This document provides an overview of urban plans and theories, using Barcelona as a case study. It discusses the growth and impacts of urban planning in Barcelona over time. Specifically, it analyzes Idelfonso Cerda's 1860 plan for the "Ensanche" expansion of Barcelona. Cerda developed a "General Theory of Urbanization" that aimed to balance individual freedom with urban planning rules through a systematic street grid plan with public spaces and infrastructure networks. The plan introduced chamfered corners at street intersections to ease movement. Though controversial, Cerda's plan shaped the growth of Barcelona and demonstrated how urban design can address problems of health, housing, traffic and socioeconomic issues in a growing industrial city.
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical Perspecti.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical PerspectiTakishaPeck109
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical Perspecti.docxwoodruffeloisa
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
PUP 420 Theory of Urban Design Historical PerspectiTakishaPeck109
PUP 420: Theory of
Urban Design
Historical Perspectives:
Siena, Italy
Part of understanding the basics of
urban design is to understand the
history of designing our cities.
Two basic city forms – organic and
geometric – emerged very early in
Western civilizations.
Organic cities are likely to have been
the more ancient of the two, having
arisen through chance and
accretion. Accretion means that
these settlements grew where paths
became streets, and villages
merged into towns and then cities.
Organic cities developed around geographic features that were
crucial to trade or defense, such as regional crossroads, safe
harbors, river crossings, access to mountain passes, and so
forth.
Miletus, origin of Miletian plan
Palace Quarter, Babylon
The geometric form, on the other
hand, was planned – purposely
and self-consciously designed.
This is where we get our grid
system, where streets are at right
angles and form blocks.
Most early geometric cities had
specific places for religion and
commerce. And most early
societies were concerned about
controlling access to their city for
the purpose of defense.
Historical Perspectives:
Historical Perspectives:
Piazza del Campo, Siena
Villingen, Germany
The Middle Ages were shaped by
warfare and military considerations,
leading to things like building city
walls.
Public spaces became associated
with religious structures and, later,
commerce, as the church plaza
became the marketplace.
During the Middle Ages, we also
started building secular public
plazas – these are plazas that are
not associated with a church or
religion. Piazza del Campo in
Sienna was one of the first of these
secular plazas.
Historical Perspectives:
Pienza, Italy
Palmanova, Italy
Next, we move ahead to the
Renaissance, which was roughly
the 15th – 17th Centuries. (There’s
no consensus about the exact
years.)
During this time, classical architecture
and planning served as precedents,
as neo-classical architecture began
to be built. This was stemming from
a renewed interest in art,
architecture, literature, and so forth.
This coincides with the emerging
“humanist” view – meaning that
people were looking at Ancient
Rome and Ancient Greece for
inspiration and seeing the value in
classical learning.
Historical Perspectives:
Pope Sixtus V’s Plan of Rome
The Baroque period was roughly the
16th – 17th Centuries, sometimes
grouped into the Renaissance time
period.
During the Baroque period, we built
straight avenues with clear lines of
sight. Our cities also had radial and
diagonal patterns defined by focal
points. This is largely because the
planners were military engineers,
interested in efficiency.
During this time, cities were also
starting to be confronted with the
challenges of swelling populations –
and the consequences of this on
health, light, and air.
Historical Perspectives:
Paris, France
Baro ...
Dev Dives: Train smarter, not harder – active learning and UiPath LLMs for do...UiPathCommunity
💥 Speed, accuracy, and scaling – discover the superpowers of GenAI in action with UiPath Document Understanding and Communications Mining™:
See how to accelerate model training and optimize model performance with active learning
Learn about the latest enhancements to out-of-the-box document processing – with little to no training required
Get an exclusive demo of the new family of UiPath LLMs – GenAI models specialized for processing different types of documents and messages
This is a hands-on session specifically designed for automation developers and AI enthusiasts seeking to enhance their knowledge in leveraging the latest intelligent document processing capabilities offered by UiPath.
Speakers:
👨🏫 Andras Palfi, Senior Product Manager, UiPath
👩🏫 Lenka Dulovicova, Product Program Manager, UiPath
PHP Frameworks: I want to break free (IPC Berlin 2024)Ralf Eggert
In this presentation, we examine the challenges and limitations of relying too heavily on PHP frameworks in web development. We discuss the history of PHP and its frameworks to understand how this dependence has evolved. The focus will be on providing concrete tips and strategies to reduce reliance on these frameworks, based on real-world examples and practical considerations. The goal is to equip developers with the skills and knowledge to create more flexible and future-proof web applications. We'll explore the importance of maintaining autonomy in a rapidly changing tech landscape and how to make informed decisions in PHP development.
This talk is aimed at encouraging a more independent approach to using PHP frameworks, moving towards a more flexible and future-proof approach to PHP development.
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
The latest edition of the OT/ICS and IoT security Threat Landscape Report 2024 also covers:
State of global ICS asset and network exposure
Sectoral targets and attacks as well as the cost of ransom
Global APT activity, AI usage, actor and tactic profiles, and implications
Rise in volumes of AI-powered cyberattacks
Major cyber events in 2024
Malware and malicious payload trends
Cyberattack types and targets
Vulnerability exploit attempts on CVEs
Attacks on counties – USA
Expansion of bot farms – how, where, and why
In-depth analysis of the cyber threat landscape across North America, South America, Europe, APAC, and the Middle East
Why are attacks on smart factories rising?
Cyber risk predictions
Axis of attacks – Europe
Systemic attacks in the Middle East
Download the full report from here:
https://sectrio.com/resources/ot-threat-landscape-reports/sectrio-releases-ot-ics-and-iot-security-threat-landscape-report-2024/
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Marga ppt 10 nov 8 part 1
1. The Urban Century: Theory and Practice
Urban Foundation Course
Fall 2010 / Class 10, November 8
Modes of Intervention 1
Urban Plans and Theories
Part I
2. I. Some basic questions about Urban Plans
…what? why? who? how? when?…
II. Reading one city:
Barcelona
analyzing growth, and impacts of urban planning
reflecting through BCN ab/ some of the dense texture of urban
planning: the city in the garden, the city of monuments, the
city of towers, the city of sweet equity, the city on the Highway,
and the post metropolis transformations (P. Hall + E. Soja)
Outline
3. I. Basic questions
What do we need to know about urban plans and theories?
… depends on what purposes…
What is an urban plan?
“an orderly scheme of action
to achieve accepted objectives
in the light of known constraints” (Peter Hall p.240)
… …
4. 20th C: Urban Plan
Urban Project
Strategic Urban Planning
The concept of “Urban Plan”
has been historically constructed
Post Modern Mov, 1960s - New approach that gives shapes to a fragment of the
city, without taking into account the totality of the city.
.
Late 19th. C & beg 20th. C Defines the shapes of the city as a unity or totality.
Implies complex interactions between public
decisions and private and free choices.
Late 1980s- The Urban Project is one dimension of strategic planning.
The technocratic-centralized management is replaced by
modalities of management agreed upon among multiple urban agents
that participate in the production of the city
Novick Alicia. “Planes versus proyectos: algunos problemas constitutivos del urbanismo moderno. Buenos Aires,
1910-1936 ”
5. conceptual framework & assumptions?
actions (goal/ nature/opportunity/…)?
elements or categories (transport system,
zoning, land use…)
structure of relations?
the formalization of space and shapes?
The authors or creators of the urban plans?
or the conditions of creation?
D. Burnham, Chicago Plan 1909
Daniel Burnham, 1893
Urban Plans: What should we look at?
6. The conditions of implementation?
…context, triggering problems, expected results?
? role of Urban Plans creators or designers
? role of the state & municipal government, institutions
? role of the people, community organizations
Urban Plans: villains or saints?
Impact of urban planning on the growth / building of the cities?
El Raval, BCN Diagonal Mar BCN
7. Urban Plans >
are included in general urban policies:
* imply a conceptual framework
(knowledge, values, goals)
* an organized society of some sort
(coordination, decision making chain..)
* a legal framework or a contexts for acceptance
But, Urban Plans are distinct from other urban policies
(economic, social, political, etc)
because they have at the foreground:
Material Spaces and Shapes
(structures of fixed and mobile physical elements)
8. Urban Plans >
are based on the assumption
that Space and Shapes
can determine (+ / - )
fundamental aspects of societies’ life:
health, livable housing, jobs, mobility,
education, creative leisure, …
Following Peter Hall’s definition,
this “orderly scheme of actions” involves many layers
of social, political, cultural actions,
but must involve decisions
about spaces and shapes of the city
and its evolution or change through time
Hugh Ferriss, Metropolis of Tomorrow
9. the knowledge needed
is not only about how to understand urban life,
or only to read in an innovative way
everyday life,
but deep knowledge about the relation of space and society
oriented to act on both sides:
on society,
and on space
Then, it also needs specific knowledge about designing and building
physical space and shapes:
knowledge about the
URBS
10. In Roman tradition:
Latin: Civis (citizen) comes from Civitas (city)
Civitas > people living together, collectivity of citizens (classic & medieval use)
Urbs > material part of the grouping of buildings (modern use)
urbe (Spanish)
urban
urbanization
suburbs
Modern Urbanism or Urban Planning: 19th Century. Urbanization, URBS ?
Palmanova, Italy,16thc CPiero de la Francesca, Ideal City, 15C Ducal Palace, Urbino
12. Barcelona
Head of one of the Spain Autonomous Regions: Catalunya
Population, 2008: c.1,600,000 city / c.5m metropolitan area
Limited space to grow: a City between Mountains and Sea
Different densities> high density in the city “ensanche” around Sagrada Familia 500/ha
A long history of + 2,000 years
invasions, cultural hybrids, commercial development,
power and decay,
expansion, building and planning (with success..)
Today, Barcelona has an international recognition:
First in the ranking of streets & urban public spaces !
19. Iberian Barkeno Roman Barcino 1st C BC
Roman “Planning”? > religious rituals/ control / defense
"cardo maximus" + "decumanus"
intersection: Forum
walls /4 gates/ 74 towers
20. Medieval Barcelona : Urban Growth 11th,12th, and 13th C.:
1200 1280
1000 1100
Muslim invasion 8th C , Francs 9th
Mediterranean commerce up to 16th C
spontaneous..?
institutions?
21. 1519 (Austrias / Carlos V)
Building of another
big public work:
La Muralla del Mar
14th C. bldg. Second Wall 15th C. Third Wall
Consejo
del Ciento
22. “Ramblas” (from ramla, arenal –sand-- in arab)
Road, creek running along the 2nd wall, with convents built along the creek
Once demolished, and built the 3rd wall, the “Arrabal” was included into the city.
Today, barrio: El Raval
Ramblas: started to be fully urbanized at early 18th C
23. 1854 > a sudden opening of rural land
19th C: A Century of Development and Urban Change
invasions, internal wars, kingdom – republic - kingdom again,
meantime Barcelona growths and expands
developing industry and commerce (Mediterranesn Sea)
population 250,000
1854 demolition of the walls
1860 “Ensanche” approved
Planner : Idelfonso Cerda
24. The opportunity:
* Sudden opening of the surroundings
* Health, housing and social problems in a crowded industrial city
* Institutions: strong state / municipality
* Availability of a proposal developed through time (Cerda’s)
but it was not the only one
(formal, artistic, monumental proposals, Mila, renaixance,
romanticism, starting of the Catalan regionalism )
Idelfonso Cerda 1860 plan approved by the State, not the Municipality
25. Cerda > (1815 – 1876) Engineer trained in Madrid
studying “scientifically” the city since 1844
published “General Theory of Urbanization” (1867)
… a “scientific” treatise … an enlightened approach
26. Cerda attempted to integrate opposites :
basically > the individual freedom and the rules of planning
Intended to strike a balance between multiple pairs
of opposed and complementary notions
as: “* law and economics,
* duties and rights,
* liberty and authority,
* advantage and disadvantage,
* income and expenditure”
And, specifically to the “new discipline” of urbanism
“* solitude and sociability,
* quietude and mobility,
* town and country”
27. From analysis of practical details to a general theory (an overview):
“to create something that in the practical realm of application
could prove useful to humanity…
to resolve an eminent social problem: urbanization”
…an algebraic altruist…
by establishing:
“a body of principles, doctrine and rules to be applied so that,
rather than narrowing, degrading and corrupting social man’s
physical, moral and intellectual faculties,
buildings and grouping of buildings would serve
to stimulate his development and energies and increase
individual well-being,
the sum of which created public happiness”. (1867)
28. Reviewing housing problems, traffic, technical, but also
the economic feasibility, “something can not be technically good
if it is economically bad”(1862)
municipal regulations,
politics, social impact:
e.g. published “Statistical Monograph of the Working
Classes of Barcelona in 1856”
analyzing
* health levels,
* promiscuity,
* lack of services,
* traffic pile-ups,
* miserable nature
of mean public spaces,
* risks of epidemics.
29. Plan Cerda 1859
Five Bases of the General Theory of Urbanization:
1. Technical Base, ways, interways, street-blocks, grouping
2. Legal Base, rights and duties of property owners and administration
3. Economic Base, established mechanisms for funding urbanization works
and for cost and benefit sharing
4. Administrative Base, building ordinances, general principles
5. Political Base, to harmonize desirable with possible,
requires multiple “transactions”
30. The street as “a connective entity of ways, and buildings”
and as forecourt to the house
Streets as elements of a single network of ways,
“the great universal viality” / movements in all scales
The first law of viability: “continuity of movement”
31. Cerda’s different ways of circulation
modern urban ideal
universal access to networked infrastructures
acces to public spaces
democracy
unbundled by end of 20th C. See Splintering Urbanism (Graham and Marvin)
39. Previous uses of The Grid
Hipodamo de Mileto
French Bastides
Ideal Cities
Chicago
New York
Latin America
Buenos Aires
Mexico
Lima…
…meaning of the grid?
