at the junction. Thermocouples have applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, power production, and process plants to measure temperature. Common types are classified according to the materials used such as copper-constantan and iron-constantan.
Thermocouple temperature measurement principle and common faults
Thermocouple is one of the most commonly used temperature detection elements in industry. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a thermal current is generated when two conductors with different components are connected and their temperatures differ. Thermocouples have advantages such as high measurement accuracy from direct contact, a wide measurement range from -50°C to over +2800°C, and a simple and convenient structure.
Ppt final
In 1821, Seebeck discovered that a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors produces a voltage. Good thermoelectric materials have a large Seebeck coefficient and high electrical conductivity with low thermal conductivity, such as bismuth telluride. A thermoelectric generator uses p-type and n-type semiconductors packed between hot and cold side plates to produce electricity from a temperature difference based on the Seebeck effect. The proposed work will fabricate a thermoelectric generator module and test it using a heat source and measuring the voltage and current output at different temperatures.
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Sheeba singh
Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect, where the junction of two different conductors generates a voltage when subjected to a temperature gradient. The voltage is generated along the portion of the conductors experiencing a temperature change, not at the junction itself. The voltage can be approximated based on the Seebeck coefficients of the two materials and the temperatures of the hot and cold junctions. Thermocouples are suitable for temperature measurement over a large range up to 2300°C and are commonly used for industrial processes, though other sensors are better for small temperature changes.
Thermocouple
A thermocouple is an electrical device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined together that produces a voltage dependent on the temperature difference between the junctions. Thermocouples operate based on the Seebeck effect and Peltier effect to measure a wide range of temperatures from -270°C to 3000°C. They are commonly used to monitor temperatures in industrial processes like kilns but are less accurate than other sensors for measuring small temperature differences with high precision.
The Working principle of Thermocouple
This ppt is made for making the topic clear. The aim is to make available content regarding thermocouple which is available on various sites. This ppt is made only for study purposes. The author doesn't claim originality of the content.
The thermocouple can be defined as a kind of temperature sensor that is used to measure the temperature at one specific point in the form of the EMF or an electric current. This sensor comprises two dissimilar metal wires that are connected together at one junction. A Thermocouple is a sensor used to measure temperature. Thermocouples consist of two wire legs made from different metals. The wires' legs are welded together at one end, creating a junction. The voltage can then be interpreted using thermocouple reference tables to calculate the temperature.The temperature can be measured at this junction, and the change in temperature of the metal wire stimulates the voltages. These are used as the temperature sensors in thermostats in offices, homes, offices & businesses.
These are used in industries for monitoring temperatures of metals in iron, aluminum, and metal.
These are used in the food industry for cryogenic and Low-temperature applications. Thermocouples are used as a heat pump for performing thermoelectric cooling.
These are used to test temperature in the chemical plants, petroleum plants. These are used in gas machines for detecting the pilot flame.
Full report campfire charger
This document summarizes a student project report on developing a campfire charger. It includes:
1. The names and student IDs of the two students working on the project.
2. A verification page signed by the students and supervisor confirming the project meets requirements.
3. An abstract stating the project aims to utilize waste heat from campfires to generate electricity and charge electronic devices through a thermoelectric generator.
Temperature Measurement
The document provides information about temperature measurement and various temperature measurement devices. It discusses:
1. Temperature scales like Fahrenheit, Celsius, Kelvin and their conversions. Common temperature measurement methods include mechanical, electrical and radiation methods.
2. Types of temperature measurement devices like expansion thermometers (bimetallic, spiral), filled system thermometers (liquid, gas), electrical devices (RTD, thermistor, thermocouple), and radiation devices (pyrometers - infrared, optical).
3. Working principles, advantages and applications of various devices like RTD, thermistor, thermocouple and pyrometers are explained along with examples. Heat transfer methods of conduction, convection and
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdf
This document summarizes a research paper on a solar energy-based refrigeration system using Peltier devices. The system utilizes solar energy to power thermoelectric modules that provide refrigeration without the need for refrigerants or mechanical devices like compressors. The system is intended to provide refrigeration to remote areas without reliable power sources. It describes the construction of the refrigeration system, including the thermoelectric module, refrigeration chamber, battery, solar cells, and frame. It also provides background on thermoelectric effects like the Peltier effect that allow the system to operate.
TDU -Unit 04 ELECTRIC HEATING AND WELDING
This document discusses different types of heating and welding processes. It describes domestic and industrial applications of electrical heating, including room heaters, immersion water heaters, and electric ovens. It also explains various industrial applications such as metal melting. The document discusses the advantages of electric heating and different temperature control methods for resistance furnaces. It describes different types of heating processes like resistance, arc, induction, and high frequency heating along with their applications.
Lecture Notes: EEEC6430312 Measurements And Instrumentation - Instrumentation
This document discusses thermistors and the Wheatstone bridge circuit. It begins by explaining that thermistors are temperature dependent resistors used for temperature sensing. It then discusses the Steinhart-Hart equation used to relate resistance and temperature for NTC thermistors. Finally, it explains how the Wheatstone bridge circuit can be used to measure unknown resistances by balancing the bridge.
