NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAMIRPUR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DISCOVERY THAT MATURE CELLS CAN BE
REPROGRAMMED TO BECOME PLURIPOTENT
SEMINAR REPORT
CH-327
NAME: MAYANK BHARDWAJ
ROLL NUMBER: 20BCH051
DISCOVERY THAT MATURE CELLS CAN BE
REPROGRAMMED TO BECOME PLURIPOTENT
ABSTRACT
The discovery of iPSCs has paved the way for numerous applications in the medical field,
including the use of patient-specific iPSCs to model diseases, the development of new drugs, and
the creation of personalized cell-based therapies. Additionally, the ability to reprogram cells
without the use of embryos has removed many ethical considerations associated with traditional
stem cell research.
Overall, the discovery of reprogramming mature cells has opened up new avenues of research
and holds immense promise for future medical treatments.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell in the body.
Pluripotent cells are considered the building blocks of the body and have the potential to form
any tissue or organ. This unique property makes them of great importance in the field of biology
and medicine.
In biology, pluripotent cells provide a valuable tool for understanding cellular differentiation and
the development of tissues and organs. In medicine, pluripotent cells hold immense promise for
regenerative therapies and disease treatment. For example, scientists can use pluripotent cells to
generate replacement tissues and organs, thereby providing new treatments for conditions such as
heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury. Additionally, the ability to generate
patient-specific pluripotent cells has allowed scientists to study the underlying causes of diseases
and develop new drugs.
Overall, pluripotency and the study of pluripotent cells are crucial for advancing our
understanding of biology and for developing new medical treatments.
The study of stem cells has a long and rich history that dates back to the early 20th century. In
the early days of stem cell research, scientists were primarily interested in the role of stem cells
in embryonic development. In the 1950s and 1960s, the discovery of stem cells in adult tissues
opened up new avenues of research and sparked interest in the potential therapeutic applications
of these cells.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, advances in cell culture techniques and genetic
engineering paved the way for the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In 2006,
scientists showed that mature cells could be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, setting the
stage for a new era of stem cell research.
Since the discovery of iPSCs, the field of stem cell research has expanded rapidly, leading to
numerous scientific and medical breakthroughs. Today, stem cell research is a highly active and
interdisciplinary field that brings together scientists from diverse backgrounds, including
biology, medicine, and engineering.
Overall, the historical context of st
In conclusion, both cell strains and primary cells have played vital roles in advancing our understanding of cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and drug discovery. While cell strains provide a continuous and convenient supply of cells, primary cells offer a more authentic representation of human biology, enabling researchers to study specific tissues and diseases in a physiologically relevant context. The growth of cell strains and the significance of primary cells have propelled biomedical research forward, leading to breakthroughs in various fields and fostering the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. As technologies continue to evolve, primary cells will remain indispensable in further unraveling the complexities of human health and disease.
The Opposing Viewpoint of Stem CellStem cell research explores t.docxoreo10
The Opposing Viewpoint of Stem Cell
Stem cell research explores the nature and growth capabilities of cells essential for ensuring replacement of cells in living organisms (Paddock, 2017). Such cells have an advantage of being manipulated to any type of cells as it is deemed necessary by the scientists based on scarcity or slow rejuvenation process of the natural cells. The general public has largely adopted a reserved approach to stem cell research and therapy despite the positive research and development showcased by leading scientists including;
· Jun Takahashi: he explored the safety and applicability of stem cell therapy in primates in relations to the Parkinson’s disease, recording a major success between the interaction of human cells and animals (Sandoiu). Furthermore, no long-term negative effect was established from the treatment that saw full recovery of the primates.
· Hai Nguyen, Aileen Anderson and colleagues: carried a similar exercise on injured mice to record tremendous success of the donor cells in a period ranging immediately after the induction process to at most one month (Society for Neuroscience. 2017).
