The document discusses how legal documents and terms of service enable massively shared musical performances online. It provides an example of Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir, which involved over 2,000 participants from 58 countries performing together virtually. The document outlines the legal terms that participants must agree to, including granting rights to the producers to edit and distribute the composite recording as part of the Virtual Choir series. It also discusses how scores and plans coordinate the actions of large groups, like in orchestral performances, and how shared practice and expertise are required for such coordinated activities.
The document provides a multi-part briefing for members of HMCS VANCOUVER who are deploying on Operation Unified Protector. It covers topics such as the mission overview from the Commanding Officer, legal issues, support services from the Military Family Resource Centre, medical aspects, postal services, benefits and allowances.
Introduction to Ontologies for Environmental BiologyBarry Smith
1. The document introduces ontologies for environmental biology and discusses several disciplines that could benefit from their use, including GIS, ecology, environmental biology, and various "-omics" fields.
2. It describes what an ontology is and compares ontologies to legends for maps or diagrams, which allow integration and help humans and computers make sense of complex data. Ontologies provide standardized terminology and annotations.
3. The document outlines the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, a collection of interoperable reference ontologies for annotating biomedical data. Foundry ontologies include the Gene Ontology and other ontologies for molecules, cells, anatomical structures, and more. They are developed through consensus and share
Mental functioning ontology and the International Classification of Functions...Barry Smith
The document discusses the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and how it relates to the Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO). It shows how BFO distinguishes between continuants and occurrents, and how MFO classifies different types of mental processes, cognitive representations, and mental functions. The document then provides more details on the Linguistic Functioning Ontology, describing the competencies, behaviors, and processes involved in speech, hearing, reading, and writing.
The Gene Ontology (GO) provides a controlled vocabulary for describing gene and gene product attributes across species. It consists of three ontologies covering biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. GO terms are organized into a directed acyclic graph structure and can have relationships like "is_a" and "part_of". Genes are annotated with GO terms to capture functional information, which is shared across species to facilitate research. While useful, the GO has some limitations like unclear reasoning principles and lack of validation procedures.
The document discusses two programs - BLASTing AmiGOs and "33" - that were designed to automatically generate Gene Ontology (GO) terms from gene/protein sequences. BLASTing AmiGOs takes FASTA sequences as input and outputs the associated GO terms without manual input. "33" queries a GO database using gene products from another group to retrieve GO terms and evidence codes. Manually collecting the same GO term data for 32 genes took 4-5 hours, while the programs could generate the terms automatically. The document compares the manual and automated methods and discusses using computational tools to help biologists more efficiently organize and access expanding genomic data.
The document provides an overview of ontology and its various aspects. It discusses the origin of the term ontology, which derives from Greek words meaning "being" and "science," so ontology is the study of being. It distinguishes between scientific and philosophical ontologies. Social ontology examines social entities. Perspectives on ontology include philosophy, library and information science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and the semantic web. The goal of ontology is to encode knowledge to make it understandable to both people and machines. It provides motivations for developing ontologies such as enabling information integration and knowledge management. The document also discusses ontology languages, uniqueness of ontologies, purposes of ontologies, and provides references.
The document provides a multi-part briefing for members of HMCS VANCOUVER who are deploying on Operation Unified Protector. It covers topics such as the mission overview from the Commanding Officer, legal issues, support services from the Military Family Resource Centre, medical aspects, postal services, benefits and allowances.
Introduction to Ontologies for Environmental BiologyBarry Smith
1. The document introduces ontologies for environmental biology and discusses several disciplines that could benefit from their use, including GIS, ecology, environmental biology, and various "-omics" fields.
2. It describes what an ontology is and compares ontologies to legends for maps or diagrams, which allow integration and help humans and computers make sense of complex data. Ontologies provide standardized terminology and annotations.
3. The document outlines the Open Biomedical Ontologies (OBO) Foundry, a collection of interoperable reference ontologies for annotating biomedical data. Foundry ontologies include the Gene Ontology and other ontologies for molecules, cells, anatomical structures, and more. They are developed through consensus and share
Mental functioning ontology and the International Classification of Functions...Barry Smith
The document discusses the Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) and how it relates to the Mental Functioning Ontology (MFO). It shows how BFO distinguishes between continuants and occurrents, and how MFO classifies different types of mental processes, cognitive representations, and mental functions. The document then provides more details on the Linguistic Functioning Ontology, describing the competencies, behaviors, and processes involved in speech, hearing, reading, and writing.
The Gene Ontology (GO) provides a controlled vocabulary for describing gene and gene product attributes across species. It consists of three ontologies covering biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components. GO terms are organized into a directed acyclic graph structure and can have relationships like "is_a" and "part_of". Genes are annotated with GO terms to capture functional information, which is shared across species to facilitate research. While useful, the GO has some limitations like unclear reasoning principles and lack of validation procedures.
The document discusses two programs - BLASTing AmiGOs and "33" - that were designed to automatically generate Gene Ontology (GO) terms from gene/protein sequences. BLASTing AmiGOs takes FASTA sequences as input and outputs the associated GO terms without manual input. "33" queries a GO database using gene products from another group to retrieve GO terms and evidence codes. Manually collecting the same GO term data for 32 genes took 4-5 hours, while the programs could generate the terms automatically. The document compares the manual and automated methods and discusses using computational tools to help biologists more efficiently organize and access expanding genomic data.
The document provides an overview of ontology and its various aspects. It discusses the origin of the term ontology, which derives from Greek words meaning "being" and "science," so ontology is the study of being. It distinguishes between scientific and philosophical ontologies. Social ontology examines social entities. Perspectives on ontology include philosophy, library and information science, artificial intelligence, linguistics, and the semantic web. The goal of ontology is to encode knowledge to make it understandable to both people and machines. It provides motivations for developing ontologies such as enabling information integration and knowledge management. The document also discusses ontology languages, uniqueness of ontologies, purposes of ontologies, and provides references.
Contemporary philosophy of collective agency, as illustrated by the work of Searle, Bratman, Gilbert, Pettit and others, focuses predominantly on small groups of agents sharing common goals. In his groundbreaking paper “Massively Shared Agency” of 2014, Scott Shapiro shows the limits of this approach when dealing with the large groups of agents that form industrial corporations, armies, or systems of law enforcement. Such groups will involve alienated or uncommitted participants pursuing motives of their own. And as Shapiro shows, they can manifest shared agency only when the actions of all participants are coordinated through authority structures organized hierarchically. Here I wish to focus on that dimension of massively shared agency that has to do with the transmission of authority. I will show that while such transmission almost always involves communication through speech (or through the digital counterparts of speech), transmission of this sort is too transient,
and falls short of creating the type of enduring intermeshing of plans and intentions that is required for the imposition of hierarchical authority structures across large organizations. To create and maintain the needed hierarchical authority structures what is required are complexes of intermeshed documents. Such documents provide for what we can think of as a division of deontic labor, allowing plans, orders, and obligations to be meshed together over time.
