Bandung, Indonesia has a rich architectural heritage reflecting its history as a colonial outpost. However, rapid urban development is threatening many old buildings. The city grew from a small 16th century settlement called Krapyak located along rivers prone to flooding. In 1810, the Dutch ordered a new city center established along a major road, though local leaders had already planned to relocate. The city's population and role grew as it became the regional capital in the 19th century, aided by the railway. Autonomy in 1906 accelerated development, but modernization now endangers the architectural remnants of Bandung's past.
The document discusses the history of urban planning in India from ancient to modern times. Some of the key points covered include:
- Ancient cities developed along rivers for communication and security during the Indus Valley civilization.
- Vedic texts like Shilpshastra provided guidance on town layouts and infrastructure.
- Buddhist emperor Ashoka's minister Kautilya's text Arthashastra outlined principles like road alignments and zoning.
- Mughal cities like Agra and Delhi were expanded with new features like gardens and monuments.
- The British established colonial towns and hill stations with a focus on hygiene and climate.
- Post independence, planned new capital cities were developed like Chandig
This document provides an overview of the evolution of town planning in India from ancient to modern times. It describes the key features of towns during different historical periods, including the Indus Valley civilization, Vedic period, Buddhist period, medieval period under the Mughals, pre-independence period under British rule, and post-independence period. Important towns that emerged during each period are highlighted, along with the influences of rulers and planning approaches during that time.
The document provides information about ancient, present, and future towns that were researched as part of a class project. For the ancient town, it discusses the history and details of Assur, an ancient city in Mesopotamia. For the present town, it examines Venice, Italy, covering its history, architecture, and zoning. For the future town, it briefly introduces the Deltasync concept, which proposes an alternative aquatic architecture design for a floating community.
Growth of cities and towns during medieval indiaPrabhleen Arora
This document discusses the growth of cities and towns in medieval India. It explains that towns first developed around religious sites, seats of government, and as commercial centers along trade routes. Cities grew substantially during the Sultanate period and further in the 16th-17th centuries. Larger towns had markets, manufacturing of goods, and a hierarchy with smaller towns and villages. However, the establishment of the East India Company in the late 17th century negatively impacted urban industries and economic development.
Topics Included:
• Difference between City, Village and Town
• Greater agricultural production
• Growth of crafts
• Increase in trade
• How did people live
• The second urbanisation
• Functions of towns
• Mathura
• Arikamedu
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, developing around 4,500-5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley. Excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro revealed well-planned cities with multi-storied brick houses, bathrooms, and drainage systems, suggesting a complex society that accumulated great wealth as traders. The Indus Valley people were likely Dravidians who farmed along the river and depended on seasonal floods for irrigation. While the civilization declined suddenly around 1750 BCE for unknown reasons, it provides evidence of an advanced Bronze Age culture in the Indian subcontinent.
The document discusses the history of town planning in ancient India, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. It describes how the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa exhibited advanced systems of town planning, with organized layouts of streets, drainage, and buildings. Subsequent periods, including Vedic, Buddhist, medieval, Mughal, and British rule, all continued developing principles and practices of town planning across various cities and settlements in India.
The document discusses the history of urban planning in India from ancient to modern times. Some of the key points covered include:
- Ancient cities developed along rivers for communication and security during the Indus Valley civilization.
- Vedic texts like Shilpshastra provided guidance on town layouts and infrastructure.
- Buddhist emperor Ashoka's minister Kautilya's text Arthashastra outlined principles like road alignments and zoning.
- Mughal cities like Agra and Delhi were expanded with new features like gardens and monuments.
- The British established colonial towns and hill stations with a focus on hygiene and climate.
- Post independence, planned new capital cities were developed like Chandig
This document provides an overview of the evolution of town planning in India from ancient to modern times. It describes the key features of towns during different historical periods, including the Indus Valley civilization, Vedic period, Buddhist period, medieval period under the Mughals, pre-independence period under British rule, and post-independence period. Important towns that emerged during each period are highlighted, along with the influences of rulers and planning approaches during that time.
The document provides information about ancient, present, and future towns that were researched as part of a class project. For the ancient town, it discusses the history and details of Assur, an ancient city in Mesopotamia. For the present town, it examines Venice, Italy, covering its history, architecture, and zoning. For the future town, it briefly introduces the Deltasync concept, which proposes an alternative aquatic architecture design for a floating community.
Growth of cities and towns during medieval indiaPrabhleen Arora
This document discusses the growth of cities and towns in medieval India. It explains that towns first developed around religious sites, seats of government, and as commercial centers along trade routes. Cities grew substantially during the Sultanate period and further in the 16th-17th centuries. Larger towns had markets, manufacturing of goods, and a hierarchy with smaller towns and villages. However, the establishment of the East India Company in the late 17th century negatively impacted urban industries and economic development.
Topics Included:
• Difference between City, Village and Town
• Greater agricultural production
• Growth of crafts
• Increase in trade
• How did people live
• The second urbanisation
• Functions of towns
• Mathura
• Arikamedu
The Indus Valley Civilization was one of the earliest civilizations in South Asia, developing around 4,500-5,000 years ago along the Indus River valley. Excavations in Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro revealed well-planned cities with multi-storied brick houses, bathrooms, and drainage systems, suggesting a complex society that accumulated great wealth as traders. The Indus Valley people were likely Dravidians who farmed along the river and depended on seasonal floods for irrigation. While the civilization declined suddenly around 1750 BCE for unknown reasons, it provides evidence of an advanced Bronze Age culture in the Indian subcontinent.
The document discusses the history of town planning in ancient India, beginning with the Indus Valley Civilization around 3000 BCE. It describes how the cities of Mohenjo-Daro and Harappa exhibited advanced systems of town planning, with organized layouts of streets, drainage, and buildings. Subsequent periods, including Vedic, Buddhist, medieval, Mughal, and British rule, all continued developing principles and practices of town planning across various cities and settlements in India.
Patna, formerly known as Pataliputra, has a long history as the capital of ancient Indian powers. It was founded in 490 BCE by King Ajatshatru of the Magadha dynasty and became one of the largest cities in the world under the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE. Its strategic location at the confluence of the Ganges, Gandak, and Sone rivers allowed it to dominate riverine trade. Over the centuries, Patna was ruled by several dynasties and declined in the 7th century CE before being revived by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. It has long been an important agricultural and trade center, and its economy has grown significantly in
Dhaka has a long history dating back to the 12th century when it was founded. It grew as a provincial capital and center of muslin trade under Mughal rule in the 17th century. The modern city developed under British rule in the 19th century. After partition, it became the capital of East Pakistan and later independent Bangladesh in 1971. Over centuries, Dhaka transformed from a small town into a bustling city and economic hub, experiencing periods of rule under different empires and influences of culture, architecture, education and sports throughout its rich history.
Kolkata was originally three villages that were developed by the British East India Company into a colonial city and capital of British India until 1911. It grew rapidly in the 19th century as a center of both British imperial rule and Indian cultural awakening known as the Bengal Renaissance. Problems from rapid urbanization began affecting Kolkata in the 1930s and it remains an example of the challenges faced by developing world cities.