· Scientists from the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles CA: highlighted the need for stem therapy in replacing aging heart muscles using rats (Paddock, 2017). The induced cells were able to grow and multiply thus repair the heart muscles of the older rats to improve the general body functioning.
Despite the breathtaking discoveries as tested and presented by these scientists, ethical concerns have prevailed to the dismay of an excited global scientists’ fraternity. The general public is cautious in its approach to stem cell therapy from various reasons ranging from the potential to cause cancer to how the media overrates the treatment process that still has critical gaps to full implementation (Begley, 2017). There are two major concerns that arise from the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute research as reported by Paddock. The first concern as perceived by the layman defined as the general public is the fact the findings are based on animals other than human beings. This experiment was purely run on rodent tissue thus raising a legitimate query as to the consistency if replicated in humans. The second concern arises from Paddocks admission that the scientists proposed the need for further research to determine whether the findings are only valid when the donors are young (2017).
Since the same article admits the fact modern day medicine has seen prolonged life with a possibility of the elderly to exceed the children population, such a dependency on young donors may endanger the human species in the long run.
The excitement surrounding Stem Cell Research is magnified through mainstream media that often cares about moving volumes in sales rather than realistically highlight the caution or reservations pronounced by scientists. However, Sharon Begley is exemplary in her revelation of a high-risk gap in research that li ...
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Embryonic stem cells – Promises and IssuesTania Jabin
Introduction, Embryonic Stem Cells, Promises of Embryonic Stem cell research, Figure: The Promise of Stem Cell Research, Issues in Embryonic Stem cells - New embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos Informed consent for donation of materials for stem cell research Waiver of consent Consent from gamete donors Confidentiality of donor information Ethical concerns about oocyte donation for research (1. Medical risks of oocyte retrieval, 2. Protecting the reproductive interests of women in infertility treatment, 3. Payment to oocyte donors, 4. Informed consent for oocyte donation).
In conclusion, both cell strains and primary cells have played vital roles in advancing our understanding of cellular processes, disease mechanisms, and drug discovery. While cell strains provide a continuous and convenient supply of cells, primary cells offer a more authentic representation of human biology, enabling researchers to study specific tissues and diseases in a physiologically relevant context. The growth of cell strains and the significance of primary cells have propelled biomedical research forward, leading to breakthroughs in various fields and fostering the development of innovative therapeutic strategies. As technologies continue to evolve, primary cells will remain indispensable in further unraveling the complexities of human health and disease.
The Opposing Viewpoint of Stem CellStem cell research explores t.docxoreo10
The Opposing Viewpoint of Stem Cell
Stem cell research explores the nature and growth capabilities of cells essential for ensuring replacement of cells in living organisms (Paddock, 2017). Such cells have an advantage of being manipulated to any type of cells as it is deemed necessary by the scientists based on scarcity or slow rejuvenation process of the natural cells. The general public has largely adopted a reserved approach to stem cell research and therapy despite the positive research and development showcased by leading scientists including;
· Jun Takahashi: he explored the safety and applicability of stem cell therapy in primates in relations to the Parkinson’s disease, recording a major success between the interaction of human cells and animals (Sandoiu). Furthermore, no long-term negative effect was established from the treatment that saw full recovery of the primates.
· Hai Nguyen, Aileen Anderson and colleagues: carried a similar exercise on injured mice to record tremendous success of the donor cells in a period ranging immediately after the induction process to at most one month (Society for Neuroscience. 2017).
· Scientists from the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute in Los Angeles CA: highlighted the need for stem therapy in replacing aging heart muscles using rats (Paddock, 2017). The induced cells were able to grow and multiply thus repair the heart muscles of the older rats to improve the general body functioning.