Temperature measurement part i
Gives a brief introduction about temperature measurement and its unit. it also enumerates the different techniques employed in temperature measurement.
Thermocouple as a Transducer ppt
This document discusses thermocouples as temperature transducers. It begins with an introduction to thermocouples, explaining that they use the Seebeck effect to produce voltage when two different metals are joined and experience a temperature difference. The document then covers the definition, working principles including Seebeck, Peltier and Thompson effects, construction including junction types, working, measurement of output, advantages including low cost and fast response, disadvantages like low accuracy, and applications such as in thermostats, metal industries, food industries, and chemical plants. In summary, the document provides an overview of thermocouples as temperature sensors that operate based on the Seebeck effect and are used across various industrial and commercial applications.
Thermoelectric materials & Applications
A material that can be used to convert thermal energy into electric energy or provide refrigeration directly from electric energy
Thermal Switch
A High Resistance Connection (HRC) is a problem that results from loose or poor connections in traditional electrical accessories and switchgear which can cause heat to develop, capable of starting a fire. Safety devices such as fuses and Residual-current devices (RCDs) are unable to detect thermal rise and disconnect the electrical supply because they cannot sense HRC. A safety device to prevent HRC operates by effectively monitoring for abnormal thermal rise and will prevent ignition, smoke or burning odour of the electrical accessory or electrical installation.
Cold junction compensation
Thermocouples produce a voltage when two dissimilar metals are joined at both ends and exposed to different temperatures. This effect is called the Seebeck effect. For accurate temperature measurement, the reference or "cold" junction must be at a known temperature like 0°C. In industry, the cold junction is often at ambient temperature which introduces error. To compensate, a voltage corresponding to the ambient temperature is added to the thermocouple voltage measurement. Thermocouples are widely used in industrial processes like steel making due to their ruggedness, wide temperature range up to 2300°C, and linear output.
Thermocouple
Thermocouple is a temperature measurement device consisting of two dissimilar metals joined at one end to form a junction. When there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other ends, a voltage is produced due to the Seebeck effect. This effect converts thermal energy into electrical energy proportional to the temperature difference. Thermocouples have various applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, and power production to measure temperature. Common types are classified based on the materials used like copper-constantan, iron-constantan, and platinum-rhodium. Thermocouples can operate within a wide range of temperatures depending on the type.
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck Effect
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
Low_temperature_resistance
This experiment measured and compared the voltage-current characteristics of copper, constantan, germanium, and a diode at different temperatures. Copper's resistance increased with temperature, constantan's resistance increased slightly, and germanium's resistance decreased. The diode showed exponential voltage-current characteristics. By plotting the diode data, the energy gap was calculated to be 1334 ± 2 meV. Limitations included the inability to keep the temperature exactly constant during measurements.
New Mexico State University .docx
New Mexico State University 1
New Mexico State University
Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering Department
Experimental Methods II
ME 445
LAB Exercise-4
TIME FOR BRIDGEWIRE BREAK
4.1 Objective
To apply the principles of heat transfer to estimate the break time of a resistive wire through
which a constant electric current is flowing.
Through this experiment, students will theoretically estimate the time using energy
balance equations.
Apply linear regression to fit manufacturer’s data with the model to deduce unknown
heat transfer parameters.
Predictions will be verified or contradicted by experimental measurement.
4.2 Theoretical Background
The physical representation of the problem is shown in the following figure:
Figure 4.0.1: Physical representation of the wire
A wire of length L and diameter D is considered. Due to the passage of electric current through
the wire, heat is generated internally. If radiation and convective heat loss are presumed as the
principal heat loss mechanisms, the energy balance for this problem, based on lumped mass for
the wire and infinite length, can be written:
Rate of change of Internal Energy (Qstored)
= Rate of Internal Energy Generation (Qgenerated) – Rate of Heat Loss (Qloss)
In the above equation, note that the heat input is not considered since no heat is being supplied
to the wire from its boundaries.
Symbolically, we can write the energy equation as:
TThATTAi
dt
dT
mc
wireswires
442
(4.1)
New Mexico State University 2
where,
m = mass of the wire = density of the wire * volume of the wire = ρV
Twire = Surface temperature of the wire
i = Current
R = Resistance of the wire
σ = Stefan-Boltzmann constant = 5.67 X 10
8
W/m
-2
K
-4
c = Specific heat capacity of the wire material
ε = Emissivity of the wire
As = Surface area of the wire
For present purposes the assumption is made that convection around the horizontal wire is fully
developed. The quantities m, c, I, , σ, As and Ts are presumed known. However, uncertainty
exists in the emissivity of the wire because of oxidized state is not precisely known, and the
convection coefficient is known to vary somewhat with size, and mean temperature across the
thermal boundary layer.
For the case of the wire which is to be used in this experiment, the manufacturer has provided
temperature versus current data for steady state. Hence, by using a multi-variable linear
regression, it is possible to use this data along with the steady state energy equation, to obtain
estimates for h and ε. However, when such an approach is taken, it is found that the value of ε
exceeds unity, an impossible condition. In order to resolv.