The history of Delhi can be divided into four periods: Early history from 900 BC, the Tomar and Chauhan Rajput rule from the 8th to 16th century, the Mughal Empire rule from the 16th to 19th century, and the 20th century. The Mughals defeated the Lodhi Sultanate in 1526 and established Delhi as their capital, though later emperors moved the capital elsewhere. Shah Jahan built the old walled city of Delhi in the mid-17th century. In 1911 the British moved their capital from Calcutta to Delhi, and after independence Delhi became the capital of India in 1950.
The document provides information about investigating ancient, present, and future cities to propose a new livable town. It discusses the ancient city of Xi'an, China, highlighting its long history as the capital under several dynasties, cultural significance including the Terracotta Army and Silk Road, and defensive city walls. It also examines the present town of Choa Chu Kang, Singapore, describing its development from a rural village into a modern township with efficient public transportation including rail and bus networks connecting it to the larger city. The document aims to understand components and elements of different cities to inform the design of a new proposed floating skyscraper town.
Kolkata past and present -Rajorshi Chatterjee_SPA_Delhi_Urban planningRAJORSHI CHATTERJEE
A brief discussion on Calcutta and its city growth. The city extended manifold after the Colonial rule, which defines the urban character and built fabric of the city. At the same point of time we need proper planning insights to this city for its future growth and development.
The Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Some key developments during this period included the construction of monumental architecture and cities like Agra and Delhi. Fatehpur Sikri was entirely planned by Akbar, and many gardens were developed, including Kabul Bagh and Shalimar Bagh. The Indus Valley civilization spanned from 3000 BC to 1300 BC in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major cities like Mohenjo-Daro had advanced systems of town planning, with streets in a grid pattern and houses built around central courtyards. They developed new techniques in crafts and metallurgy. The Indus Valley culture collapsed due to an unknown catastrophe.
Hi, I am Vishal Khangar a M.tech town and country planning student. I created this presentation for assignment purpose. In this presentation how towns are developed is shown. And this ppt is helpful for town planning students.
The document provides details about the city of Kolkata, India:
- Kolkata was formerly known as Calcutta and was the capital of British India from 1772 to 1912. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River.
- The development of Kolkata was initially chaotic as it grew as a trading port. Over time the city expanded east and south as those were the only directions available for growth.
- The urban settlement of Kolkata can be divided into three regions - North Kolkata known for craftsmen and traders, Central Kolkata developed by the British as the business district, and South Kolkata which became home to the upper middle class
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief, as the new capital of the Marwar state after moving from Mandore. Jodha established the settlement atop a rocky hill and built the strong Mehrangarh fort there to provide safety. The city grew around the fort and over time expanded with new walls and gates built. Jodhpur became a prosperous trading center located along a key route between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, it came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire while still retaining some autonomy.
Ancient Indian cities had sophisticated town planning systems based on Vedic texts. Towns were classified by size, from small villages to large capital cities, and by shape, including rectangular, square, circular and mystic symbolic designs. Larger cities had defined areas for temples, tanks, palaces, markets and residential zones for different castes. Streets were arranged in a grid pattern with widths specified in ancient units of measurement. Overall town planning principles focused on providing resources, security and social organization according to religious scripts.
Planning Theories presents in the city UJJAINPraveen Mukati
Ujjain, India is an ancient city situated on the Kshipra River. It has developed in a wedge-shaped pattern along major transportation routes like railroads and roads. The city follows Homer Hoyt's sector model of urban structure, with sectors emanating from the city center along transportation arteries. The old city lies north of the railroad, while the new area started developing south of the railroad in the 1930s. Ujjain has a rich cultural heritage and religious significance, with many historic temples that attract pilgrims and influence the city's growth pattern.
1) Urethan was the capital of the Cholas located on the banks of the Kaveri River, known for its temples including the Swarajes temple built by King Jararaca Chola.
2) Temple towns like Urethan were important centers of urbanization, with temples central to the economy and society. Rulers built temples and pilgrims made donations supporting trade and banking.
3) In the 18th century, demand for Indian textiles led to the rise of port cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras where merchants and artisans lived in the new "Black Towns" established by European trading companies.
Filling in the gaps historic percents of 20th centuryShilpa Jain
This document provides an overview of the historic neighborhood of Daryaganj in Delhi, India. It discusses how Daryaganj served as an important market area and residential precinct during Mughal rule. While it lost prominence over time, it remained an important urban area. In the 20th century, it became a center for schools, hospitals, and residences of wealthy families. The document argues for recognizing and conserving Daryaganj's cultural heritage as development pressures grow and its role in Delhi's history is at risk of being lost.
Study of city evolution- temple town Madurai Sulthan Ahamed
Madurai, located in Tamil Nadu, India, is an ancient city with a long history as the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom. Known as the "Athens of the East," the city evolved around the Meenakshi Amman Temple complex located at its center. Madurai was carefully planned according to traditional Indian principles with concentric streets radiating outward from the temple. Lower castes lived farther from the temple core. Today, Madurai remains an important economic, cultural, and transportation hub of Tamil Nadu renowned for its vibrant cultural life and traditions.
The document provides a history of town planning in India from ancient times to the present. It discusses the early Indus Valley civilization sites that incorporated advanced town planning principles like grid layouts and drainage systems. Subsequent periods saw influences from Vedic texts, Buddhist architecture like at Taxila and Nalanda, Mughal-era garden cities, and the development of colonial cantonments and civil lines under the British before modern planned towns after independence.
Varanasi is an ancient city located in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges River. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. The city has experienced significant growth over time, from its traditional core established by the 2nd century BC to expansion during the British colonial period and contemporary development. Varanasi is renowned for its religious importance to Hindus and 84 ghats along the Ganges where religious ceremonies are performed. The city also has a rich cultural heritage seen in its arts, crafts, architecture and educational institutions like Banaras Hindu University.
Settlement pattern of town (Varanasi) brief history of city evolve , settlement of institution and residents, concepts of the main ghats , master plan of Varanasi
Preethi Gopinath has created a portfolio of her work from 2015 while she was located in New York. Her portfolio from that year in New York contains samples of her creative work.
Patna, formerly known as Pataliputra, has a long history as the capital of ancient Indian powers. It was founded in 490 BCE by King Ajatshatru of the Magadha dynasty and became one of the largest cities in the world under the Mauryan Empire in the 3rd century BCE. Its strategic location at the confluence of the Ganges, Gandak, and Sone rivers allowed it to dominate riverine trade. Over the centuries, Patna was ruled by several dynasties and declined in the 7th century CE before being revived by Sher Shah Suri in the 16th century. It has long been an important agricultural and trade center, and its economy has grown significantly in
Dhaka has a long history dating back to the 12th century when it was founded. It grew as a provincial capital and center of muslin trade under Mughal rule in the 17th century. The modern city developed under British rule in the 19th century. After partition, it became the capital of East Pakistan and later independent Bangladesh in 1971. Over centuries, Dhaka transformed from a small town into a bustling city and economic hub, experiencing periods of rule under different empires and influences of culture, architecture, education and sports throughout its rich history.
