2. Product Design
Differentiated customer needs
Degree of standardization;
Specification & Tolerances
Degree of flexibility in Product design
Degree of interchangeability of parts
Degree of modularity; DIY products
Degree of ergonomic considerations
3. Material & Processing requirements
Sustainable materials e.g. in buildings, Lime + Gypsum in bricks.
E-waste/Recycle and re-use
Value-analysis/Value-engineered materials
Materials substitution
IT/IoT enablement;
‘Smart’/AI enabled products
4. Robust design
Noise level - Internal, External, Unit-by-unit
Signal to Noise ratio
DFE,DFM.
Disposal /Re-use/Re-cycling
Environmental & Societal impact
6. Unique factors for Services Design
Degree of standardization/customization/differentiation;
Actual mix of Products & Services; Product dominant or service dominant
‘Package’; Modules
Unique Value Proposition
Level of human intervention required
Flexibility in automation
Degree of intermittence involved
Degree of customer involvement in design and delivery
Service recovery design? Vs Product recall/repair
7. Process Design-Key factors
Vol; Variety ratio
Degree of standardization
Degree of continuity of operations
Rate of flow
Degree of customer involvement design and delivery
8. Degree of specialization of human skills required
Degree of automation
Use of IT/IoT-’Smart’ processes
- Microprocessors, IoT devices e.g. smart binning/waste
disposal.
Material planning and handling
WIP levels (human inputs in-between processing stages and waiting
times)
Work-congestion/traffic & logistics requirements.
9. Product design contd.
Rapid Prototyping
Concurrent engineering;
Form design--- Functional design---- Production design
Involvement of all departments in design process
Product concept Performance Specs Design Specs
Manufacturing Specs.
Early involvement of suppliers
11. Key Aspects of Taguchi’s Off-Line Quality Approach
The quality of a manufactured product is measured by the total loss
created by that product to society.
Continuous quality improvements and cost reduction are necessary for
an organization’s health in a competitive economy.
Quality improvement requires never-ending reduction of variation in
product and/or process performance around nominal values.
Product and process design can have significant impact on a product’s
quality and cost
12. Product and/ or process parameter settings that reduce performance
variation can be identified with statistically designed experiments.
Society’s loss due to performance is directly proportional to the square
of the deviation of the performance characteristic from its nominal
value.
where Y = performance characteristic value
Y 0 = Nominal or target value
This is compared with conventional goalpost philosophy.
2
0 )
.( Y
Y
K
Loss
15. Production Design
Design for manufacturability
Design for supply chain/distribution
Design simplification
Less no of parts/sub-assemblies avoiding separate tools
and fasteners
Design for assembly/dis-assembly
16. CHARACTERISTICS IN DIFFERENT PROCESSING SYSTEMS
Process design
form
Vol:Variety ratio
Flexibility if
Product/process
Skills/Automation
required
Kind of m/cs
required
Inter-stage
connectivity/flow rate
Job-shop/project Low High High/Low GPMs Low/low
Batch/Group
Manufacturing
Moderate Moderate Medium GPMs Medium
Line Manufacturing
Continuous flow High Low Low/High SPMs High/high
