Maximizing performance via tuning and optimization involves: - Defining service level agreements and translating them to database transactions. - Capturing metrics on business, application, and database transactions to identify bottlenecks. - Tuning from the start and periodically reviewing production systems for changes. - Optimizing server, storage, network and OS settings as well as MariaDB configuration settings like buffer pool size, query cache size, and connection settings. - Analyzing slow queries, indexing appropriately, and monitoring tools like Performance Schema. - Designing databases and choosing optimal data types.

1. Maximizing
Performance via
Tuning and
Optimization
Getting the most from MariaDB
Server
Jon Day
Solution Architect

2. Agenda • General Best Practices
• Server, Storage, Network and O/S
• Connections & Pooling
• MariaDB Config Settings
• Query Tuning
• Q&A

3. General Best Practices
Maybe obvious, but worth repeating

4. • Service Level Agreements (SLAs)
– Individual Biz/App Transactions
– Throughput
– Latency (at percentile)
– Peaks of peaks or favorable scheduling?
• Translate to Database Transactions
Define Target

5. Capture Metrics
• Biz/App Transactions
– Code Instrumentation
– Synthetic Transactions
– Compare to defined SLAs
• Database Transactions
• Sub-system level
– Servers (Web, App, DB, etc…)
– Storage
– Network
– Database

6. Tuning Routine - When to Tune
• Tune from Start of the Application Lifecycle
– Start Early to Ensure Schema is Well Constructed
– Test Queries on Real Data — Watch for Bottlenecks
– Over Tuning without Production Data or Traffic isn’t productive
• Conduct Periodic Reviews of Production Systems
– Watch for Schema, Query and Significant Changes
– Check Carefully New Application Features
– Monitor System Resources — Disk, Memory, Network, CPU

7. Tuning Routine - When Not to Tune
• Identify Objectives in Advance
– Adhere to Objectives
• Be Aware of Data Integrity
– Where is Speed Most Important?
– Where is Integrity Most Important?
– Adhere to these Boundaries

8. History
Alerts
Leverage your Metrics

9. Avoiding Cliffs • Understand expected business volumes
• Watch system-level stats for saturation
• Stress testing
– Sysbench
– HammerDB
– TPC
– Many others….
– Custom

10. Server, Storage, Network and O/S
Core Infrastructure

11. • Dedicated Server
• Memory
– More usually helps (up to ~dataset size)
– Important with read-heavy + slow disk
• More CPUs
– Highly concurrent use cases
– Usually favored over faster CPUs
• Faster CPUs
– Less concurrent use cases
– Dataset fits in memory
Database Server

12. • Local or SAN over NAS
– Performance
• SSD over HHD
– Performance and MTBF
– SSD wear not usually a factor
• SSDs
– Consumer
– Prosumer
– PCIe
– NVMe
Storage

13. • Can be Bandwidth Hungry
– Regular client traffic
– Replication Traffic
– Rebuilding replicas from snapshots
• Stability matters for Replication
• Sometimes overlooked as potential
bottleneck
• Efficient DNS setup*
Network

14. OS Settings
Linux Settings
•Swappiness
○ Value for propensity of the OS to swap
to disk
○ Defaults are usually 60
○ Commonly set low to 10 or so (not 0)
•Noatime
○ Mount disks with this option
○ Turns off writing of access time to disk
with every file access
○ Without this option every read becomes
an additional write

15. Connections & Pooling
Applying Back Pressure

16. Back Pressure in the Full Stack
Firewall/LB Web Servers App Servers MaxScale MariaDB
Server(s)

17. MariaDB Connection Controls
App Servers MaxScale MariaDB
Server(s)
max_connections
wait_timeout
thread_handling
thread_pool_max_threads
thread_pool_min_threads
thread_pool_idle_timeout
...
MariaDBDataSource
MariaDBPoolDataSource
maxPoolSize
minPoolSize
...
Outbound
persistpoolmax
persistmaxtime
Inbound
max_connections
connection_timeout