Despite the breathtaking discoveries as tested and presented by these scientists, ethical concerns have prevailed to the dismay of an excited global scientists’ fraternity. The general public is cautious in its approach to stem cell therapy from various reasons ranging from the potential to cause cancer to how the media overrates the treatment process that still has critical gaps to full implementation (Begley, 2017). There are two major concerns that arise from the Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute research as reported by Paddock. The first concern as perceived by the layman defined as the general public is the fact the findings are based on animals other than human beings. This experiment was purely run on rodent tissue thus raising a legitimate query as to the consistency if replicated in humans. The second concern arises from Paddocks admission that the scientists proposed the need for further research to determine whether the findings are only valid when the donors are young (2017).
Since the same article admits the fact modern day medicine has seen prolonged life with a possibility of the elderly to exceed the children population, such a dependency on young donors may endanger the human species in the long run.
The excitement surrounding Stem Cell Research is magnified through mainstream media that often cares about moving volumes in sales rather than realistically highlight the caution or reservations pronounced by scientists. However, Sharon Begley is exemplary in her revelation of a high-risk gap in research that li ...
Reprogramming to pluripotency is possible from adult cells of different tissues and species through the ectopic expression of defined factors. The generated induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSCs) are relevant for various purposes, including disease modeling, drug or toxicity screening and autologous cell therapy. Over the last few years, increased efforts are being made to improve the reprogramming techniques, the efficiency and quality of the generated iPSCs, as well as to identify the best cell source to be reprogrammed. Cells derived from fetal tissues, such as amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord, offer distinct advantages in terms of reprogramming compared to adult somatic cells. Importantly, fetal cells are more primitive, easily achievable in sufficient numbers and are devoid of any ethical concern. They show great plasticity, high proliferation rate, low immunogenity and absence of teratoma formation. Therefore, they can be reprogrammed much faster and more efficiently than adult cells. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the advantages of reprogramming fetal sources in comparison to other commonly used cell types.
Human organoid are miniature sized, self-organized structures, that are derived from stem cells or tissues in culture. The progress, potential, limitations and challenges are discussed.
Embryonic stem cells – Promises and IssuesTania Jabin
Introduction, Embryonic Stem Cells, Promises of Embryonic Stem cell research, Figure: The Promise of Stem Cell Research, Issues in Embryonic Stem cells - New embryonic stem cell lines from frozen embryos Informed consent for donation of materials for stem cell research Waiver of consent Consent from gamete donors Confidentiality of donor information Ethical concerns about oocyte donation for research (1. Medical risks of oocyte retrieval, 2. Protecting the reproductive interests of women in infertility treatment, 3. Payment to oocyte donors, 4. Informed consent for oocyte donation).
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Stem Cell ResearchStem cells are cells that can grow and differe.docxwhitneyleman54422
Stem Cell Research
Stem cells are cells that can grow and differentiate into other types of cells. These cells have great potential for the treatment of various disorders such as cancer or Parkinson’s disease where the body cannot regenerate healthy cells to cure the disease. Stem cell research has been going on for a long time, and there have been great breakthroughs in the research. One such breakthrough has been the use of stem cells in the rejuvenation of neural cells of monkeys suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Scientists have used induced pluripotent cells to form some types of brain cells that have been damaged by the disease. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of specific brain cells that control motor functions and mood. Researchers have previously been able to restore motor functions in rats that have shown characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by using dopamine neurotransmitters grown from human induced pluripotent cells. In spite of this, there has not been any investigation on the long-term effects of the use of this practice on the primates.
Researchers from California have demonstrated that injecting stem cells taken from the hearts of newborn rats into older rats improved the latter’s cardiovascular function and capacity.
A study done by Jun Takahashi was done to evaluate the safety and applicability of the practice in primates. Human induced pluripotent cells were used to generate dopamine neurons which were transplanted into primates that had been induced to have the Parkinson’s disease. The primates showed increasing spontaneous increase in the motor cells after transplantation and complete functioning in the midbrain. There was no long-term effect of the cells on the primates after two years since no brain tumors were observed (Sandoiu, 2017). This information is critical as it has opened a gateway to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The study shows that once more research is done this could be a method to treat people suffering from the disease and will help to relieve human suffering. The study has unlocked one of the many possibilities of the use of stem cell research and will, therefore, earn it more favor and support from the public.