Presented at the conference on Truth, Image and Normativity, Cagliari, Sardinia, October 23, 2014
This document provides example release forms for obtaining permission to use various materials in a film project, including:
1) A parent/guardian release form allowing the recording and broadcasting of a child's contribution along with waiving their moral rights.
2) A location release form granting permission to film at a property and make temporary changes, while not being insured.
3) A materials release form giving non-exclusive rights to record, copy, and use provided materials like photos or music for the film and its promotion. The owner confirms they have permission and it does not infringe on any rights or laws.
This document summarizes several example release forms for use in filmmaking, including:
1) An adult release form that allows recording and broadcasting of an individual's contribution without limits.
2) A parent/guardian release form that gives similar permissions for a child's recorded contribution.
3) A location release form that permits filming at a property and makes temporary alterations.
4) A materials release form granting rights to copy, reproduce, and broadcast provided materials like music or footage.
The forms address permissions, legal rights, responsibilities, and areas like insurance, property restoration, and termination of agreements. Signatures are required to indicate acceptance.
contracts in entertainment law
Contact Us for Intellectual Property Services
BananaIP Counsels
Regd Office
No.40,3rd Main Road,JC Industrial Estate,
Kanakapura Road,Bangalore – 560 062.
Email: contact@bananaip.com
Telephone: +91-80-26860414 /24/34
Materials release form (IT CAME FROM THE MIST)LewisPashley
This materials release form grants the film producers non-exclusive rights to use, copy, broadcast, and perform the provided music material for both the production and promotion of an agreed upon film worldwide for the duration of the material's copyright. The signee confirms they have the authority to grant these permissions and doing so does not infringe on any other copyrights or laws. In return, the producers agree to only use the material as outlined and compensate the signee for any costs that arise from breaching the agreement.
This document is a membership agreement for SoundExchange, which collects and distributes digital performance royalties for sound recording copyright owners. By signing, the copyright owner agrees:
1) To grant SoundExchange non-exclusive rights to license their recordings for digital performances in the US and other territories.
2) To designate SoundExchange as their agent to collect both US and foreign royalties for digital performances and make distributions according to regulations.
3) To authorize SoundExchange to deduct costs and retain unclaimed royalties according to their policies.
This document is a membership agreement for SoundExchange, a collective management organization. It allows copyright owners to register with SoundExchange to receive digital performance royalties both within the US and internationally. By signing, members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings. The agreement outlines SoundExchange's role in licensing recordings, collecting and distributing royalties to members, deducting costs, handling undistributable royalties, and representing members in government proceedings.
This document outlines the terms and conditions of a SoundExchange Sound Recording Copyright Owner Membership Agreement. Key points include:
1) Signing members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings within the US and abroad, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings.
2) SoundExchange is designated as the non-exclusive agent to collect and distribute statutory royalties to members in the US and non-US territories not excluded in addendum A.
3) The agreement automatically renews annually each December 31st unless terminated.
This document outlines the terms and conditions of a SoundExchange Sound Recording Copyright Owner Membership Agreement. Key points include:
1) Signing members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings within the US and abroad, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings.
2) SoundExchange is designated as the non-exclusive agent to collect and distribute statutory royalties to members in the US and non-US territories not excluded in addendum A.
3) The agreement automatically renews annually but can be terminated, and SoundExchange may retain unclaimed royalties for up to 3 years.
Irish/Celtic Festival Directors Conference: Entertainment Contracts: Issues &...Kevin O'Shea
This presentation was focused on a specialized group of folks, the people who organize Irish music (sometimes called Celtic music) festivals around North America--from the Milwaukee Irish Festival (drawing 140,000 people to their four day festival), to Pittsburgh, to Boston to Kansas City.
Icalled on my pre-law experience as a music agent and manager in this sector of the music business to provide a customized presentation to many of the same folks I used to work with on a regular basis.
Although we have come a long way on some of these issues--the rise of the now ubiquitous iPhone and its use to video performances could have scarcely been imagined 7 years ago, but other slides are still as relevant as they were when first presented.
Short Presentation on Intellectual Property RightsMohit Singhal
The document provides an overview of intellectual property rights and key organizations and laws related to IP protection. It discusses the role and goals of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in developing international IP systems and cooperation. It also describes how various Indian IP laws were updated following India becoming a signatory to the TRIPS agreement, including new legislation for trademarks, patents, copyright, industrial designs, geographical indications, and other forms of IP. Key provisions of the updated Trademarks Act of 1999, Copyrights Act of 1957, and Patents Act of 2005 are also summarized.
Copyright, Content Creation and Creative CommonsIriss
This document discusses copyright, content creation, and Creative Commons licensing. It begins with defining copyright and what it protects, such as literary, dramatic, and artistic works. The purpose of copyright is to encourage creativity by rewarding creators. It then discusses problems with copyright, such as determining who holds copyright. Finally, it introduces Creative Commons as an alternative licensing scheme that allows creators to select how others can use their work.
The document provides information on various legal and ethical constraints related to employment and media production in the UK. It discusses legislation around health and safety, employees' rights, intellectual property, copyright, and the BBC's editorial standards. Specifically, it outlines employers' duties to keep employees safe, employees' statutory and contractual rights, and the BBC's requirements around trust, impartiality, privacy, and avoiding harm when producing content.
This document summarizes a digital distribution agreement between Distrophonix LLC, a music distributor, and an individual artist or musical group (the "RIGHTS HOLDER"). It grants Distrophonix the exclusive right to distribute the RIGHTS HOLDER's music digitally for 14 months, with automatic renewal. The RIGHTS HOLDER retains ownership and copyright, while Distrophonix receives authorization to sell and promote the music. Both parties have obligations around providing/clearing content, marketing, and responding to issues that may arise.
This module discusses investigating trademark and copyright infringement. It begins with an overview of trademarks, copyrights, and the differences between them. It then covers investigating trademark infringement, including monitoring for infringements, key considerations, and steps to take. It discusses copyright infringement and how copyrights are enforced through lawsuits. The module also covers plagiarism as a form of copyright infringement, types of plagiarism, and tools to detect plagiarism including Turnitin, CopyCatch, and other academic tools.
This document is a contribution and royalty agreement between Michael Melichar and Alternative Solutions Media LLC. Key points:
- Melichar will contribute content and services known as "Contributed Assets" to help complete a video series called "Starter Kit to Recovery".
- In exchange, Melichar will receive royalty payments of $2 per unit sold from the video series sales during a 36 month royalty period.
- Melichar transfers ownership of the Contributed Assets to the corporation. He must provide all tangible materials and cannot create any competing products.
- The agreement also outlines nondisclosure terms, requiring confidentiality of information for 5 years. It allows for injunctive relief and
Preserving Your Station Legacy with the American Archive of Public BroadcastingRyn Marchese
AAPB staff presents to interested stations on how they can contribute their content to the AAPB, what to look for when beginning to preserve content, and what steps should be taken when planning a digitization project.