Kolkata was originally three villages that were developed by the British East India Company into a colonial city and capital of British India until 1911. It grew rapidly in the 19th century as a center of both British imperial rule and Indian cultural awakening known as the Bengal Renaissance. Problems from rapid urbanization began affecting Kolkata in the 1930s and it remains an example of the challenges faced by developing world cities.
The history of Delhi can be divided into four periods: Early history from 900 BC, the Tomar and Chauhan Rajput rule from the 8th to 16th century, the Mughal Empire rule from the 16th to 19th century, and the 20th century. The Mughals defeated the Lodhi Sultanate in 1526 and established Delhi as their capital, though later emperors moved the capital elsewhere. Shah Jahan built the old walled city of Delhi in the mid-17th century. In 1911 the British moved their capital from Calcutta to Delhi, and after independence Delhi became the capital of India in 1950.
The document provides information about investigating ancient, present, and future cities to propose a new livable town. It discusses the ancient city of Xi'an, China, highlighting its long history as the capital under several dynasties, cultural significance including the Terracotta Army and Silk Road, and defensive city walls. It also examines the present town of Choa Chu Kang, Singapore, describing its development from a rural village into a modern township with efficient public transportation including rail and bus networks connecting it to the larger city. The document aims to understand components and elements of different cities to inform the design of a new proposed floating skyscraper town.
Kolkata past and present -Rajorshi Chatterjee_SPA_Delhi_Urban planningRAJORSHI CHATTERJEE
A brief discussion on Calcutta and its city growth. The city extended manifold after the Colonial rule, which defines the urban character and built fabric of the city. At the same point of time we need proper planning insights to this city for its future growth and development.
The Mughal Empire ruled northern India from 1526 to 1707. Some key developments during this period included the construction of monumental architecture and cities like Agra and Delhi. Fatehpur Sikri was entirely planned by Akbar, and many gardens were developed, including Kabul Bagh and Shalimar Bagh. The Indus Valley civilization spanned from 3000 BC to 1300 BC in modern-day Pakistan and northwest India. Major cities like Mohenjo-Daro had advanced systems of town planning, with streets in a grid pattern and houses built around central courtyards. They developed new techniques in crafts and metallurgy. The Indus Valley culture collapsed due to an unknown catastrophe.
Hi, I am Vishal Khangar a M.tech town and country planning student. I created this presentation for assignment purpose. In this presentation how towns are developed is shown. And this ppt is helpful for town planning students.
The document provides details about the city of Kolkata, India:
- Kolkata was formerly known as Calcutta and was the capital of British India from 1772 to 1912. It is located on the eastern bank of the Hooghly River.
- The development of Kolkata was initially chaotic as it grew as a trading port. Over time the city expanded east and south as those were the only directions available for growth.
- The urban settlement of Kolkata can be divided into three regions - North Kolkata known for craftsmen and traders, Central Kolkata developed by the British as the business district, and South Kolkata which became home to the upper middle class
The medieval city of Jodhpur, India was founded in 1459 by Rao Jodha, a Rajput chief, as the new capital of the Marwar state after moving from Mandore. Jodha established the settlement atop a rocky hill and built the strong Mehrangarh fort there to provide safety. The city grew around the fort and over time expanded with new walls and gates built. Jodhpur became a prosperous trading center located along a key route between Delhi and Gujarat. In later centuries, it came under the suzerainty of the Mughal Empire while still retaining some autonomy.
Ancient Indian cities had sophisticated town planning systems based on Vedic texts. Towns were classified by size, from small villages to large capital cities, and by shape, including rectangular, square, circular and mystic symbolic designs. Larger cities had defined areas for temples, tanks, palaces, markets and residential zones for different castes. Streets were arranged in a grid pattern with widths specified in ancient units of measurement. Overall town planning principles focused on providing resources, security and social organization according to religious scripts.
Planning Theories presents in the city UJJAINPraveen Mukati
Ujjain, India is an ancient city situated on the Kshipra River. It has developed in a wedge-shaped pattern along major transportation routes like railroads and roads. The city follows Homer Hoyt's sector model of urban structure, with sectors emanating from the city center along transportation arteries. The old city lies north of the railroad, while the new area started developing south of the railroad in the 1930s. Ujjain has a rich cultural heritage and religious significance, with many historic temples that attract pilgrims and influence the city's growth pattern.
1) Urethan was the capital of the Cholas located on the banks of the Kaveri River, known for its temples including the Swarajes temple built by King Jararaca Chola.
2) Temple towns like Urethan were important centers of urbanization, with temples central to the economy and society. Rulers built temples and pilgrims made donations supporting trade and banking.
3) In the 18th century, demand for Indian textiles led to the rise of port cities like Bombay, Calcutta, and Madras where merchants and artisans lived in the new "Black Towns" established by European trading companies.
Filling in the gaps historic percents of 20th centuryShilpa Jain
This document provides an overview of the historic neighborhood of Daryaganj in Delhi, India. It discusses how Daryaganj served as an important market area and residential precinct during Mughal rule. While it lost prominence over time, it remained an important urban area. In the 20th century, it became a center for schools, hospitals, and residences of wealthy families. The document argues for recognizing and conserving Daryaganj's cultural heritage as development pressures grow and its role in Delhi's history is at risk of being lost.
Study of city evolution- temple town Madurai Sulthan Ahamed
Madurai, located in Tamil Nadu, India, is an ancient city with a long history as the capital of the Pandyan Kingdom. Known as the "Athens of the East," the city evolved around the Meenakshi Amman Temple complex located at its center. Madurai was carefully planned according to traditional Indian principles with concentric streets radiating outward from the temple. Lower castes lived farther from the temple core. Today, Madurai remains an important economic, cultural, and transportation hub of Tamil Nadu renowned for its vibrant cultural life and traditions.
The document provides a history of town planning in India from ancient times to the present. It discusses the early Indus Valley civilization sites that incorporated advanced town planning principles like grid layouts and drainage systems. Subsequent periods saw influences from Vedic texts, Buddhist architecture like at Taxila and Nalanda, Mughal-era garden cities, and the development of colonial cantonments and civil lines under the British before modern planned towns after independence.
Varanasi is an ancient city located in Uttar Pradesh on the banks of the Ganges River. It has a humid subtropical climate with hot summers and cool winters. The city has experienced significant growth over time, from its traditional core established by the 2nd century BC to expansion during the British colonial period and contemporary development. Varanasi is renowned for its religious importance to Hindus and 84 ghats along the Ganges where religious ceremonies are performed. The city also has a rich cultural heritage seen in its arts, crafts, architecture and educational institutions like Banaras Hindu University.
Settlement pattern of town (Varanasi) brief history of city evolve , settlement of institution and residents, concepts of the main ghats , master plan of Varanasi
Preethi Gopinath has created a portfolio of her work from 2015 while she was located in New York. Her portfolio from that year in New York contains samples of her creative work.
LinkedIn -työpaja: Mikä LinkedIn oikein on ja miksi siellä kannattaa olla?