Human neural stem cells are derived via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from donated fetal brain tissue.
A study was done on mice by Hai Nguyen, Aileen Anderson and colleagues found that mice receiving stem cells grown from human brain tissue required the depletion of some types of immune cells to improve the motor skills of the mice. The donor cells survived equally when transplanted either immediately or after a month after the injury. Their location however continuously changed and this suggested that the cells were populating the spinal cord at different times after the injury and it affected the ability of the transplants to provide functional recovery of the motor skills (Society for Neuroscience. 2017). This means that the stem cells could .
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
The cell and its evolution:
*Stanford researchers produce 12 cell types from human stem cells in days.
*Study uncovers new drug-gene mutation combinations that can kill cancer cells
Biology, genetics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, materials science, biotech, ...Brian Russell
Over the past two years I've done a lot of interesting research which I've decided to aggregate. My research pertains to the following: Biology, Genetics, Nanotechnology, Neuroscience, Materials Science, Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, All Things 3-D, Super Computing, Quantum Physics, Energy, Design, & Sustainability.
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the gradual loss of structure or function of neurons in the brain or spinal cord. Some common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
Summarize the key insights from the blog series, emphasizing the transformative impact of stem cell regeneration in modern healthcare. Conclude by expressing optimism for a future where stem cell therapies become more commonplace, offering new avenues for healing and improved patient outcomes.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
For better view, press F5.
As we go through our lives each of us will have very different needs for our own healthcare.
Scientist's are constantly researching to make medical care treatment more personalized.
One way they are doing this is by-
Stem Cells therapy
Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition.
It is also known as regenerative medicine, promotes the reparative response of diseased, dysfunctional or injured tissue using stem cells or their derivatives.
It is the next chapter of organ transplantation and uses cells instead of donor organs, which are limited in supply.
What are Stem cells?
Stem cells are called “master cells”
Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated.
What are Stem cells?
Steam cells have the potential to become all other kinds of cells in our body.
What are Stem cells?
Types of Stem cells
How stem cell therapy works?
Disease cured by stem cell therapy.
Spinal Cord Injuries
Stem cell treatment of Diabetes mellitus type 1 & 2
Stem cell treatment of Stroke
Cancer treatment
Heart damage
Baldness
Tooth implanting
Deafness and blindness
Have stem cells already been used to treat diseases?
Ethical Consideration of Stem Cell Therapy
As the research method mainly focused on Embryonic Stem Cells, which involves taking tissue from an aborted embryo to get proper material to study. This is typically done just days after conception or between the 5th and 9th week.
Since then, researchers have moved on to more ethical study methods, such as Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPS). iPS is artificially derived from a non-pluripotent cell, such as adult somatic cells.
Nowadays stem cell treatment has been spreaded throughout the world. It has also been grown commercially in developed countries.
It is thought that one day it may be the major key to treat various diseases.
Using stem cells to conduct medical research and treat disease is acceptable?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Do you approve of the extraction of stem cells from human embryos for medical research?
Don’t know
No
Yes
Stem Cell ResearchStem cells are cells that can grow and differe.docxwhitneyleman54422
Stem Cell Research
Stem cells are cells that can grow and differentiate into other types of cells. These cells have great potential for the treatment of various disorders such as cancer or Parkinson’s disease where the body cannot regenerate healthy cells to cure the disease. Stem cell research has been going on for a long time, and there have been great breakthroughs in the research. One such breakthrough has been the use of stem cells in the rejuvenation of neural cells of monkeys suffering from Parkinson’s disease. Scientists have used induced pluripotent cells to form some types of brain cells that have been damaged by the disease. Parkinson’s disease is caused by the degeneration of specific brain cells that control motor functions and mood. Researchers have previously been able to restore motor functions in rats that have shown characteristic symptoms of Parkinson’s disease by using dopamine neurotransmitters grown from human induced pluripotent cells. In spite of this, there has not been any investigation on the long-term effects of the use of this practice on the primates.