This document is an artist recording contract between a recording company and artist. It grants the company rights to manufacture and sell records made from the artist's recordings in exchange for royalty payments. The contract details terms such as royalty rates, payment schedules, restrictions on the artist recording for other companies, and options to extend the contract.
Checklist For Writing An Essay. Online assignment writing service.Nicole Fields
Life of Pi by Yann Martel reflects several key aspects of Romanticism. The protagonist Pi experiences awe and wonder at the natural world as he is stranded at sea. He develops a close spiritual connection with nature as he learns to survive using only what the ocean provides. Additionally, the novel emphasizes imagination and emotion over reason. Pi tells an imaginative story to explain his ordeal, prioritizing how the events made him feel over factual realism. Overall, the novel celebrates nature and the human capacity for imagination, two hallmarks of the Romantic movement in literature.
We can distinguish two families of approaches to the building of ontologies -- corresponding roughly to the contrast between 'neats' and 'scruffies' in artificial intelligence research. We describe the implications of each approach for the building of an ontology of philosophy, focusing especially on the Indiana Philosophy Ontology (InPhO) project led by Colin Allen.
A video presentation based on these slides is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HV3M0NvyPM
An application of Basic Formal Ontology to the Ontology of Services and Commo...Barry Smith
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is an upper level ontology widely used in biomedical informatics and other domains to support information integration across disciplines, We here apply BFO to the development of a coherent ontological treatment of the distinction between commodities and services.
Contemporary philosophy of collective agency, as illustrated by the work of Searle, Bratman, Gilbert, Pettit and others, focuses predominantly on small groups of agents sharing common goals. In his groundbreaking paper “Massively Shared Agency” of 2014, Scott Shapiro shows the limits of this approach when dealing with the large groups of agents that form industrial corporations, armies, or systems of law enforcement. Such groups will involve alienated or uncommitted participants pursuing motives of their own. And as Shapiro shows, they can manifest shared agency only when the actions of all participants are coordinated through authority structures organized hierarchically. Here I wish to focus on that dimension of massively shared agency that has to do with the transmission of authority. I will show that while such transmission almost always involves communication through speech (or through the digital counterparts of speech), transmission of this sort is too transient,
and falls short of creating the type of enduring intermeshing of plans and intentions that is required for the imposition of hierarchical authority structures across large organizations. To create and maintain the needed hierarchical authority structures what is required are complexes of intermeshed documents. Such documents provide for what we can think of as a division of deontic labor, allowing plans, orders, and obligations to be meshed together over time.
Presented at the conference on Truth, Image and Normativity, Cagliari, Sardinia, October 23, 2014
This document provides example release forms for obtaining permission to use various materials in a film project, including:
1) A parent/guardian release form allowing the recording and broadcasting of a child's contribution along with waiving their moral rights.
2) A location release form granting permission to film at a property and make temporary changes, while not being insured.
3) A materials release form giving non-exclusive rights to record, copy, and use provided materials like photos or music for the film and its promotion. The owner confirms they have permission and it does not infringe on any rights or laws.
This document summarizes several example release forms for use in filmmaking, including:
1) An adult release form that allows recording and broadcasting of an individual's contribution without limits.
2) A parent/guardian release form that gives similar permissions for a child's recorded contribution.
3) A location release form that permits filming at a property and makes temporary alterations.
4) A materials release form granting rights to copy, reproduce, and broadcast provided materials like music or footage.
The forms address permissions, legal rights, responsibilities, and areas like insurance, property restoration, and termination of agreements. Signatures are required to indicate acceptance.
contracts in entertainment law
Contact Us for Intellectual Property Services
BananaIP Counsels
Regd Office
No.40,3rd Main Road,JC Industrial Estate,
Kanakapura Road,Bangalore – 560 062.
Email: contact@bananaip.com
Telephone: +91-80-26860414 /24/34
Materials release form (IT CAME FROM THE MIST)LewisPashley
This materials release form grants the film producers non-exclusive rights to use, copy, broadcast, and perform the provided music material for both the production and promotion of an agreed upon film worldwide for the duration of the material's copyright. The signee confirms they have the authority to grant these permissions and doing so does not infringe on any other copyrights or laws. In return, the producers agree to only use the material as outlined and compensate the signee for any costs that arise from breaching the agreement.
This document is a membership agreement for SoundExchange, which collects and distributes digital performance royalties for sound recording copyright owners. By signing, the copyright owner agrees:
1) To grant SoundExchange non-exclusive rights to license their recordings for digital performances in the US and other territories.
2) To designate SoundExchange as their agent to collect both US and foreign royalties for digital performances and make distributions according to regulations.
3) To authorize SoundExchange to deduct costs and retain unclaimed royalties according to their policies.
This document is a membership agreement for SoundExchange, a collective management organization. It allows copyright owners to register with SoundExchange to receive digital performance royalties both within the US and internationally. By signing, members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings. The agreement outlines SoundExchange's role in licensing recordings, collecting and distributing royalties to members, deducting costs, handling undistributable royalties, and representing members in government proceedings.
This document outlines the terms and conditions of a SoundExchange Sound Recording Copyright Owner Membership Agreement. Key points include:
1) Signing members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings within the US and abroad, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings.
2) SoundExchange is designated as the non-exclusive agent to collect and distribute statutory royalties to members in the US and non-US territories not excluded in addendum A.
3) The agreement automatically renews annually each December 31st unless terminated.
This document outlines the terms and conditions of a SoundExchange Sound Recording Copyright Owner Membership Agreement. Key points include:
1) Signing members agree to authorize SoundExchange to license their recordings within the US and abroad, collect royalties on their behalf, and represent their interests in legal proceedings.
2) SoundExchange is designated as the non-exclusive agent to collect and distribute statutory royalties to members in the US and non-US territories not excluded in addendum A.
3) The agreement automatically renews annually but can be terminated, and SoundExchange may retain unclaimed royalties for up to 3 years.
Irish/Celtic Festival Directors Conference: Entertainment Contracts: Issues &...Kevin O'Shea
This presentation was focused on a specialized group of folks, the people who organize Irish music (sometimes called Celtic music) festivals around North America--from the Milwaukee Irish Festival (drawing 140,000 people to their four day festival), to Pittsburgh, to Boston to Kansas City.
Icalled on my pre-law experience as a music agent and manager in this sector of the music business to provide a customized presentation to many of the same folks I used to work with on a regular basis.
Although we have come a long way on some of these issues--the rise of the now ubiquitous iPhone and its use to video performances could have scarcely been imagined 7 years ago, but other slides are still as relevant as they were when first presented.