TEKin ja IL:n työpaja Salossa 9.9.2015
Heini Hult-MIekkavaara ja Laura Huuri
Clay is friendly towards people but aggressive towards other dogs. He has lunged and attacked other dogs at the daycare but did not seriously injure them. In one incident, another dog pinned Clay and bit his ear but he did not fight back, suggesting his aggression may stem from fear rather than dominance. The behavior plan proposes gradually introducing Clay to progressively larger and older but submissive dogs paired with treats to help him generalize his trust of his companion Cocoa to other canines. More background is requested on Clay's history and experiences with other dogs.
Este documento presenta información sobre ingeniería económica. Explica que la ingeniería económica implica la evaluación sistemática de los resultados económicos de soluciones propuestas para problemas de ingeniería con el fin de aprobarlas económicamente. También describe que la ingeniería económica se basa en siete principios como crear alternativas, concentrarse en las diferencias, usar una unidad de medida común y tomar en cuenta todos los valores relevantes. Finalmente, explica que los ingenieros económicos pueden trabajar en diversas á
This document summarizes key aspects of RA 4670, also known as the Teachers' Tenure Act, which was passed in 1966 to promote and improve the social and economic status, living and working conditions, terms of employment, and career prospects of public school teachers in the Philippines. Some notable provisions of the act include protections for teachers' rights such as due process in dismissal cases, restrictions on involuntary transfers, allowances for married teacher couples, academic freedom, additional compensation, health benefits, study leave, retirement benefits, and freedom of association. The act aims to attract and retain qualified teachers and strengthen stability in the public school teaching profession.
The document summarizes the approach that JMC 2 and PMC will take for the Downtown Torrance Pedestrian Improvement Project. It introduces the project team from both firms and their relevant experience. It then outlines some of the key challenges for the project related to alignment, pedestrian issues, stormwater runoff, and historical significance. The proposed approach is to develop the project around community needs by addressing challenges and creating an inviting and unified pedestrian environment through safety improvements, wayfinding, and site furnishings.
This document discusses urban mobility in 2015 and includes links to images related to transportation and city infrastructure. Some of the images shown are of city transport icons, illustrations of smart city concepts, photos of bicycles, electric trucks, and public transportation infrastructure like subways. The document focuses on current and future technologies that can impact urban mobility.
The document discusses creating an Equitable Transit-Oriented Development Accelerator Fund (ETODAF) to support equitable transit-oriented development projects in the Boston area. It summarizes that the fund would provide low-interest, flexible capital to fill financing gaps and support acquisition, predevelopment, and holding costs. The fund is intended to streamline access to capital, manage risk, and leverage $30-35 million to support creation of affordable housing, mixed-use development, and neighborhood retail near transit stations. The anticipated outcomes include supporting nonprofit developers, creating affordable housing near transit, preserving affordability in gentrifying areas, and producing mixed-use, transit-oriented development.
The Prime Minister of India has a vision of developing 100 smart cities by modernizing existing mid-sized cities. The government plans to identify 20 smart cities in 2015, 40 in 2016, and 40 in 2017. A total of ₹48,000 crores will be spent on this project over 5 years by the central government, with each smart city receiving ₹200 crores in the first year and ₹100 crores annually for the next 4 years. Key elements of smart cities include 24/7 utility services, robust public transportation, jobs and livelihood opportunities, entertainment facilities, safety, education and healthcare. Smart cities will also minimize waste and maximize energy and water efficiency.
The document provides information about Hotel Porta Fira designed by Japanese architect Toyo Ito. The hotel was constructed in 2008 in Hospitalet del Llobregat, Barcelona, featuring 320 rooms across 24 floors made of concrete and glass plates. Toyo Ito studied at Tokyo National University and is renowned for several notable buildings including Mikimoto Ginza, Tokio library, and the Suites Avenue and Tower Fira buildings in Barcelona.
The Hazelton Avenue Heritage Conservation District Plan area is located in the Yorkville Neighbourhood within the City of Toronto. Defined as Areas of Special Identity in the Official Plan, the significant historical and architectural character of the Yorkville Triangle and Scollard Hazelton areas, make it an important part of the City’s rich legacy of neighbourhoods.
This document discusses the history of city planning in Semarang, Indonesia from 1900 to 1970. It was divided into four periods: 1900-1942 under colonial rule; 1942-1945 during the Japanese occupation; 1945-1965 after independence; and 1965-1970 after Sukarno's decline. In the colonial period, Dutch architects began implementing modern city planning by expanding the city southward into hilly areas. The post-independence period saw urbanization and the growth of settlements. Sukarno contributed to development of the central city. After 1965, private capital dominated planning and new housing developments like Tanah Mas were built, while some historical buildings were destroyed. City planning in Semarang was closely tied to social changes
Running head THE1Gursoy 3Taha GursoyHIS 112Professor E.docxtoltonkendal
Running head: THE 1
Gursoy 3
Taha Gursoy
HIS 112
Professor Evans
09 June, 2016
The Harder St. Petersburg Map Assignment
The 1890 to 1920 was a span of time when there was massive metamorphosis of St. Petersburg, a key Russian city. The refinement of the city is evidenced by the St. Petersburg map from 1897 and the map existing as at 1914. Count Serge Witte is the finance minister and a believer in industrialization, which has immensely contributed to the growth and development of the city.
Through comparison of the map one can note that there are more canal expansion layouts in the city. This implies that due to the massive industrialization there was need to have more modes of transport thus the creation of more canals where boats could be used to transport people and goods from one part of the city to another. The canals could also have been used to convey of water to the hydro powered industries while at the same time provide water for human consumption.
The more presence of rail road as well as the road infrastructure is notice in the 1914 map of St. Petersburg. This can be attributed to the industrial growth occurring in the city. The existence of good infrastructure brings about more investors thereby increasing industrialization. The roads and railways offer a cheap and convenient mode of transport for the people as well as support transportation of good.
By glancing at the two maps, one notices that the 1897 St. Petersburg map has scarce infrastructure while the 1914 maps is densely populated in terms of structures. In 1897, the industrialization is at its early stage thus there are few social centers. As years pass by, the city becomes more industrious and there are more people living in it. People do not live in isolation and thus there is need to have social facilities such as religious centers, clubs, teams, hospitals, cemeteries etc. Additionally, there are more industries in 1914 compared to 1897.
St. Petersburg is a port city and this is why there are many canal linking to the port. The port is the gateway between the city and the world. In 1897 map, the area around Le Port is developed but comparing the two maps, in the 1914 map there are more railroads and port infrastructure around the port. The railroads are linked to the port to provide easy transportation of exports and imports. The port infrastructure supports the industrial activities.
Though comparison of the two maps, one can deduce that St. Petersburg population has grown immensely. Taking into consideration the north eastern part of the two maps, one notes that there in the 1897 map there is scarce population, in that, the area does not look habited at all while in the 1914 map, the area has more population. Note that this happens in area where there are canals and railroads. This has happened to due industrialization as people are setting up more industries to provide goods and services. Comparing the two maps one notices that the tree and forests have been en ...
Social Science History Chapter 6 Work Life and Leisure Class10Tutalege
The document discusses the rise of modern cities through industrialization, colonialism, and democratic ideals over the last 200 years. It focuses on London and Bombay (now Mumbai) as case studies. In London, industrialization in the late 18th century attracted migrants to factories and jobs, though this also led to overcrowded housing and pollution. Attempts were made to clean the city through legislation, green spaces, and improved transport. In Bombay, the cotton mills from the 1850s transformed the city and caused a housing crisis as the population swelled. Reclamation projects expanded the city's land area over time. Bombay also became India's film capital in the early 20th century. The rapid growth of cities created environmental
This chapter provides an overview of the land and people of Chittagong district during the British period. It discusses the district's name, boundaries, area and physical geography including soil, hills, rivers, coastline, vegetation and climate. The population of the district fluctuated over time, growing slowly according to census reports from 1872 to 1931. Various ethnic groups including the Chakmas, Tripuras and Mannas (Maghs) lived in different parts of the district and Chittagong Hill Tracts. Migration patterns included movement from central to southern Chittagong as well as from plains areas to the hills. The climate was generally healthy with cooler summers and mild winters due to proximity to the sea.
The document outlines the history of city development over six periods: Ancient, Classic, Medieval, Neo-Classic, Colonial/Industrial, and Modern. It describes the key characteristics of cities in each period. Ancient cities like Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro had compact homes and developed over 5,000 years ago. Classic cities like Athens and Rome had fortresses, markets, and religious buildings. Medieval cities were dominated by churches and monasteries and grew within fortresses. Neo-Classic cities saw increased trade and the rise of merchants, and monuments were built. Colonial cities expanded through colonialism and included planned cities in America. Modern cities faced problems of poor housing and pollution that modern planning attempted
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This document contains information about Bran Caste, a military fortress and custom office, and its features like the Gothic room and secret staircase. It also summarizes key details about Istanbul, including its location spanning two continents, growth to a population of over 14 million, and important landmarks like the Golden Horn harbor, Grand Bazaar marketplace, and prominent mosques including the Suleymaniye and Blue mosques. Assessment activities at the end include open-ended questions.
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This document provides details about a proposed new town called "Fog" that would float in the sky. It begins with an introduction and overview of the contents. Sections 2-5 involve investigations of ancient, present, and future towns to gather information and elements that could be used. Section 6 discusses the choice of a floating sky town and its aims of providing a better lifestyle while avoiding risks from rising sea levels and natural disasters. Key elements that may be incorporated include a wall from an ancient Chinese city, an ez-link public transportation payment system, solar panels, wind turbines, and green spaces. The proposal seeks to establish a sustainable town for 150,000-300,000 Malaysian residents.
During the medieval period in Europe and India, towns were planned with defenses, resources, and social organization in mind. Medieval European towns often developed around castles, churches, or trade routes and were walled for protection. They prioritized locations on rivers as trade routes. Medieval Indian towns like Jaipur followed Hindu texts on urban planning and had grid-like layouts with sectors, public squares, and bazaars. Jaipur was painted pink in the 19th century and remains known as the Pink City today for its distinctive color.
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The document discusses several topics related to the transition from traditional to modern society in 19th-20th century Europe, including:
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3. Changes in Bucharest, Romania from the 19th century when it became the capital, transforming from a medieval city to a modern one over 50 years.
136 Revista de Cultura • 50 • 2015património culturalT.docxmoggdede
136 Revista de Cultura • 50 • 2015
património cultural
The Death and Life of Shanghai’s Alleyway
Houses: Re-thinking Community and Historic
Preservation
Non Arkaraprasertkul*and Matthew Williams**
1372015 • 50 • Review of Culture
cultural heritage
INtRoDuCtIoN: SHANgHAI’S
tRADItIoNAL ALLeyWAy HouSe
In the century following China’s involuntary
opening up as a treaty port to foreign powers following
its defeat in the first opium War (1839-1842), Shanghai,
along with Hong Kong, Macao, and a few other of
China’s coastal cities, shared a similar quasi-colonial
history. Although Macao’s cultural interaction with
westerners predated the rest by three centuries with the
establishment of the Portuguese trade base in settlements
in the mid-1550s, it was Shanghai that became known as
the ‘Paris of the east’, flourishing as an industrial engine
serving the colonial powers, as well as for its leisure
businesses. The similarity among these quasi-colonial
cities is the ubiquitous presence of western-styled (often
* global Postdoctoral Fellow at Nyu Shanghai, and Fudan Fellow at the
International Center for Studies of Chinese Civilization at Fudan university.
His research interests lie at the crossroads of trans-disciplinary research between
built environment and the social sciences. He has master’s degrees in History,
theory, criticism of Architecture, and Architecture and urban Design from
the Massachusetts Institute of technology (MIt), in Modern Chinese Studies
(specializing in History and Anthropology) from the university of oxford, and
in Social Anthropology from Harvard university where he is currently also
a Ph.D. candidate in Anthropology.
Investigador de pós-doutoramento na Universidade de Nova York Shanghai e no Centro
Internacional de Estudos da Civilização Chinesa da Universidade de Fudan. Os seus
interesses centram-se na encruzilhada da investigação transdisciplinar entre o ambiente
construído e as ciências sociais. Concluiu mestrados em História, teoria, crítica
de Arquitectura e Arquitectura e Urbanismo (Instituto de Tecnologia de Massachusetts,
MIT), Estudos Chineses Modernos (Universidade de Oxford), e Antropologia Social
(Universidade de Harvard) onde actualmente prepara o seu doutoramento
em Antropologia.
** Completed his Ph.D. with the National Centre for epidemiology and Population
Health at the Australian National university in 2010. Matthew’s research interests
encompass public health, transport, public space, happiness and sustainability
in cities. A keen urbanist, he is particularly interested in investigating how cities
in the 21st century can deliver a more balanced, sustainable and enriching quality
of life, while minimising their impact on the environment.
Concluiu o seu doutoramento no Centro Nacional de Epidemiologia e Saúde
da População da Universidade Nacional da Austrália. As suas investigações envolvem
saúde pública, transportes, espaço público, a felicidade e a sus ...
The first documentary mentioning of Baia Mare city dates back to 29th of May 1329. Centuries have passed ever since and along with them there have been written numerous history pages that remain today as a proof of the rich past of our city.
We invite you to a time incursion towards the 14th-19th Century to discover more about the life of those times inside the citadel. Let yourself be carried by the magic of the old city and wander with your eyes through the street labyrinth created in the scale model.
“Baia Mare is mine” is about (re)connecting with the local cultural, historical and natural patrimony of our city through a series of activities meant to invite the locals and its visitors to a different… discovering.
Similar to Managing Change in Urban Development Through Heritage Conservation (20)
Managing Change in Urban Development Through Heritage Conservation
1. Asia and the Pacific Regional meeting on the "Heritage and Metropolis in Asia
and the Pacific” May 30 to June 1, 2007, Seoul, Korea
MANAGING CHANGE IN URBAN DEVELOPMENT THROUGH
HERITAGE CONSERVATION
Dadan Nugraha
INTRODUCTION
A man without history is a man without a soul. This is also true for a city; its long
path of history can be traced through the riches of its architectural heritage that reflect
the experiences and culture of its people.
Civilization can be traced not only through documented history and the written
records of a people’s experiences and activities. Besides these there are other kinds of
deposited evidences, mute witnesses, like for instance geological history, which can
trace the past of a place. Other such mute testaments are the old buildings that store
annotations of authenticity especially of a city’s golden age.
THE CITY OF BANDUNG
The City of Bandung is one of several large cities in the Republic of Indonesia
that was the site of a dynamic colonial European enclave. The city contains many
sites and monuments of various genre or architectural styles. Bandung has been
called the ‘laboratory of architecture’ because of the myriad and varied styles of high
architectural forms that it contains, consisting of vast residential districts, government
offices, military complexes, churches and mosques, schools, and commercial
buildings which still grace the city centre.
CITY GROWTH
Current social-political orientation to increasing city revenues has been the trigger
for wide-ranging economic pressure, where potential financial gain has been dazzling
even with its attendant risks and gambles. This is especially so when the risk itself is
viewed with little relationship between it and personal consequences.
2. This tendency overwhelms the current city leadership. The number of old
buildings that comprise the city’s historical record--besides the grace they offer its
residents-- fall to the wrecker’s ball in the name of modernization.
Often this modernization results in a sprawling metropolis that compels changing
functions, largely of residential areas turned into commercial enclaves. The problem
of increasing population pressures itself brings with it the increasing need for better
infrastructures to serve them, more housing, more schools, more shopping complexes,
hotels, and so on.
These needs cannot be denied as the number of residents increases and the
economy grows so that the need to anticipate these phenomena increases even at the
cost of overlooking legal and historical values that function as the soul of the city.
HISTORY OF THE CITY
The city of Bandung was not developed at the same time as the surrounding
county. The earliest reference to the area was in 1488, but modern history dates from
a settlement in the middle of the 16th
Century and its first leader, Tumenggung
Wiraangunangun, who ruled until 1681. There is however much archeological
evidence of early Java Man’s presence in this fertile basin.
The 16th
Century settlement was named Krapyak
(presently Dayeuhkolot) located at the confluence of
the Cikapundung and Citarum rivers about 11
kilometers to the south of present-day Bandung. At
the time of the leadership of the sixth ruler, R.A
Wiranatakusumah II (1794-1829), who was given the
title "Dalem Kaum I", the area was under the
suzerainty of the Kompeni of the Netherlands East
Indies, lead by the governor-general Herman Willem Daendels (1808-1811).
In order to facilitate his duties to protect the island of Java from encroachment by
other colonial forces, Daendels create the Groote Postweg, or Great Post Road, which
extended from the western part of Java island in Anyer, 1000 kilometers to the east at
Panarukan, on the most eastern coast of Java. The actual construction of the road was
overseen by local officials along the route and carried out by locals who were
3. conscripted away from their farms and families to labor on the mountainous road,
many losing their lives in the process.
In the area of Bandung, the Post Road was begun in 1808, with the widening of an
existing pathway, and today the segments of the road that pass through the city have
been re-named Jalan Jenderal Sudirman - Jalan Asia Afrika - Jalan A. Yani,
continuing all the way to Sumedang and beyond. As the existing community was
living some 11 kilometers to the south, Daendels ordered in an official letter of 25
May 1810, their resettlement to the new road and the construction of a new county
seat at the junction of the new road and the Cikapundung River.
What Daendels didn’t know at the time was that there were already plans for the
settlement to move, a strategic location having already been chosen for the new seat
of local government, just south of the Post Road. The reason for this initiative was the
annual flood of the rivers was already troubling the riverside community.
Between the end of 1808 and the beginning of 1809, the local leader and a number
of residents relocated from Krapyak to the new area. The leader chose residential land
on present day Cipaganti, moving again to Balubur Hilir, and yet again to Kampung
Bogor or Kebon Kawung, where the present day Governor’s Mansion is located.
It is not known the actual length of time that it took to
develop the new city centre. However, the plan developed
by Daendels was not the one implemented; instead the plan
developed by the local leader was executed. In other
words, the Founding Father of the modern city was Bupati
R.A.A. Wiranatakusumah II and the City of Bandung
marks the date of its founding from 25 September 1810.
R. A. Wiranatakusumah II
(1794-1829)
CITY GROWTH
The flowering of the new city and its strategic location in the middle of the
flourishing region and profitable Priangan plantations convinced the Dutch in Jakarta
to move the regional administration from Cianjur to Bandung in 1856. The actual
move was completed in 1864 through the official document of 7 Agustus 1864 No.
18, and the city became the seat of the regional administration of Priangan. With this
change the function of the city changed to the dual role as county seat, under the
auspices of R.A. Wiranatakusumah IV (1846-1874) as well as regional capital, under
a Dutch residen. The area constructed for the regional seat was in the district of
4. Cicendo, and the governor’s mansion with a small government hostel was completed
in 1867 and is still in use today by the Governor of West Java Province. City
development was hastened by new streets and municipal facilities, while the numbers
of roads leading to the city increased rapidly as well.
The next major stage of development was marked by the advent of the rail line
from Jakarta to Bandung in 1884 and Bandung was chosen to be the headquarters for
the national railway’s western sectors. This further increased the pace of
development. This can be seen in the following table that outlines the specific
population growth of Bandung.
Bandung City Residents 1889-1906
Year Indigenous Europeans Chinese Arabs others Total
1889 16.424 339 974 263 18.000
1890 16.656 467 923 68 18.114
1891 19.240 591 1.140 69 21.040
1892 19.370 601 1.150 60 9 21.190
1893 22.000 548 1.182 69 1 23.800
1894 22.754 724 1.453 57 24.988
1895 23.731 968 1.756 59 26.514
1896 26.247 1.134 1.958 43 29.382
1897 24.000 800 1.800 60 26.660
1900 24.748 1.522 2.630 43 20 28.963
1905 41.400 2.200 3.700 100 47.400
1906 41.493 2.199 3.704 98 47.194
(source: Hardjasaputra, 1996: 16)
Towards the end of the 19th
Century, the number of Europeans in Bandung
reached many thousands and these people desired to have some autonomy from the
central authority in Batavia (Jakarta). At the same time it was realized in the capital
that the centralized system was not functioning with good efficiencies. It was also at
this time that East Indies commercial practices were hindering potential economic
growth and so the social-political policies changed and local administrative controls
were extended.
5. Under the local leadership of the county chief, Bupati
RAA. Martanagara (1893 1918), autonomy was enacted and
for the first time the county government was given a special
budget over which it was free from central controls to
implement city strategies.
Under the new law of decentralization, Undang-Undang
Desentralisasi (Decentralisatiewet) issued in 1903, there
were local ordinances put in place, among them the Decentralisasi Besluit and the
Ordonansi Dewan Lokal in 1905. On 1 April 1906 the city was declared a gemeente
(kotapraja) or autonomous municipality. This further strengthened the growth of the
city as a regional seat. Its new status brought an Assistant Resident of the Priangan
Region who was also head of the local council (Gemeenteraad), and in 1913 the city
was overseen by a mayor (burgemeester).
RAA. Martanagara
(1893 - 1918)
In the beginning the city offices were housed in the ground floor of a printing
company, Percetakan NV Mij Vorkink (presently thei Toko Buku Sumur Bandung on
Jalan Asia Afrika). Not long following, offices were moved to the “Gedong Papak”,
where they remain today.
Only a few dozen houses were
constructed by 1810, but growth increased
from year to year.
BANDUNG Map of 1825
On 1 April 1906 the city consisted of
some 900 ha., increasing to 2.150 ha.
by 12 October 1917; 3.305 ha. in 1945,
8.098 ha. in 1949, and finally to
16.730 ha. on 22 January 1987.
source: Kunto, 1984: 183
The major city development plan was
fashioned by the splendid architect
E.H. Karsten in 1930, a visionary 25
year plan for the growth of Bandung
whose population was projected to
become some 750,000 residents. The city plan for Bandung made in 1985 projected
growth to include 1,665,000 residents with a land area of 8.096 ha. for 2005. Further
revisions between 1985 – 2005 made in 1991 projected 2,096,463 people in 2005
6. with a land area of 16.730 ha. Projections for the growth of residents revised in 1992
was for 2,509,448 people.
The attractiveness of Bandung as a ‘city of education’ became well-known and
increased urbanization pressures not only from outlaying areas, but from all over the
country. The city continues to outstrip population projections from city plan to city
plan.
Currently, the number of people in the City of Bandung forecasted for the year
2025 is 5,500,000 while the physical size of the city remains much as it did in 1850,
some 16.700 hectares, landlocked as it were by encircling mountains. The planning
needs for a growth of this size speak for themselves, and of course are the central
dynamic in considering how the city should be developed for the future.
The following article was taken from the local newspaper of Surat Kabar Harian
Pikiran Rakyat of Monday, 8 January 2007, and was written by the head of the City
Planning Board :
7. “Head of the City Planning Board, Mr. Tjetje Subrata, announced that the most serious
problem facing the city is population growth. At present (2007) the City of Bandung
already is the most dense city in the world with some 2.6 million residents. ‘This is
today…imagine just 20 years into the future when it is predicted that the size will be twice
that.’
According to Mr. Tjetje, in 2025 the number of residents will reach 5,5 million while same
the land area will remain the same. ‘This is a problem that needs addressing today, not
waiting until tomorrow. To solve this will require vigorous and insightful planning,’ he
said. Mr. Tjetje explained that population increases bring need for massive changes in
infrastructure needs. ‘Providing the increased infrastructure, new civic facilities must be
calculated. And then developed,’ he stated.
Another solution, continued Mr. Tjetje, was the possibility of increasing use of the areas
that currently lay outside of the city boundaries, into the smaller villages of the county and
as far away as Subang and Sumedang (both some 40 km. distant from the city), Garut
(some 60 km. from the city). This conurbation will result in the concept we refer to as
Bandung Metropolitan.
‘At this time, the city is already dependent on bordering municipalities, and the city itself no
longer can provide its own food stuffs, rice, vegetables, fish, milk, meat, eggs, etc. All of
these come from outside the city limits.’
‘Among other solutions, plans are already in the works to develop high-rise living
accommodations. The management of mass transport and the handling of immense waste
products…possibly to augment energy resources are being considered.’
According to Mr. Tjetje, the City Planning Board is already moving in these directions and
the concept is being fashioned into a 20-year development plan for the city. The
development of this plan will take into consideration the many components of the society
and include a period of preparedness. The plan will include a time table and involve
technocrat ,and planning professionals to scope out the 20 year plan.’
This article suggests that increased population density requires immediate and critical
attention that will further tax the city’s development needs. Therefore in 2004 the
law Undang-Undang Nomor 32 was passed concerning regional administration, which
gave broad authority to the city for its own planning scheme. It is hoped that this law
and its implementation will create ‘win-win solutions’ for the problems facing the city
in its new development efforts. Success will require harmony amongst the three
elements of the city: community, government and private business.
8. DEVELOPMENT CONCEPT
Bandung was positioned in
the 1920’s to become the new
adminsitrative capital for the
whole country relocating from
Batavia (Jakarta) and as such
grand plans were made in a city
plan that would create a
gracious and spacious
government district as well as sufficient housing and new public amenities. It is not
therefore surprising that the buildings that were constructed in that period were of the
finest standards in the world and the city plan, one celebrating the period of
modernism.
If these efforts are examined today, it can be seen that the remains of this old plan
still create a unique and distinctive identity for the city. Development in these districts
is circumscribed and protected by designation as conservation districts so that the
historical environment may be maintained as an integral part and important dynamic
of new city development. Preservation
step in improving the livability of the
city for its residents.
Conservation districts p
and conservation is seen by some as an early
rovide the
‘un
of conservation philosophy alone, preservation is no barrier to
car
RESERVATION INITIATIVES
ave long been an important element in
suc
ique identity’ that is often lacking
in newer settlements and can be a tool
to market the city through tourism.
This development concept can be seen
in many of the best-loved and most-acclaimed cities in the world.
From the angle
eful development, as long as the development is wisely implemented, and planning
ordinances are honestly carried out.
P
Heritage conservation initiatives h
cessful city growth in strategies in countries around the world. In the United
States for example, incentives that include tax holidays and other special
9. considerations protect the shared heritage. In the United Kingdom, there is a program
known “Carrot and Stick” that helps communities protect their heritage. In Indonesia
itself, there are incentives and de-incentives spelled out in the national constitution
concerning the protection of the national patrimony (Undang-undang No. 5 tahun
1992 tentang benda cagar budaya, dan Kepmendikbud No. 062/U/1995, No.
o63/U/1995, dan No. 064/U/1995).
The implementation of heritage conservation in the country, and specifically in
Ban
rge as well concerning the lack of enabling legislation that
mu
d by the lack of public organizational
infr
the implementation of conservation of historic sites and monuments, and the
con
dung, are not yet effective. The reasons are many but include primarily the lack
of a defined and accepted inventory of protected sites and monuments that would
serve to ensure their legal standing under the law. I would like to note here that since
the 1992 constitutional inclusion noted above, not one case of illegal demolition has
been brought to court!
Other problems eme
st flow from a national constitutional amendment and provide the vehicles for legal
action at the state, city and county levels. However, in the Province of West Java,
where Bandung is located, there are heritage protection ordinances that are not yet
operational because details in the ordinances are not well enunciated. There are, for
example, no written references to what is specifically permitted and what, under the
ordinances, are defined as crimes. Further, the use of financial incentives has not been
implemented and so there is neither an incentive nor effective de-incentive to
motivate public and private owners of heritage buildings and sites to follow the
ordinances. Worst case is ‘midnight demolition’ but the ordinances also include rules
about maintenance that have no clout in the public view. There is also a lack of
understanding by the owners of heritage sites to their community relevancy and the
sense of community participation to support private heritage with public and/or
private funding or technical assistance.
These problems are compounde
astructure, public boards, civic committees, that are helpful to the public or able to
help fairly adjudicate decisions on heritage conservation issues for the city. And in
Bandung, there is at this time no money or political will to support committees of this
sort.