Researchers from California have demonstrated that injecting stem cells taken from the hearts of newborn rats into older rats improved the latter’s cardiovascular function and capacity.
A study done by Jun Takahashi was done to evaluate the safety and applicability of the practice in primates. Human induced pluripotent cells were used to generate dopamine neurons which were transplanted into primates that had been induced to have the Parkinson’s disease. The primates showed increasing spontaneous increase in the motor cells after transplantation and complete functioning in the midbrain. There was no long-term effect of the cells on the primates after two years since no brain tumors were observed (Sandoiu, 2017). This information is critical as it has opened a gateway to the treatment of Parkinson’s disease. The study shows that once more research is done this could be a method to treat people suffering from the disease and will help to relieve human suffering. The study has unlocked one of the many possibilities of the use of stem cell research and will, therefore, earn it more favor and support from the public.
Human neural stem cells are derived via fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) from donated fetal brain tissue.
A study was done on mice by Hai Nguyen, Aileen Anderson and colleagues found that mice receiving stem cells grown from human brain tissue required the depletion of some types of immune cells to improve the motor skills of the mice. The donor cells survived equally when transplanted either immediately or after a month after the injury. Their location however continuously changed and this suggested that the cells were populating the spinal cord at different times after the injury and it affected the ability of the transplants to provide functional recovery of the motor skills (Society for Neuroscience. 2017). This means that the stem cells could .
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
What are stem cells?
Stem Cells Technologies
Growth of Stem Cells Research
Stem Cells Research History
Types of Stem Cells
Stem Cells Application
Benefits of stem cells
Ethical Issue Of Technologies In Stem Cells
The cell and its evolution:
*Stanford researchers produce 12 cell types from human stem cells in days.
*Study uncovers new drug-gene mutation combinations that can kill cancer cells
Biology, genetics, nanotechnology, neuroscience, materials science, biotech, ...Brian Russell
Over the past two years I've done a lot of interesting research which I've decided to aggregate. My research pertains to the following: Biology, Genetics, Nanotechnology, Neuroscience, Materials Science, Biotechnology, Chemical Engineering, All Things 3-D, Super Computing, Quantum Physics, Energy, Design, & Sustainability.
Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by the gradual loss of structure or function of neurons in the brain or spinal cord. Some common neurodegenerative diseases include Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and Huntington's disease.
Summarize the key insights from the blog series, emphasizing the transformative impact of stem cell regeneration in modern healthcare. Conclude by expressing optimism for a future where stem cell therapies become more commonplace, offering new avenues for healing and improved patient outcomes.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Event Management System Vb Net Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
In present era, the scopes of information technology growing with a very fast .We do not see any are untouched from this industry. The scope of information technology has become wider includes: Business and industry. Household Business, Communication, Education, Entertainment, Science, Medicine, Engineering, Distance Learning, Weather Forecasting. Carrier Searching and so on.
My project named “Event Management System” is software that store and maintained all events coordinated in college. It also helpful to print related reports. My project will help to record the events coordinated by faculties with their Name, Event subject, date & details in an efficient & effective ways.
In my system we have to make a system by which a user can record all events coordinated by a particular faculty. In our proposed system some more featured are added which differs it from the existing system such as security.
1. NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, HAMIRPUR
CHEMICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
DISCOVERY THAT MATURE CELLS CAN BE
REPROGRAMMED TO BECOME PLURIPOTENT
SEMINAR REPORT
CH-327
NAME: MAYANK BHARDWAJ
ROLL NUMBER: 20BCH051
2. DISCOVERY THAT MATURE CELLS CAN BE
REPROGRAMMED TO BECOME PLURIPOTENT
ABSTRACT
The discovery of iPSCs has paved the way for numerous applications in the medical field,
including the use of patient-specific iPSCs to model diseases, the development of new drugs, and
the creation of personalized cell-based therapies. Additionally, the ability to reprogram cells
without the use of embryos has removed many ethical considerations associated with traditional
stem cell research.
