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3. 1. Microcontroller based Harmonium
AIM: To design and develop microcontroller based Harmonium.
APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Speaker, Connecting Wires, T2P USB
Programmer.
THEORY: Seven tones sa, re, ga, ma…. Are corresponding to seven frequencies as given in Table1.0
We will generate these frequencies with the help of microcontroller and connects its output to
speaker.
Tones Frequency (Hz) Time Period (us)
sa 300 3333
re 337 2967
ga 378 2645
ma 401 2493
pa 451 2217
dha 506 1976
ni 569 1757
SA 603 1658
Table 1.0
Waveform Representation of tone sa:
Figure 1.0

4. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via
USB Programmer.
2. Connect MCU to 8 KEYS corresponding to SA RE GA……
3. Observe the waveform of SA RE GA….. Tone on Oscilloscope and
Verify the frequency as given in TABLE 1.0.
4. Connect output of keys to speaker.
5. Observe the different sounds corresponding to seven tones.
6. Verify the notes corresponding to songs (Table 1.1) and
Play the same on your harmonium.
7. Discuss with your friends and music teacher.
8. Download other notes and play them on your harmonium.
OBSERVATION:
1. Observe the waveform on oscilloscope and verify the frequency.
2. Press 8 keys to get some of different tones.
3. Play the notes given in table and observe the music.
PRECAUTION:
1. Connect all the wires correctly.
2. Use oscilloscope carefully.
3. Switch-off the power supply a er the comple on of prac cal.
4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and program the MCU.
RESULT:
Hence, we have designed and developed our own microcontroller based harmonium and also
observed affect of frequency on sound.

5. 2. Measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board
AIM: To measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.
APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Ultrasonic Sensor, Connecting Wires,
T2P USB Programmer.
THEORY: Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but
more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates
attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.
Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received
back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving
the echo to determine the distance toan object.
Figure 2.0
S.No. Measured
Distance(scale)
Time on T2P
Board
v=d*2/t
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Table 2.0

6. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via USB Programmer.
2. Connect 7-SEGMENT Display to MC.
3. Connect Ultrasonic Sensor to T2P Board.
4. Put a Obstacle in front of sensor.
5. Measure distance of obstacle using scale.
6. Now, trigger the Ultrasonic Sensor.
7. Note the me on T2P Board.
8. Calculate speed of sound as distance divided by me.
9. Repeat steps 5 to 8 for four different distances.
OBSERVATION:
1. Observe the construc on of Ultrasonic Sensor .
PRECAUTION:
1. Connect all the wires correctly.
2. Use Ultrasonic Sensor carefully.
3. Switch-off the power supply a er comple on of prac cal.
4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and program the MCU.
RESULT:
Hence, we have measure the speed of sound using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.

7. 3. Measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board
AIM: To measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.
APPRATAUS REQUIRED: Computer or Laptop, T2P Board, Ultrasonic Sensor, Connecting Wires,
T2P USB Programmer.
THEORY: Ultrasonic sensors (also known as transceivers when they both send and receive, but
more generally called transducers) work on a principle similar to radar or sonar which evaluates
attributes of a target by interpreting the echoes from radio or sound waves respectively.
Ultrasonic sensors generate high frequency sound waves and evaluate the echo which is received
back by the sensor. Sensors calculate the time interval between sending the signal and receiving
the echo to determine the distance toan object.
Figure 3.0
S.No. Time on T2P
Board
Experimental
Distance(s=v*t*0.5)
Distance
(scale)
Error
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Table 3.0

8. PROCEDURE:
1. Connect T2P Board to computer or laptop via USB Programmer.
2. Connect ULTRASONIC Sensor to T2P Board.
3. Place an object in front of sensor.
4. Trigger the ULTRASONIC Sensor.
5. Note the me on T2P Board.
6. Calculate distance D1(Tx Ob Rx) by mul plying speed & me. Assuming speed
as 330 m/s.
7. Calculate distance D2 (TX Ob) as D1/2.
8. Measure distance by scale D3.
9. Calculate Error in measurement as D3-D2.
10. Repeat steps 4 to 9 for different measurements.
OBSERVATION:
1. Observe the construc on of ultrasonic sensor.
PRECAUTION:
1. Connect all the wires correctly.
2. Use Ultrasonic Sensor carefully.
3. Switch-off the power supply a er the comple on of prac cal.
4. Connect USB Programmer correctly and burn the program.
RESULT:
Hence, we have measure the distance using Ultrasonic Sensor and T2P Board.

9. Microcontroller-Introduction & Applications
Microcontroller is like mini computer which is fi ed into a system to
accomplish given task which can be programmed as per requirement.
It is re-programmable,which means with a same microcontroller you
can do many experiments.
For example: Digital Weighing Machine.
In digital weighing machine there is a microcontroller to perform
following func ons:
a) Measure weight of a given object with the help of load cell.
b) Display the weight on seven segment display.
c) User interface with help of keypads for Tare, Calibra on
func ons.
d) To send data to printer for prin ng bill with date, me,
weight and Price.
Office Automa on
Finger print A endance system,Smart Card based Gate access
system, Projectors and Camera System.
Factory Automa on
Monitoring & Controlling various process like Heat Treatment ,Cu ng , Welding.
Motor control and Power Electronics based system.
Home Automa on
Microwave oven,Home security,Washing Machine, TV ,Set top Box for TV.
Automobile
Automa c Trac on System, GPS Naviga on System, Air bag system etc.
Metering
Electrical Energy Metering, Water Metering ,Measurement of physical
parameters like Temperature ,Flow ,Pressure etc.
Medical Sector
Pa ent Health monitoring , X-Ray machine , Blood pressure and Temperature
Measurement , ECG etc.
Applications