Short Presentation on Intellectual Property RightsMohit Singhal
The document provides an overview of intellectual property rights and key organizations and laws related to IP protection. It discusses the role and goals of the World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO) in developing international IP systems and cooperation. It also describes how various Indian IP laws were updated following India becoming a signatory to the TRIPS agreement, including new legislation for trademarks, patents, copyright, industrial designs, geographical indications, and other forms of IP. Key provisions of the updated Trademarks Act of 1999, Copyrights Act of 1957, and Patents Act of 2005 are also summarized.
Copyright, Content Creation and Creative CommonsIriss
This document discusses copyright, content creation, and Creative Commons licensing. It begins with defining copyright and what it protects, such as literary, dramatic, and artistic works. The purpose of copyright is to encourage creativity by rewarding creators. It then discusses problems with copyright, such as determining who holds copyright. Finally, it introduces Creative Commons as an alternative licensing scheme that allows creators to select how others can use their work.
The document provides information on various legal and ethical constraints related to employment and media production in the UK. It discusses legislation around health and safety, employees' rights, intellectual property, copyright, and the BBC's editorial standards. Specifically, it outlines employers' duties to keep employees safe, employees' statutory and contractual rights, and the BBC's requirements around trust, impartiality, privacy, and avoiding harm when producing content.
This document summarizes a digital distribution agreement between Distrophonix LLC, a music distributor, and an individual artist or musical group (the "RIGHTS HOLDER"). It grants Distrophonix the exclusive right to distribute the RIGHTS HOLDER's music digitally for 14 months, with automatic renewal. The RIGHTS HOLDER retains ownership and copyright, while Distrophonix receives authorization to sell and promote the music. Both parties have obligations around providing/clearing content, marketing, and responding to issues that may arise.
This module discusses investigating trademark and copyright infringement. It begins with an overview of trademarks, copyrights, and the differences between them. It then covers investigating trademark infringement, including monitoring for infringements, key considerations, and steps to take. It discusses copyright infringement and how copyrights are enforced through lawsuits. The module also covers plagiarism as a form of copyright infringement, types of plagiarism, and tools to detect plagiarism including Turnitin, CopyCatch, and other academic tools.
This document is a contribution and royalty agreement between Michael Melichar and Alternative Solutions Media LLC. Key points:
- Melichar will contribute content and services known as "Contributed Assets" to help complete a video series called "Starter Kit to Recovery".
- In exchange, Melichar will receive royalty payments of $2 per unit sold from the video series sales during a 36 month royalty period.
- Melichar transfers ownership of the Contributed Assets to the corporation. He must provide all tangible materials and cannot create any competing products.
- The agreement also outlines nondisclosure terms, requiring confidentiality of information for 5 years. It allows for injunctive relief and
Preserving Your Station Legacy with the American Archive of Public BroadcastingRyn Marchese
AAPB staff presents to interested stations on how they can contribute their content to the AAPB, what to look for when beginning to preserve content, and what steps should be taken when planning a digitization project.
This document is an artist recording contract between a recording company and artist. It grants the company rights to manufacture and sell records made from the artist's recordings in exchange for royalty payments. The contract details terms such as royalty rates, payment schedules, restrictions on the artist recording for other companies, and options to extend the contract.
Checklist For Writing An Essay. Online assignment writing service.Nicole Fields
Life of Pi by Yann Martel reflects several key aspects of Romanticism. The protagonist Pi experiences awe and wonder at the natural world as he is stranded at sea. He develops a close spiritual connection with nature as he learns to survive using only what the ocean provides. Additionally, the novel emphasizes imagination and emotion over reason. Pi tells an imaginative story to explain his ordeal, prioritizing how the events made him feel over factual realism. Overall, the novel celebrates nature and the human capacity for imagination, two hallmarks of the Romantic movement in literature.
We can distinguish two families of approaches to the building of ontologies -- corresponding roughly to the contrast between 'neats' and 'scruffies' in artificial intelligence research. We describe the implications of each approach for the building of an ontology of philosophy, focusing especially on the Indiana Philosophy Ontology (InPhO) project led by Colin Allen.
A video presentation based on these slides is available here: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5HV3M0NvyPM
An application of Basic Formal Ontology to the Ontology of Services and Commo...Barry Smith
Basic Formal Ontology (BFO) is an upper level ontology widely used in biomedical informatics and other domains to support information integration across disciplines, We here apply BFO to the development of a coherent ontological treatment of the distinction between commodities and services.
Ways of Worldmarking: The Ontology of the EruvBarry Smith
‘Eruv’ is a Hebrew word meaning literally ‘mixture’ or ‘mingling’. An eruv is an urban region demarcated within a larger urban region by means of a boundary made up of telephone wires or similar markers. Through the creation of the eruv, the smaller region is turned symbolically (halachically = according to Jewish law) into a private domain. So long as they remain within the boundaries of the eruv, Orthodox Jews may engage in activities that would otherwise be prohibited on the Sabbath, such as pushing prams or wheelchairs, or carrying walking sticks. There are eruvim in many towns and university campuses throughout the world. There are five eruvim in Chicago, five in Brooklyn, twenty three in Queens and Long Island, and at least three in Manhattan. The US Supreme Court is (like most other major US Federal Government buildings) located within the eruv of Washington DC. In many cases, not all of those living within or near the area of an actual or proposed eruv will themselves be Orthodox Jews, and this has sometimes led to protests against eruv creation. For further details see http://ontology.buffalo.edu/smith/articles/eruv.pdf
Increasingly, biological and clinical scientists are using ontologies to serve integration and coordination of research across diverse organisms and scientific fields. Ontologies, in this context, are logically organized collections of terms defined in such a way that they can be used consistently across multiple disciplines to describe clinical and experimental data. Ontologies are used in aging research to unify experimental results from a broad range of fields including genetics, proteomics, (stem) cell biology, oncology, model organism biology, psychogerontology, and many more. We will explore against this background questions such as the following: What is aging? What is premature aging? And more specifically: Is aging a disease?
The document summarizes regulations and guidance around meaningful use of electronic health records (EHRs) in the US. It outlines the stages of meaningful use, including capturing health information electronically, using it to track conditions, and communicating information for care coordination. It also discusses some challenges and risks, such as EHRs decreasing doctor efficiency and increasing wait times, as well as costs to implement privacy and security requirements. An expert warns that pressure on hospitals to receive payments may cost lives if doctors are forced to use EHRs that disrupt their work. The IOM recommends coordinating efforts to identify patient safety risks from health IT.
In a lecture, delivered in Vienna in 1894 and dedicated "to the academic youth of Austria-Hungary", Franz Brentano outlined four phases of advance and decline which he saw as providing the key to the understanding of the history of Western philosophy. In the first cycle, in antiquity, the initial advancing phase culminated in the work of Aristotle, and was followed by three phases of decline, terminating in the irrational mysticism of the Neo-Pythagoreans. These four phases then repeated themselves: in the Middle Ages, beginning with Aquinas and ending with the "learned ignorance" of Nicholas of Cusa; and then in the modern period, beginning with Bacon and reaching its low point in the work of Kant, Fichte, Schelling, and Hegel. In the contemporary era we are currently witnessing the end of the fourth cycle in the work of (for example) Derrida, Rorty; but also the beginnings of a new, fifth cycle, which is described in the talk. (Presented at the conference Consequences of Realism, Rome, May 4-6, 2014.)
There is blind chess but there is no blind poker. This is because to play poker essentially involves the use of cards and chips (or representations of or proxies for cards and chips). A game of chess, in contrast, may involve only the exchange of speech acts. We draw initial conclusions for the ontology of poker from this distinction.
Talk presented on March 14, 2014
For video presentation see http://www.youtube.com/edit?video_id=PgwpR9NPKzw
Clinical trial data wants to be free: Lessons from the ImmPort Immunology Dat...Barry Smith
Presentation to the Clinical and Research Ethics Seminar, Clinical and Translational Science Center, Buffalo, January 21, 2014
https://immport.niaid.nih.gov/
http://youtu.be/booqxkpvJMg
Presentation to ImmPort Science Meeting, February 27, 2014 on the proper treatment of value sets in the Immport Immunology Database and Analysis Portal
The Philosophome: An Exercise in the Ontology of the HumanitiesBarry Smith
Presentation at the opening of the Humanomics Research Centre at the University of Copenhagen, 7 February 2014
For background links see: http://philosophome.org/
We describe the methodology of omics disciplines in biology, and consider how analogous methods might be applied in humanities disciplines, focusing specifically on philosophy. We conclude by outlining a possible strategy for a research center in humanomics, identifying possible sources of data in the philosophical domain.
IAO-Intel: An Ontology of Information Artifacts in the Intelligence DomainBarry Smith
We describe on-going work on IAO-Intel, an information artifact ontology developed as part of a suite of ontologies designed to support the needs of intelligence community. IAO-Intel provides a controlled, structured vocabulary for the consistent formulation of metadata about documents, images, emails and other carriers of information. It will provide a resource for uniform explication of the terms used in multiple existing military dictionaries, thesauri and metadata registries, thereby enhancing the degree to
which the content formulated with their aid will be available to computational reasoning.
Presented at the 2013 STIDS (Semantic Technology for Intelligence, Defense and Security) conference: http://stids.c4i.gmu.edu/
Talk presented at the conference on the Philosophy of Emerging Media, Boston University, October 26-27, 2013
If you try to find information about a gene or a molecule or a restaurant or a sports team or a politician on the web, it’s likely that some ontology will be involved in your search. An ontology is (briefly put) a semantically organized consensus representation of the types of entities in a given domain and of the relations between these entities – it is something like a large graph of the way some part of the world is structured. So important have ontologies become to organizations such as the BBC or the New York Times, that there is a running joke in the Semantic Web community to the effect that the Columbia School of Journalism is about to be renamed the Columbia School of Journalism and Ontology. I will attempt to draw conclusions from these phenomena concerning the ways in which social interactions are being influenced, and to some degree also transformed, by digital media.
Surveys a series of ethical, economic, clinical and also safety issues relating to the application of informatics to healthcare, focusing especially on the role of informatics in the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act. Talk presented in the University at Buffalo Clinical/Research Ethics Seminar - Ethics, Informatics and Obamacare, November 20, 2012. Slides are available here: http://ontology.buffalo.edu/13/ethics-informatics-obamacare.pptx
e‐Human Beings: The contribution of internet ranking systems to the developme...Barry Smith
This document discusses how online rating systems can contribute to human capital development and personal identity. Simple rating apps like Uber allow both customers and drivers to rate each other, shaping reputations and future interactions. Academics are increasingly defined by their online rankings on sites like Google Scholar. Mass collaboration through virtual choirs and military operations demonstrates how digital interconnection can enable new forms of coordinated action. The author proposes that personal identity is now composed of both biological and digital aspects, with an individual's plans, skills and reputation intermeshed with others online.
The idea underlying biomedical ontology is that, if common terms are used to annotate or tag heterogeneous data collected by scientists working in different disciplines, then these data will be more easily reused for integration and
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This document discusses biomedical ontology work being done at the University at Buffalo. It describes three US partner institutions collaborating on biomedical ontologies and lists several biomedical ontologies co-developed at UB, including the Basic Formal Ontology and Foundational Model of Anatomy. It outlines a strategy using these ontologies to provide consistent representation of knowledge in an ontology repository at the Institute for Healthcare Informatics.
ImmPort strategies to enhance discoverability of clinical trial dataBarry Smith
Describes strategies for submission of clinical trial data to the NIAID Immunology Database and Analysis Portal in order to advance discoverability, comparability and analysis
Introduces the idea of a theory of document acts, analogous to the theory of social acts advocated in 1913 by Adolf Reinach, and to the theory of speech acts advanced by Austin and Searle.
Ontology and the National Cancer Institute Thesaurus (2005)Barry Smith
The National Cancer Institute Thesaurus is described by its authors as "a biomedical vocabulary that provides consistent, unambiguous codes and definitions for concepts used in cancer research" and which "exhibits ontology-like properties in its construction and use". We performed a qualitative analysis of the Thesaurus in order to assess its conformity with principles of good practice in terminology and ontology design.
MATERIALS AND METHODS:
We used both the on-line browsable version of the Thesaurus and its OWL-representation (version 04.08b, released on August 2, 2004), measuring each in light of the requirements put forward in relevant ISO terminology standards and in light of ontological principles advanced in the recent literature.
RESULTS:
We found many mistakes and inconsistencies with respect to the term-formation principles used, the underlying knowledge representation system, and missing or inappropriately assigned verbal and formal definitions.
CONCLUSION:
Version 04.08b of the NCI Thesaurus suffers from the same broad range of problems that have been observed in other biomedical terminologies. For its further development, we recommend the use of a more principled approach that allows the Thesaurus to be tested not just for internal consistency but also for its degree of correspondence to that part of reality which it is designed to represent.
Introduction to the Logic of DefinitionsBarry Smith
We focus on definitions for common nouns such as 'human being' and 'leukocyte'
A definition, for terms such as this, is a statement of necessary and sufficient conditions for an entity's falling under an instance of the type to which the term refers.
Such definitions should be of Aristotelian form, which means that they specify the genus, and state what it is about certain instances of this genus in virtue of which they are instances of the type (species) defined.
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Storytelling is an incredibly valuable tool to share data and information. To get the most impact from stories there are a number of key ingredients. These are based on science and human nature. Using these elements in a story you can deliver information impactfully, ensure action and drive change.
Brian Fitzsimmons on the Business Strategy and Content Flywheel of Barstool S...Neil Horowitz
On episode 272 of the Digital and Social Media Sports Podcast, Neil chatted with Brian Fitzsimmons, Director of Licensing and Business Development for Barstool Sports.
What follows is a collection of snippets from the podcast. To hear the full interview and more, check out the podcast on all podcast platforms and at www.dsmsports.net
Profiles of Iconic Fashion Personalities.pdfTTop Threads
The fashion industry is dynamic and ever-changing, continuously sculpted by trailblazing visionaries who challenge norms and redefine beauty. This document delves into the profiles of some of the most iconic fashion personalities whose impact has left a lasting impression on the industry. From timeless designers to modern-day influencers, each individual has uniquely woven their thread into the rich fabric of fashion history, contributing to its ongoing evolution.
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The APCO Geopolitical Radar - Q3 2024 The Global Operating Environment for Bu...APCO
The Radar reflects input from APCO’s teams located around the world. It distils a host of interconnected events and trends into insights to inform operational and strategic decisions. Issues covered in this edition include:
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𝐔𝐧𝐯𝐞𝐢𝐥 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐭𝐮𝐫𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐄𝐧𝐞𝐫𝐠𝐲 𝐄𝐟𝐟𝐢𝐜𝐢𝐞𝐧𝐜𝐲 𝐰𝐢𝐭𝐡 𝐍𝐄𝐖𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐃𝐄’𝐬 𝐋𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬𝐭 𝐎𝐟𝐟𝐞𝐫𝐢𝐧𝐠𝐬
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4. • Eric Whitacre’s Virtual Choir 2.0, over 2,000
participants from 58 countries
4
5. • Eric Whitacre’s Virtual Choir 2.0, over 2,000
participants from 58 countries
5
6. The meshing of actions of over 2000
people in 58 different countries
• in such a way as to give rise to a common
enduring product to which they all make their
own contributions
• is made possible by law
6
7. Eric Whitacre Virtual Choir 3
TERMS & CONDITIONS
Thank you for planning to be part of Eric Whitacre's Virtual Choir 3, Water Night, recorded via www.ericwhitacre.com. Any recording you upload through this site (your Performance) is
subject to these Terms and Conditions (Terms) so please read them carefully. By recording and uploading your video (your Performance) you are stating that you have read,
understood and agree to be bound by the Terms below. Your agreement is with the Producers, Music Productions Ltd (c/o Pinewood Studios, Pinewood Road, Iver Heath, Bucks SL0
0NH UK) on behalf of Eric Whitacre Inc., in respect of Virtual Choir 3 (the Recording).
You confirm that you have made and submitted video footage of your audio visual performance of the composition, Water Night by Eric Whitacre. You hereby give all requisite
consents under the Copyright Designs and Patents Act of 1988 (or any re-enactments or amendments thereof) to enable the Producers to edit your Performance together with audio
visual material made by third parties to create a new composite Recording as part of the Virtual Choir series.
The Producers hereby confirm that your Performance will not be used in any other way, except as part of the Virtual Choir Recording, without prior consent.
You are responsible for maintaining your equipment and services required to access the recording and upload process for Virtual Choir 3. The data collected about you through sign-in
as part of this process will not be shared with any third party for any purpose at all. You agree that any information provided is accurate, current and true, and that you will not
impersonate any other person.
As part of this process you agree not to violate any local or international laws, nor transmit any inappropriate, libellous, obscene or non-Virtual Choir related material. In consideration
of the Producers agreeing to edit and create the Recording, incorporating your Recording at their sole expense which you acknowledge is a good and valuable consideration, you
confirm that the Producers shall be entitled in perpetuity throughout the world and without payment or liability to you, to alter and exploit the Recording in any manner and in all
media worldwide. This Recording will be seen on the world wide web, in media coverage of all types (broadcast and other), and as part of installations in visitor centres, galleries and at
other public events.
The performer copyright in your Performance remains yours and is not owned by the Producers. The Producers retain the right to remove or refuse any submissions as deemed
necessary, with copyright law or other international laws in mind.
The Producers retain the right to change these Terms if necessary, and these will be posted on the Virtual Choir webpage on www.ericwhitacre.com as necessary. If you object to these
changes you will need to contact Music Productions Ltd. Continued use of the site indicates your acknowledgement of such changes and agreement to be bound by the terms and
conditions.
You are solely responsible for the security of your password and the confidentiality of the account through which you logged in to the Recording process for Virtual Choir 3.
You expressly agree that uploading a Recording is at your sole risk. You agree that your audio and video files will be stored at a destination secured by the Producers, pending and
following editing and publication. The Producers are not responsible to you for the loss of any data or any unavailability caused by the Producers or any third party.
By agreeing to these terms and conditions, you understand that to the extent permitted under applicable law, under no circumstances will any of the officers, directors, employees,
agents or licensors be liable under any theory of liability for any incidental, indirect or exemplary damages of any known type without limitation. You agree to indemnify and defend
these officers, directors, employees and consultants from any claims, liabilities, damages, losses, costs, expenses or fees arising from your (or anyone using your account's) violation of
these Terms.
The content you upload, your Recording, is protected by international copyright laws without limitation. These Terms and the relationship between you and the Producers are
governed by British law. These Terms remain in full force and effect in perpetuity.
You warrant that you are entitled to give the above consents, are 14 or more years of age, and thereby agree to grant the rights herein.
7
8. To participate in a choral performance
with Eric Whitacre you need:
• Score
• Performance instructions
• Recording instructions
• Contact form (filled out)
• Choral survey (filled out)
• Video or audio files recording 2-3 selections from
within the last calendar year uploaded through
YouSendIt dropbox or by email to
SingwithEric@DCINY.org
By uploading video or audio files you agree to
8
9. … give all requisite consents under the Copyright Designs and
Patents Act of 1988 (or any re-enactments or amendments
thereof) to enable the Producers to edit your Performance
together with audio visual material made by third parties to
create a new composite Recording as part of the Virtual Choir
series.
… The performer copyright in your Performance remains yours
and is not owned by the Producers. The Producers retain the
right to remove or refuse any submissions as deemed necessary,
with copyright law or other international laws in mind.
… The content you upload, your Recording, is protected by
international copyright laws without limitation. These Terms
and the relationship between you and the Producers are
governed by British law. These Terms remain in full force and
effect in perpetuity.
9
12. 12
• Documents such as these create an
intermeshing of obligations between the
participants involved in massively shared agency
• Create an expectation of the existence of such
intermeshed obligations (somethings in
perpetuity)
• Justifying investment of ever more significant
resources in the creation of ever more elaborate
plans
13. The meshing of actions of large
numbers of people in musical
performances
• is made possible not only by legal documents
of the more familiar sort
13
15. The actions of the players in an
orchestral performance
• are intermeshed through the sets of
intermeshed documents we call orchestral
scores
• scores are sets of instructions for playing
• scores generate intermeshed obligations to
play in a certain way
15
16. Scores bring it about that specific obligation series are
distributed across large groups
16
23. How to do things with documents
• An orchestral musical work (as
something that can be rehearsed,
performed and re-performed)
–could not exist without a score
–could not be rehearsed without scores and
subscores
–could not be performed without (either)
scores or rehearsal
24
24. How to do things with scores
1. the author authors the score, thereby creates a possibility
of performance, and thereby creates the work
2. conductor and orchestra use the score to form a plan
(including subplans) and commit themselves to its
execution
3. they use the score as a set of instructions to rehearse the
execution of their plan (develop score-coordinated
expertise through drill)
4. they schedule a concert, thereby making a commitment to
a prospective audience to perform that work
5. they perform the work
25
25. Laws
• systems of intermeshed obligations
• systems of intermeshed plans
• systems of intermeshed instructions
allow
• conception of ever more complex intermeshed
plans through reliance on shared commitments
and on development of intermeshed expertise
• excution of these plans through shared agency
26
26. musical scores are inert, unless their users
have the sort of expertise needed to
interpret them
Modular coordination of action presupposes
drilling of the members of each module in the
requisite kinds of skill
30
27. documents hold together the executions
of horizontally and vertically meshed
subplans
through drill
31
29. The role of shared practice
This sort of coordinated activity is impossible
without shared expertise, developed
– through training and individual practice
– through practice and rehearsal in small group,
yielding
– reusable, recombinable expertise modules
33
30. Searle: Directions of fit
• world-to-mind: a plan is formulated to
change the world (to make it conform to
the mind of the planner …)
• mind-to-world: an assertion is about
something in the world
• automatic mind-to-world-and-world-to-
mind: I say “I promise to pay you $100
dollars” and thereby make it true that I
promise to pay you $100 dollars
34
32. Directions of fit
• world-to-score: the score tells the world how
to shape itself to create a performance that is
in conformance with the score
• score-to-world: the score, when the
performance is completed, serves as a record
of the performance
• automatic score-to-world-and-world-to-
score: Berlioz completes the score and
thereby brings into being a work that is
precisely in conformance to the score
37
33. 39
what begins as a plan,
ends as a record
what makes the record
true is:
the journey you took
35. Plans will be modified along the way
physical changes to the
building to meet
building codes
changes in
materials/suppliers
changes in allowed
physical processes
changes in administrative
(approval) processes
42
40. spontaneous order vs. planning
biology
47
biology military operation
market concert performance
language election
41. document templates
• As Alfred Whitehead has said in another
connection, "It is a profoundly erroneous
truism, repeated by all copy-books and by
eminent people when they are making
speeches, that we should cultivate the habit
of thinking what we are doing. The precise
opposite is the case. Civilization advances by
extending the number of important
operations which we can perform without
thinking about them."
48
42. price system
• We must look at the price system as such a mechanism for communicating
information if we want to understand its real function—a function which, of
course, it fulfils less perfectly as prices grow more rigid. (Even when quoted prices
have become quite rigid, however, the forces which would operate through
changes in price still operate to a considerable extent through changes in the other
terms of the contract.) The most significant fact about this system is the economy
of knowledge with which it operates, or how little the individual participants need
to know in order to be able to take the right action. In abbreviated form, by a kind
of symbol, only the most essential information is passed on and passed on only to
those concerned. It is more than a metaphor to describe the price system as a kind
of machinery for registering change, or a system of telecommunications which
enables individual producers to watch merely the movement of a few pointers, as
an engineer might watch the hands of a few dials, in order to adjust their activities
to changes of which they may never know more than is reflected in the price
movement.
• Hayek: The Uses of Knowledge in Society
49
43. Wikipedia
• Wales cites Austrian School economist Friedrich Hayek's essay "The Use of
Knowledge in Society", which he read as an undergraduate,[16] as "central" to his
thinking about "how to manage the Wikipedia project".[11] Hayek argued
that information is decentralized – that each individual only knows a small fraction
of what is known collectively – and that as a result, decisions are best made by
those with local knowledge rather than by a central authority.[11] Wales
reconsidered Hayek's essay in the 1990s, while reading about the open source
movement (which advocated that software be free and distributed). He was
moved in particular by "The Cathedral and the Bazaar", an essay and later book by
one of the founders of the movement, Eric S. Raymond, which "opened [his] eyes
to the possibilities of mass collaboration."[16] From his background in finance and
working as a futures and options trader, Wales developed an interest in game
theory and the effect of incentives on human collaborative activity, a fascination to
which he credits enabling much of his effort with Wikipedia.[84] He has rejected the
notion that his role in promoting Wikipedia is altruistic, which he defines as
"sacrificing your own values for others", stating "[t]hat participating in a
benevolent effort to share information is somehow destroying your own values
makes no sense to me".[54]
50
44. Wikipedia cheats
• Climategate: the corruption of Wikipedia
• By James Delingpole Politics Last updated:
December 22nd, 2009
51
47. • a massive change –moving to drive on right
• abolishing units of measure
• a massive meta-change – introducing a new
currency
54
48. • Amish barn raising
Underground railroad documents
Gangs)
Driving on the right
East Germany
Pounds shillings
Moon launches
55
49. Internet-scale activities on the internet
56
• MMOGs = massively multiplayer online games
capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of
players simultaneously.
– real financial markets for virtual game items
– real careers for traders of virtual game items
– real courts passing judgments on crimes involving
theft of virtual game items
• MMWGs agent-based wargame simulations to
support joint military training
50. Employment Opportunity
• Senior Semantic Cloud Scientist
Skills: Applying semantic technologies
(ontologies) for analysis of internet-scale
data. Developing enterprise solutions for
incredibly large, incredibly heterogeneous
federations.
57
51. Internet-scale activities on other
computational platforms
58
• Credit-card payment systems
• Massive on-line choral performances
• International currency markets
• Airline traffic-management systems
• Military communications systems (for satellites,
drones, sensors …)
52. All of these internet-scale activities
generate and sustain larger phenomena,
which include more than just processes
inside computer networks
• Games played by people
• Journeys made by people
• Wars fought by people
• Political, legal, artistic, financial activities
performed by people
… 59
53. The ontology of all of these things
• What is the World Cup?
• What is the Dow Jones Industrial Average?
• What is the Constitution of the United States?
• What is Beethoven’s 9th Symphony?
• What is a credit card number?
Kant did not have answers to questions such as this
60
54. Das Kapital
[T]he cooperation of the wage-laborers is entirely brought
about by the capital that employs them. Their unification
into one single productive body, and the establishment of a
connection between their individual functions, lies outside
their competence. These things are not their own act, but
the act of the capital that brings them together and
maintains them in that situation. Hence the interconnection
between their various labors confronts them, in the realm of
ideas, as a plan drawn up by the capitalist, and, in practice,
as his authority, as the powerful will of a being outside them,
who subjects their activity to his purpose. (Das Kapital)
61
55. Das Kapital
• Die Kooperation der Lohnarbeiter ist ferner
bloße Wirkung des Kapitals, ... ihre Einheit als
produktiver Gesamtkörper liegen außer ihnen,
im Kapital, das sie zusammenbringt und
zusammenhält. Der Zusammenhang ihrer
Arbeiten tritt ihnen daher ideell als Plan,
praktisch als Autorität des Kapitalisten
gegenüber … (Buch 1, S. 540)
62
56. The ontology of all of these things
• What is capital?
• What is a plan?
• What is authority?
• What is the internet?
• What is a stockmarket crash?
and especially of planned activities:
• What is a symphony concert?
• What is a military operation?
63
57. Scott J. Shapiro, “Massively Shared Agency”, 2013
*Bratman, Searle …+ ‘are unable to account for
the existence of massively shared agency.
they ‘have largely concentrated on analyzing
shared activities among highly committed
participants. The working assumption has been
that those who sing duets or paint houses
together are all committed to the success of the
activity.’
64
58. Searle’s two books on social ontology
The Construction of Social Reality (1997)
Making the Social World (2012)
• Sam is a member of the Board (roughly)
because: people in the relevant context believe
that Sam is a member of the Board
• This does not work e.g. for ‘Kashmir is part of
India’
66
59. The Searle Thesis
Through the performance of speech acts (of promising,
marrying, accusing, appointing) we bring into being
₋ claims,
₋ obligations,
₋ relations of authority,
₋ relations of membership,
…
= the entities making up the ontology of the social world.
67
60. How do such entities endure through
time?
• in the local case: through memories, fears,
desires (e.g. your desire to preserve your good
name)
• But what about the global case (where there
is no face-to-face contact)?
68
61. Hernando de Soto
Institute for Liberty and Democracy, Lima, Peru
Bill Clinton:
“The most promising anti-poverty initiative in the world”
69
62. The de Soto thesis:
documents and document
systems are mechanisms for
creating the institutional orders
of modern societies
The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and
Fails Everywhere Else,
New York: Basic Books, 2000
70
63. Documents shape society
• Tanzanians are producing valid testaments accepted
and enforced on the basis of local community
consensus.
• They have found a way to express their individual will
in such a way that it can becomes effective even when
they no longer exist.
• Documents enable them to go beyond the mere
physical control of their assets in the here-and-now.
They are inventing an abstract order which allows
them to transcend time.
71
65. With the invention of documented
claims and obligations
• a new dimension of socio-economic reality
comes into existence:
bank accounts, stocks, shares, bonds,
mortgages, credit cards
• these form enduring social networks –
document systems – of entirely new types
• debts become information entities analogous
to computer software artifacts
73
67. From speech acts to document acts
Documents can be copied, modified, stored …
Documents can be aggregated (meshed
together)
Documents can be algorithmically executable
(Turbotax …)
79
75. The Shang Dynasty, 1600-1050 BC
The invention of writing had a profound effect
on Shang government and its ability to rule. It
increased the government’s ability to organize
on a large scale, whether it be to oversee a
hierarchical administration; rule the state’s many
territories; organize the mining of large
quantities of ore for bronzework; wage large
military campaigns; construct city walls and
palaces; or build elaborate tombs for
themselves.
87
76. Genghis Khan
The Mongols established a system of postal-
relay horse stations, similar to the system
employed in ancient Persia for fast transfer of
written messages … Prior to the invasion of
Europe … sent spies for almost ten years into
the heart of Europe, making maps of the old
Roman roads, …
88
77. Today: Intermeshed documents make possible
more complex processes extending over ever
larger regions of social, legal, financial reality
Example: The securitization of a mortgage
89
78. Standard theories of collective
action
91
Searle, Tuomela, Gilbert, Bratman deal with
simple local interaction of cooperative agents
communicating by speech
“Would you like to dance?”
“Let’s lift this table”
“Shall we cook dinner together?”
“Waiter, bring me a beer!”
…
79. Shapiro: To adapt standard theory of
collective agency to deal with massively
shared actions we need to add authority
Authorities are … “meshcreating” mechanisms.
When disputes between participants break out
with respect to the proper way to proceed,
authorities can create a mesh between the
subplans of the participants by demanding that
both sides accept a certain solution.
Basic for Shapiro’s theory of the nature of law
94
86. 103
What holds such horizontally and
vertically meshed hierarchies together?
(Partial) answer: systems of documents
establish vertical authority relations
create obligations
establish horizontal coordination
allow planning of coordinated actions
unfolding in time
…
87. Expanding Bratman’s theory
through the idea of diagrammatically nested
• plans
• authorities
• intentions
• obligations
• expertise
• modules
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOTMLPF
88. 109
Searle: one-off, one-person obligations
• I request that you bring me a beer.
• By signing this IOU note I commit myself
to paying you $1000 next Tuesday
93. 118
Warfighters’ Information Sharing Environment
Fire
Support
LogisticsAir Operations
Intelligence
Civil-Military
Operations
Targeting
Maneuver
&
Blue
Force
Tracking
95. Military Symbology
Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology
Symbols for Military Organizations
Depict functions/capabilities
Depict Roles: Friend, Adversary,
Neutral
98. Military Symbology
Sample of Military Standard 2525 Military Symbology
Buildings, Structures, Vehicles,
Formations, Geographic Areas, and
People can all be in a Target_Role for a
period of time
These symbols designate Targets on a
map
A Target_Role is created by way of the
targeting process
A Role is a Temporal Property of some
entity
103. Military doctrine
128
Creates training modules to create expertise
modules and operational modules to be turned
into operational plans and nested subplans
Reading and following orders in coordinated
fashion becomes mechanical
106. diagrams, diagrams, diagrams
Ontological methods are used in the process of
Task-Organizing
A Task-Organization is the Output (Product) of
Task Organizing
A Task-Organization is a Plan or part of a Plan
A Plan is an Information Content Entity
Task-Organizing — The act of designing an operating
force, support staff, or logistic package of specific size
and composition to meet a unique task or mission.
Characteristics to examine when task-organizing the
force include, but are not limited to: training,
experience, equipage, sustainability, operating
environment, enemy threat, and mobility. (JP 3-05)
107. drill, drill, drill
Source: FM 3-0 Operations
Military Ontologies help planners and operators “see” and
understand the relations between Entities and Events in the
area of operations.
Military Ontologies are prerequisites of military innovations
such as Airborne Operations, Combined Fires and Joint
Operations.
Military Ontologies are prerequisites for the creation of effective
information systems.
Operational Design — The conception and construction of the
framework that underpins a campaign or major operation plan
and its subsequent execution. See also campaign; major
operation. (JP 3-0)
108. 133
Human beings know how to coordinate massively shared agency
Fire
Support
LogisticsAir Operations
Intelligence
Civil-Military
Operations
Targeting
Maneuver
&
Blue
Force
Tracking
Adaptedfrom Titus Stahl. Beyond Plans and Practices: Law as Collective Intentional Institutionshttp://www.scribd.com/doc/104877479/Beyond-Plans-and-Practices-Law-as-Collective-Intentional-Institution-of-Authority