Overall, the discovery of reprogramming mature cells has opened up new avenues of research
and holds immense promise for future medical treatments.
1. INTRODUCTION
Pluripotency refers to the ability of a cell to differentiate into any type of cell in the body.
Pluripotent cells are considered the building blocks of the body and have the potential to form
any tissue or organ. This unique property makes them of great importance in the field of biology
and medicine.
In biology, pluripotent cells provide a valuable tool for understanding cellular differentiation and
the development of tissues and organs. In medicine, pluripotent cells hold immense promise for
regenerative therapies and disease treatment. For example, scientists can use pluripotent cells to
generate replacement tissues and organs, thereby providing new treatments for conditions such as
heart disease, diabetes, and spinal cord injury. Additionally, the ability to generate
patient-specific pluripotent cells has allowed scientists to study the underlying causes of diseases
and develop new drugs.
3. Overall, pluripotency and the study of pluripotent cells are crucial for advancing our
understanding of biology and for developing new medical treatments.
The study of stem cells has a long and rich history that dates back to the early 20th century. In
the early days of stem cell research, scientists were primarily interested in the role of stem cells
in embryonic development. In the 1950s and 1960s, the discovery of stem cells in adult tissues
opened up new avenues of research and sparked interest in the potential therapeutic applications
of these cells.
In the late 20th and early 21st centuries, advances in cell culture techniques and genetic
engineering paved the way for the discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). In 2006,
scientists showed that mature cells could be reprogrammed to become pluripotent, setting the
stage for a new era of stem cell research.
Since the discovery of iPSCs, the field of stem cell research has expanded rapidly, leading to
numerous scientific and medical breakthroughs. Today, stem cell research is a highly active and
interdisciplinary field that brings together scientists from diverse backgrounds, including
biology, medicine, and engineering.
Overall, the historical context of stem cell research highlights the important role that stem cells
play in our understanding of biology and medicine and the potential for these cells to
revolutionize medical treatments in the future.
2. THE DISCOVERY OF REPROGRAMMING MATURE CELLS
2.1 Explanation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs)
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells that have been reprogrammed from mature,
specialized cells back to a pluripotent state. Pluripotent cells have the ability to differentiate into
any type of cell in the body, making them a valuable tool for regenerative medicine and disease
modeling.
4. The process of creating iPSCs involves the introduction of specific genes into mature cells using
genetic engineering techniques. These genes can be delivered using viral vectors or other
methods. The reprogrammed cells are then induced to form iPSCs, which have the ability to
differentiate into various cell types.
The discovery of iPSCs has had a profound impact on the field of biology and medicine. The
ability to generate patient-specific iPSCs has allowed scientists to study the underlying causes of
diseases and develop new drugs. Additionally, iPSCs have the potential to be used in
regenerative medicine, as they can be induced to differentiate into replacement tissues and
organs.
Overall, iPSCs represent a promising new tool for understanding cellular biology and developing
new medical treatments. The study of iPSCs continues to be an active area of research, with
many new discoveries and advances expected in the coming years.
2.2 Discovery of the process to revert mature cells back to a pluripotent state
The discovery of the process to revert mature cells back to a pluripotent state was a major
milestone in the field of stem cell research. The discovery was made by a team of scientists led
by Dr. Shinya Yamanaka of Kyoto University in Japan.
In 2006, Dr. Yamanaka and his team showed that mature cells could be reprogrammed to a
pluripotent state by introducing four specific genes into the cells. The four genes, Oct4, Sox2,
Klf4, and c-Myc, are known to be important for maintaining pluripotency in embryonic stem
cells. When these genes were introduced into mature cells, the cells were converted back to a
pluripotent state, which allowed them to differentiate into any type of cell in the body.
The discovery of the process to revert mature cells back to a pluripotent state was a major
breakthrough in the field of stem cell research, as it provided a new tool for understanding
cellular biology and developing new medical treatments. The discovery was recognized with the
2012 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, which was awarded to Dr. Yamanaka for his work.
5. Since the discovery, the field of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) has grown rapidly,
leading to numerous scientific and medical breakthroughs. The ability to generate
patient-specific iPSCs has allowed scientists to study the underlying causes of diseases and
develop new drugs, while the potential for iPSCs to be used in regenerative medicine continues
to be a major focus of ongoing research.
3. APPLICATIONS OF iPSCs
3.1 Patient-specific iPSCs for disease modeling
Patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are cells that have been created from the
cells of a specific patient. The ability to generate patient-specific iPSCs has allowed scientists to
study the underlying causes of diseases and develop new drugs in a way that was not possible
before.
One of the key advantages of patient-specific iPSCs is that they provide a unique opportunity to
study the effects of diseases in a controlled and highly representative system. For example,
scientists can generate iPSCs from patients with a particular disease and then differentiate the
cells into the specific cell type affected by the disease. This allows them to study the disease in a
laboratory setting and identify new therapeutic targets.
In addition, patient-specific iPSCs can be used to develop new drugs and test their efficacy in a
highly controlled and representative system. This can help to speed up the drug development
process and reduce the risk of failed clinical trials, as well as improve the chances of developing
new drugs that are effective for a large number of patients.
Overall, patient-specific iPSCs represent a valuable tool for disease modeling and drug
development, and are helping to revolutionize the way we study and treat diseases. The study of
patient-specific iPSCs continues to be an active area of research, with many new discoveries and
advances expected in the coming years.
3.2 Development of new drugs
6. The development of new drugs is a critical aspect of modern medicine, as it provides a means to
treat and cure diseases. The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the ability to
generate patient-specific iPSCs has had a significant impact on the development of new drugs.
One of the key benefits of iPSCs is that they can be used to develop in vitro models of disease,
allowing scientists to study the underlying causes of diseases and test new drugs in a controlled
and representative system. This can help to speed up the drug development process and reduce
the risk of failed clinical trials, as well as improve the chances of developing new drugs that are
effective for a large number of patients.
In addition, patient-specific iPSCs provide a unique opportunity to study the effects of diseases
in a highly representative system, allowing scientists to identify new therapeutic targets. This
information can then be used to develop new drugs that are specifically targeted to the
underlying causes of the disease, increasing the chances of success in treating the disease.
Overall, iPSCs and patient-specific iPSCs are providing a valuable new tool for the development
of new drugs, and are helping to revolutionize the way we study and treat diseases. The study of
iPSCs and their use in drug development continues to be an active area of research, with many
new discoveries and advances expected in the coming years.
3.3 Creation of personalized cell-based therapies and Advancements in regenerative
medicine
The discovery of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and the ability to generate
patient-specific iPSCs has had a major impact on the field of regenerative medicine. One of the
key goals of regenerative medicine is to develop new treatments that can repair or replace
damaged or diseased cells, tissues, and organs.
The ability to generate patient-specific iPSCs has opened up new possibilities for the creation of
personalized cell-based therapies. For example, iPSCs can be differentiated into specific cell
types, such as neurons, heart cells, or liver cells, and then used to replace damaged or diseased
7. cells in the body. This has the potential to provide new treatments for a wide range of diseases,
including neurodegenerative diseases, heart disease, and liver disease, among others.
In addition, iPSCs provide a valuable tool for the study of human development and disease,
allowing scientists to better understand the underlying causes of disease and develop new
treatments. The study of iPSCs continues to be an active area of research, with many new
discoveries and advances expected in the coming years.