45687659-6b96-4f20-9bc4-97687aa98782-170118061220.pdf
Thermocouple is a temperature measuring device consisting of two dissimilar conductors that produce a voltage when joined at a junction and there is a temperature difference between the junction and the other end. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a temperature gradient along the wires generates an electromotive force (EMF) at the junction. Thermocouples have applications in industries like steel, gas, manufacturing, power production, and process plants to measure temperature. Common types are classified according to the materials used such as copper-constantan and iron-constantan.
Thermocouple temperature measurement principle and common faults
Thermocouple is one of the most commonly used temperature detection elements in industry. It works based on the Seebeck effect where a thermal current is generated when two conductors with different components are connected and their temperatures differ. Thermocouples have advantages such as high measurement accuracy from direct contact, a wide measurement range from -50°C to over +2800°C, and a simple and convenient structure.
Ppt final
In 1821, Seebeck discovered that a temperature difference across two dissimilar conductors produces a voltage. Good thermoelectric materials have a large Seebeck coefficient and high electrical conductivity with low thermal conductivity, such as bismuth telluride. A thermoelectric generator uses p-type and n-type semiconductors packed between hot and cold side plates to produce electricity from a temperature difference based on the Seebeck effect. The proposed work will fabricate a thermoelectric generator module and test it using a heat source and measuring the voltage and current output at different temperatures.
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Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdf
Solar Energy based Refrigeration System using Peltier Device 18 ABHISHEK.pdf
Lecture Notes: EEEC6430312 Measurements And Instrumentation - Instrumentation
Lecture Notes: EEEC6430312 Measurements And Instrumentation - Instrumentation
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck Effect
Development of a Thermoelectric Micro generation based on Seebeck Effect
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- 1. Sheet 3 Thermocouples and Pyrometers
- 2. Thermocouples A thermocouple is a device for measuring temperature. It comprises two dissimilar metallic wires joined together to form a junction. When the junction is heated or cooled, a small voltage is generated in the electrical circuit of the thermocouple which can be measured, and this corresponds to temperature. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 2
- 7. 1st Law The e.m.f. of a thermocouple depends only on the temperatures of the junctions and is independent of the temperatures of the wires connecting the junctions. This means that the leads connecting the instrument can be exposed to temperature fluctuations without affecting the measurement. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 7
- 8. 2nd Law The e.m.f. is not changed when a new conductor is introduced into one of the metals provided that both of the new junctions are at the same temperature. The practical bonus from this law is that a voltmeter can be added to the circuit without affecting the e.m.f. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 8
- 9. 3rd Law If a third metal, C, is inserted at one of the junctions, the e.m.f. is unchanged provided that both of the new junctions are at the same temperature. This means that a third material may be used to braze the thermocouple materials together without affecting the measurement. It also means that a voltmeter could be connected between a junction 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 9
- 10. 4th Law The law of intermediate metals states that the e.m.f. of materials AC can be predicted if the e.m.f.s of materials AB and BC are known. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 10
- 11. 5th Law The law of intermediate temperatures states that if two junctions at temperatures T1 and T2 produce a Seebeck voltage V2, and temperatures T2 and T3 produce voltage V1, then temperatures T1 and T3 will produce a voltage V3 = V1 + V2. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 11
- 13. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 13 Using Interpolation, we get:
- 14. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 14 Applying the 5th Law, we get: Using Interpolation, we get:
- 16. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 16 Using Interpolation, we get:
- 17. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 17 Applying KVL: 𝑉 = 𝐸1 − 𝐸2 − 𝐸3 𝑉 = 21 𝑚𝑉 𝐸1 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓(0−𝑇) 𝐸2 = 𝐸3 = 𝑒𝑚𝑓(0−50) = 1.34 𝑚𝑉 21 = 𝐸1 − 1.34 − 1.34 𝐸1 = 23.68 𝑚𝑉 Using Interpolation, we get: 𝑇 = 678.34 ℃
- 19. Wheatstone Bridge The Wheatstone bridge is used for the precise measurement of low resistance. 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 19
- 21. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 21 The temperature measured at thermocouple junction can be estimated from J- type table as shown,
- 23. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 23 The Resistance of the RTD can be calculated as: 𝑉𝑜𝑢𝑡 = 𝑉𝑖𝑛 𝑅𝑥 𝑅𝑥 + 𝑅3 − 𝑅2 𝑅1 + 𝑅2
- 24. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 24 Now we have,
- 25. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 25 For the sensitivity,
- 26. Pyrometers
- 27. Pyrometers The disappearing-filament pyrometer is an optical pyrometer, in which the temperature of a glowing incandescent object is measured by comparing it to the light of a heated filament. 1 𝑇 − 1 𝑇𝐵 = λ 𝐶2 ln(𝜏λ𝜀λ) 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 27
- 29. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 29 • spectral transmissivity (𝜏λ) • spectral emissivity (𝜀λ) • Wavelength (λ) • Planck's second radiation constant (𝐶2 = 14390 𝜇𝑚. 𝐾) • The actual temperature can be calculated as:
- 30. 12/19/2023 PRESENTATION TITLE 30 The uncertainty can be calculated as: