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Power to the People!

Does market concentration play a role in the
effectiveness of co-creation?
What’s coming
1.Background
2.Present study
3.Findings
4.Implications

1
1.Background.

2
What makes co-creation effective?

3
What is co-creation?

4
Company-driven NPD

5
Co-creation: user-driven NPD

6
Success stories

Linux

Apache

Firefox
7
Success stories

8
Success stories

9
Non-participating users

10
Positive effects
Innovation
ability

Customer
orientation
11
Negative effects
User
expertise

Design
complexity
12
Market concentration

13
Market concentration

high concentration

low concentration
14
Market control

“

“

When cryptomonopoly is
assumed it no longer
follows that any of the
old goals of social
efficiency are
realised.
John K. Galbraith, American Capitalism (1952, p.43)

15
Market control

Prices
Innovation
Technical advance
Culture

16
Attitude change: positive

17
Attitude change: negative

18
Consumer resistance

19
Consumer resistance

20
Consumer resistance

21
Consumer resistance

22
Research question

Does market concentration play a role in
the effectiveness of co-creation?

23
2.Present study.

24
Effects of market concentration

high concentration

co-creation
26
25
Effects of market concentration

low concentration

co-creation
26
Hypotheses
H0: Consumers prefer user-driven value
creation strategies to company-driven ones.
H1: Preference for a user-driven value
creation strategy is associated with market
concentration.
27
Conceptual model
market
concentration

value creation
strategy

behavioural
intentions

28
Methodology

29
Industry

software for video editing

30
2 × 2 between subjects design

VS
company-driven

user-driven

31
2 × 2 between subjects design

VS

high concentration

VS

low concentration

32
Functionality & Innovativeness

6.4
5.7

33
Functionality & Innovativeness

6.4
5.7

34
Reliability & Usability

5.9
5.2

35
Reliability & Usability

5.9
5.2

36
Which option will they choose?

?
company-driven

user-driven

37
3.Findings.

38
Participants
600 invitations
162 usable responses
No reward for participation
39
Participants
56% male
54% non-student
Mean age: 27 years (SD = 7.90)
40
Manipulation and control checks
1.Type of value creation strategy
2.Level of market concentration
3.Differences in attribute rating

✔

1.Involvement
2.Product knowledge
3.Expertise

✔
41
So, did market concentration play
a role?

42
Market concentration and preference for type of
value creation strategy
Choice shares by market concentration
100%
80%

28,2%

31,0%

71,8%

69,0%

Low concentration

Company-driven
User-driven

High concentration

60%
40%
20%
0%

Company type choice by market concentration: χ2(1) = 0.49, p = .48

43
Market concentration and preference for type of
value creation strategy
Choice preference
7

User-driven
Company-driven

6
5 4,72

4,83

4
3

3,05

3,28

2
1
0
Low concentration

High concentration

Company type preference by market concentration: F = 0.40, p = .53; measured on a seven-point
Lykert type scale (1 = Company "A" and 7 = Company "B")

44
Market concentration and preference for type of
value creation strategy
Option “1” adoption likelihood
7

User-driven
Company-driven

6

5,21
5

4,52

4 4,11

3,88

3
2
1
0
Low concentration

High concentration

Company type preference by market concentration: F = 3.13, p = .08; measured on a seven-point
Lykert-type scale (1 = Very unlikely and 7 = Very likely)

45
Market concentration and preference for type of
value creation strategy
Option “2” adoption likelihood
7

User-driven
Company-driven

6
5
4

5,03

3,87

4,85
4,15

3
2
1
0
Low concentration

High concentration

Company type preference by market concentration: F = 0.41, p = .84; measured on a seven-point
Lykert-type scale (1 = Very unlikely and 7 = Very likely)

46
H1: Preference for a user-driven value
creation strategy is associated with market
concentration.

47
Value creation strategy and preference
Frequency of choice
100%

User-driven
Company-driven

80%
60%
40%
20%

67,9%
32,1%

0%

48
Value creation strategy and preference
Adoption likelihood
7

User-driven
Company-driven

6
5
4
3

4,88
2

3,54

1
0

Company type adoption likelihood: t(161) = 3.90, p < .001; measured on a seven-point Lykert-type
scale (1 = Very unlikely and 7 = Very likely)

49
Value creation strategy and preference
Contriubtion to choice preference (R-statistic)

0,30

Company type description

Functionality & Innovativeness

0,14

Reliability & Usability

0,16

0,0

0,2

0,4

0,6

0,8

1,0

Relative contribution of company type description and performance attribute ratings: χ2 = 32.10, p < .001.

50
Reasons for co-creation preference
Frequency of reasoning behind
preference
Perceived customer orientation
Perceived expertise

31%

23%

Customer orientation
Target segment
Diversity
Numbers
Expertise

4%
4%

39%

Perceived Innovation ability

51
Reasons for co-creation preference
Frequency of reasoning behind
preference
Perceived customer orientation
Perceived expertise

31%

23%

Customer orientation
Target segment
Diversity
Numbers
Expertise

4%
4%

39%

Perceived Innovation ability

52
H0: Consumers prefer user-driven value
creation strategies to company-driven ones

53
4.Implications.

54
Theory
1.Generalisability
2.Counter mediation
3.Consumer resistance

55
Practice
1.Focus:
A.Novice users
B.Target segment
2.Avoid:
A.Market structure
B.Freedom of choice
56
Limitations

“

“

Like the
physical, the
psychical is not
necessarily in
reality what it
appears to us to
be.

Sigmund Freud, “The Unconscious” in The Freud
Reader (1989, p.577)

57
Limitations
1.Student sample
2.Atypical product descriptions
3.Experimental design
4.Polar opposites

58
Future research
1.Wider demographic
2.More product categories
3.Different levels of empowerment
4.B2B

59
Conclusion
1.First study
2.Inconclusive evidence
3.Unsolved mysteries
4.More research needed

60
Thank you!

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Market Concentration and Co-Creation Effectiveness