Overall, the discovery of iPSCs and the ability to generate patient-specific iPSCs is a major step
forward in the field of regenerative medicine, and holds great promise for the development of
new treatments for a wide range of diseases. The use of iPSCs in regenerative medicine
continues to be an active area of research, with many new discoveries and advances expected in
the coming years.
4. ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS
4.1 Use of embryos in Traditional Stem Cell Research
Traditional stem cell research has often involved the use of embryos as a source of stem cells.
Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells that have the ability to differentiate into any cell type
in the body. This makes them a valuable tool for understanding human development and disease,
as well as for developing new treatments.
However, the use of embryos in stem cell research has been a source of ethical controversy, as it
requires the destruction of human embryos. This has led to a debate about the morality of using
embryos in research and has limited the funding and support for this type of research in some
countries.
Despite these ethical concerns, many scientists believe that embryonic stem cell research is
essential for advancing our understanding of human development and disease and for developing
new treatments. In response to the ethical concerns, alternative sources of stem cells, such as
8. induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), have been developed, which provide a way to generate
pluripotent cells without the use of embryos.
Overall, the use of embryos in traditional stem cell research remains a controversial issue, with
opinions on the matter varying widely among scientists, policymakers, and the general public.
Nevertheless, the study of stem cells, including embryonic stem cells, continues to be an
important and active area of research, with many new discoveries and advances expected in the
coming years
4.2 The Ethical Implications of iPSC Research
The use of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) in research has the potential to greatly advance
our understanding of human development and disease, as well as to provide new treatments for a
wide range of conditions. However, the use of iPSCs also raises a number of ethical
considerations that need to be taken into account.
One of the key ethical implications of iPSC research is the issue of informed consent. In order to
generate iPSCs, a small sample of cells, such as skin cells, is needed from the individual. This
raises the question of whether the individual giving the cells is fully informed about the use of
their cells and whether they have given their informed consent.
Another ethical consideration is the potential for the misuse of iPSCs, such as the creation of
human clones or the use of iPSCs in research that may be seen as unethical. This raises the need
for appropriate regulation and oversight of iPSC research to ensure that it is conducted in an
ethical and responsible manner.
In addition, the use of iPSCs in research may raise concerns about the commercialization of
medical treatments and the affordability of new treatments for all individuals. This raises the
need for careful consideration of the economic and social implications of iPSC research and the
development of new treatments.
Overall, the use of iPSCs in research is a complex and controversial issue, with a range of ethical
considerations that need to be taken into account. It is important that iPSC research is conducted
9. in an ethical and responsible manner, with appropriate regulation and oversight, to ensure that
the potential benefits of iPSC research are realized while minimizing the risks and ethical
concerns associated with this type of research.
5. CONCLUSION
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the potential to revolutionize medical treatments by
providing a new and powerful tool for understanding human development and disease and for
developing new treatments for a wide range of conditions.
One of the key benefits of iPSCs is that they can be generated from a patient's own cells, which
eliminates the risk of rejection that can occur with traditional transplantation therapies. This
opens the door to the development of personalized cell-based therapies that are tailored to the
specific needs of each patient.
In addition, iPSCs provide a valuable tool for disease modeling and drug discovery. Researchers
can use iPSCs to study the underlying causes of diseases, such as genetic mutations and cellular
abnormalities, and to test the effectiveness of new drugs in a controlled, laboratory setting. This
can greatly accelerate the pace of drug discovery and the development of new treatments.
Another important benefit of iPSCs is that they can be used to study the development of rare and
hard-to-treat diseases, as well as to develop new treatments for conditions that currently have
limited or no effective treatments available.
Overall, the potential for iPSCs to revolutionize medical treatments is vast and the possibilities
are only limited by our imagination and our ability to advance the technology. While there are
still many challenges and obstacles to overcome, the future of iPSC research is promising, and
the potential benefits to human health are immense.
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