18. Further Reading
• Java Connector Pooling
mariadb.com/kb/en/library/pool-datasource-implementation/
• MaxScale
mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-enterprise/mariadb-maxscale-22/maxscale-
configuration-usage-scenarios/#server
mariadb.com/kb/en/mariadb-enterprise/mariadb-maxscale-22/maxscale-
configuration-usage-scenarios/#server
• Server Thread Pools
mariadb.com/kb/en/library/thread-pool-in-mariadb/
mariadb.com/kb/en/library/thread-pool-system-and-status-variables/

19. Configuration Settings
Common Settings with Performance Impact

20. • Runtime changes via SET GLOBAL
• Make permanent with changes to my.cnf
– Make sure you have right my.cnf
– Verify with SHOW GLOBAL
• One change at a time
• Production changes
– tested, reviewed, version controlled
Changing Config
Settings

21. Configuration Settings
innodb_buffer_pool_size
•The first setting to update
•The buffer pool is where data and indexes
are cached
• Utilize memory for read operations rather
than disk
•80% RAM rule of thumb
•Typical values are
✓ 5-6GB (8GB RAM)
✓ 20-25GB (32GB RAM)
✓ 100-120GB (128GB RAM)

22. Configuration Settings
query_cache_size
● Query cache is a well known bottleneck
● Consider setting query_cache_size = 0
● Use other ways to speed up read
queries:
○ Good indexing
○ Adding replicas to spread the read
load

23. Configuration Settings
innodb_log_file_size
● Size of the redo logs - 25 to 50% of
innodb_buffer_pool usually
recommended
● Redo logs are used to make sure writes
are fast and durable and also during
crash recovery
● Larger log files can lead to slower
recovery in the event of a server crash
● But! Larger log files also reduce the
number of checkpoints needed and
reduce disk I/O

24. Configuration Settings
innodb_file_per_table
● Each .ibd file represents a tablespace of its
own.
● Database operations such as “TRUNCATE”
can be completed faster and you may also
reclaim unused space when dropping or
truncating a database table.
● Allows some of the database tables to be
kept in separate storage device. This can
greatly improve the I/O load on your disks.

25. Configuration Settings
Disable MySQL Reverse
DNS Lookups
● MariaDB performs a DNS lookup of the
user’s IP address and Hostname with
connection
● The IP address is checked by resolving it to a
host name. The hostname is then resolved to
an IP to verify
● This allows DNS issues to cause delays
● You can disable and use IP addresses only
○ skip-name-resolve under [mysqld] in
my.cnf

26. Storage Engines
● XtraDB is the best choice in the majority of cases. It is a performance-enhanced fork of InnoDB and is the
MariaDB default engine until MariaDB 10.1.
● InnoDB is a good general transactional storage engine. It is the default MySQL storage engine, and default
MariaDB 10.2 storage engine, but in earlier releases XtraDB is a performance enhanced fork of InnoDB, and is
usually preferred.
● Aria, MariaDB's more modern improvement on MyISAM, has a small footprint and allows for easy copying
between systems.
● MyISAM has a small footprint and allows for easy copying between systems. MyISAM is MySQL's oldest storage
engine. There is usually little reason to use it except for legacy purposes. Aria is MariaDB's more modern
improvement.
● Spider uses partitioning to provide data sharding through multiple servers.
● ColumnStore utilizes a massively parallel distributed data architecture and is designed for big data scaling to
process petabytes of
● MyRocks enables greater compression than InnoDB, as well as less write amplification giving better endurance of
flash storage and improving overall throughput. (Currently Alpha in MariaDB 10.2)

27. Query Tuning
There are always more queries to tune

28. Finding Slow
Queries slow_query_log = 1
slow_query_log-file = /var/lib/mysql/myslow.log
long_query_time = 10
Pay attention to similar queries and the
query count

29. Analyzing Slow
Queries
EXPLAIN
SELECT *
FROM employees
WHERE MONTH(birth_date) = 8 G
id: 1
select_type: SIMPLE
table: employees
type: ALL
possible_keys: NULL
key: NULL
key_len: NULL
ref: NULL
rows: 299587
Extra: Using where

30. • Poor Indexing #1 Reason for poor
performance
• Basics of B-Tree Indexing same across
relational systems
• Space/Performance Tradeoff
• Write/Read Tradeoff
Indexing

31. • PRIMARY KEY = Clustered Index
• Secondary Indexes reference hold
primary key
– keep PRIMARY KEY small
• InnoDB Table Stats
• Optimizer Hints
– https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/optimizer-hints/
InnoDB
Indexing Tips

32. Query Tuning
SHOW STATUS
Global or Session
● Returns List of Internal Counters
● GLOBAL for System-Wide Status — Since Start-
Up
● SESSION for Local to Client Connection
● FLUSH STATUS Resets Local Counters
● Monitor Changes to Counters to Identify Hot
Spots
● Collect Periodically Status Snapshots to Profile
Traffic

33. Query Tuning
PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA
● Similar to INFORMATION_SCHEMA , but
Performance Tuning
● Monitors MariaDB Server Events
● Function Calls, Operating System Waits, Internal
Mutexes, I/O Calls
● Detailed Query Execution Stages (Parsing,
Statistics, Sorting)
● Some Features Storage Engine Specific
● Monitoring Lightweight and Requires No
Dedicated Thread
● Designed to be Used Iteratively with Successive
Refinement

34. Database Design
Choosing Data Types
● Use Appropriate Data Type (INT for
Numbers, VARCHAR)
● Use Smallest Useful Type
● Variable Length Fields are often Padded
● Use NOT NULL, where Practical
○ A NULL field uses slightly More
Disk and Memory (Depends on
Storage Engine)
● Use PROCEDURE ANALYSE( )

35. Monitoring and Query Tuning
Monitoring Tools
Monyog - Agentless and Cost-effective MariaDB monitoring tool
Box Anemometer - a MariaDB Slow Query Monitor. This tool is used to analyze slow query logs
collected from MariaDB instances to identify problematic queries

36. Q&A

37. Thank you
james.mclaurin@mariadb.com.

38. Appendix
Backup Slides and More

39. Configuration Settings
max_connections •‘Too many connections’ error?
•Using a connection pool at the application
level or a thread pool at the MariaDB level
can help

40. Configuration Settings
Check for MySQL idle
Connections
● Idle connections consume resources and
should be interrupted or refreshed when
possible.
● Idle connections are in “sleep” state and
usually stay that way for long period of time.
● To look for idled connections:
● # mysqladmin processlist -u root -p | grep
“Sleep”
● You can check the code for the cause if
many idled
● You can also change the wait_timeout value

41. Configuration Settings
thread_cache_size
● The thread_cache_size directive sets the amount of
threads that your server should cache.
● To find the thread cache hit rate, you can use the
following technique:
○ show status like 'Threads_created';
○ show status like 'Connections';
● calculate the thread cache hit rate percentage:
○ 100 - ((Threads_created / Connections) * 100)
● Dynamically set to a new value:
○ set global thread_cache_size = 16;

42. Configuration Settings
memory parameters
● MariaDB uses temporary tables when
processing complex queries involving joins
and sorting
● The default size of a temporary table is very
small
○ The size is configured in your my.cnf:
tmp-table-size = 1G
max-heap-table-size = 1G
● Both should have the same size and will
help prevent disk writes
● A rule of thumb is giving 64Mb for every
GB of RAM on the server

43. Configuration Settings
Buffer Sizes
● join buffer size
○ used to process joins – but only full
joins on which no keys are possible
● sort buffer size
○ Sort buffer size is used to sort data.
○ The system status variable
sort_merge_passes will indicates need
to increase
○ This variable should be as low as
possible.
● These buffers are allocated per connection
and play a significant role in the
performance of the system.

44. Configuration Settings
max_allowed_packet
● MariaDB splits data into packets. Usually a
single packet is considered a row that is sent
to a client.
● The max_allowed_packet directive defines
the maximum size of packet that can be
sent.
● Setting this value too low can cause a query
to stall and you will receive an error in your
error log.
● It is recommended to set the value to the
size of your largest packet.
○ Some suggest 11 times the largest BLOB