In
trol of these precious community assets, the authority of the city government is
still non-existent, due largely to the fact that the various laws and ordinances grant no
10. authority at a local level, the authority, for instance, of giving sanctions to those who
break the laws. This authority is still embedded in the federal government alone.
In the midst of steep development pressure the maintenance of the old buildings
and
The historic sites and individual monuments
wh
sor by one the o
districts is seen as a barrier to new development especially to the deveopment of
new commercial complexes.
ich are seen as valuable assets by heritage
practitioners and some tourism officials, and offer
identity and grace to the community, are seen by
developers as thorns in their efforts to smoothly
(and profitably!) redevelop valuable center city
areas due to the restrictions on development in
protected districts. The city of Bandung is but one
of the large cities in Java that is undergoing this
ld historic monuments are demolished, replaced by
bland and characterless commercial developments such as malls, row houses and
apartments If this continues without restraint, Bandung will lose its precious identity
and begin to resemble thousands of other places here and around the world. Part of the
special identity of Bandung resides in its store of Art Deco monuments which never
fail to awe visitors from Europe and North America.
Braga City Walk Bandung
Mall, Apartment, Hotel
t of turmoil. One
Dept of Social Services
building, one of the buildings
in “Nautical-Deco” style
built in 1935
Demolition in 2006
Bale Pakuan Town House 2007
Photo: Dibyo Hartono
Photo: Harastoeti
11. Other problems emerge as well concerning the lack of enabling legislation that must
trickle down from a national constitutional amendment and provide the vehicles for
legal action at the state, city and county levels. (see Drawing 1)
National Law No5/1992
Provincial conservation ordinance
County conservation ordinance City conservation ordinance
Drawing 1
Source: Harastoeti (2007)
THE WORLD
NATION
PROVINCE
COUNTY
CITY
Drawing 2
Source: Harastoeti (2007)
Historic districts, environments, historic monuments and sites, including
archeological sites exist in cities and counties, however their historic importance is
only recognized and protected by national authority at this time. See Drawing 2.
Heritage assets require listing in inventories at each level of public administration and
classification of their levels of protection which are listed as A, B or C, depending on
specific criteria. Many of these monuments and sites have been lost or demolished as
the result of burgeoning city and county development needs and the lack of
12. appreciation by the public of the importance of these cultural assets. One of the
reasons that heritage conservation efforts are not often successful is that generally the
government is more interested in creating government-funded projects and tend to
identify with developers (particularly large commercial developers) so that local
managers can find new sources of tax revnues for their districts. In this sometimes
unhealthy relationship, questionable financial dealings are often transacted, and the
lack of government transparency has called into question some of the more egregious
practices.
In turning the wheels of government for the goal of equitable community
prosperity, there need to be appropriate laws that guarantee positive community
development practices. The one aspect that must be in place is that government
administration should function according to the law. Creating an open and
transparent body of legal certainties will create a development environment that will
aid social stability and equity. While the axion ”it is love not laws that will save the
heritage of mankind” is not far from our thoughts, the legal framework must be in
place, monitored and adjudicated openly so that development can proceed without
anarchy and social chaos.
THE ROLE OF BANDUNG HERITAGE
Beginning in 1986, 13 people gathered regularly to discuss the architectural and
other built heritage and cultural heritage in Bandung. These people came from many
sectors: business, tourism, academics, architects, engineers, an astronomer,
anthropologists, newspaper editor, and others. As devoted and proud residents of
Bandung they were concerned with the seeming apathy and lack of civil efforts to
support this historic legacy that added grace and dignity to their lives. Eventually,
these meetings lead to inviting people to speak on aspects that were little-known at the
time on the city’s history and architectural sites and monuments. Out of these
conversations grew the commitment to form an organization that might address some
of the problems and opportunities present in this heritage treasure trove. It was
decided to focus on only the city of Bandung and commit to research, publication and
promotion of Bandung’s unique identity. A meeting with the mayor ensued and in
1987, Paguyuban Pelestarian Budaya Bandung (“Bandung Heritage”) was born at the
Hotel Panghegar. After all the talk, it was decided that an action step was required and
so a broad ranging exhibition was launched highlighting the special heritage of the
13. city. The exhibition began with local archeological finds, pictures and histories of the
major city monuments, and aspects of the prevailing Sundanese culture. These were
presented over a 5 day period at the Balai Pertemuan Ilmiah of the Institute of
Technology Bandung—itself a heritage monument. Architecure and anthropology
students from several city universities were recruited to help run the exhibition and a
series of seminars were run, open to the public. One of the key speakers, Robertson
E. Collins, was an American who was a member of ICOMOS USA and a cultural
tourism expert with the Pacific Asia Travel Association (PATA) based in Singapore.
From that time till this activities and networking through-out the world ensued,
largely through ICOMOS and then through some other regional groups that sprung
up. Close working relationships with the Bandung-based office of the Goethe
Institute, the French Cultural Center, The British Council as well as several of the
embassies in Jakarta lent expertise and authority to the work of Bandung Heritage.
Eventually several other heritage associations came into being in Medan, Yogyakarta,
Bali, and Jakarta. This increased the national networks.
An early opportunity was presented to the society by the local newspaper to write
half a page for Page 3 on historic events, heritage issues, etc., each Saturday as a way
of publicizing and sharing the common legacy of our city. Further to this Bandung
Heritage launched a program of monthly lectures on current and heritage topics open
to the public. These were held in city hotels that offered their meeting space and
coffee free of charge as a way of showing their support for heritage society goals.
What developed most importantly was the credibility of the group in the eyes of
residents and government officials alike. The city administration has taken up some
of the issues that most concern heritage in Bandung, and at this point, some 20 years
after its founding, there is a rare development planning meeting that does not include
an invitation to our society.
In concrete ways Bandung Heritage has enhanced the city with several building
restorations, such as the monument to Indonesia Menggugat, the Galeri Kita building,
the NISP Bank Branch , and Bandung Lautan Api Heritage Trail.
14. UNESCO AWARD
the NISP Bank Branch at Jalan Sawunggaling
Background
The Paguyuban Pelestarian Budaya Bandung or Bandung Heritage was born from
the initiative of residents from many disciplines, professionals and backgrounds.
They were brought together by their pride in the city and concern for its preservation.
The society is not dogmatic and its only core belief is that the ‘identities of the city
must be preserved and developed’. In this is the recognition that in any place there
are specific characteristics that differentiate it from other places…this stems from
local ethnic practices, natural environment and its monuments and sites. The remains
of the city’s historic past as well as the spirit of its current residents is what is worth
preserving.
The conservation of a country’s culture has many uses as it faces inevitable
development, and ramifications to national resilience in the face of globalization.
Conservation is not defined as anti-development, but merely the ‘management of
change.’
The remains of history come from many sources, technical, architectural, dance,
literature, traditional ceremonies and observances, cuisine, fashion, etc. In creating a
plan for conservation of the city, members of the society work as volunteers in line
with their individual interest and time constraints. Activities of the group include
working with government officials as well as private businesses and residents both in
the city, in the province and overseas.
The development pressures described above have brought about an ever-closer
partnership between the city administration and Bandung Heritage. This is due in part
to increased understanding of the role of tourism to city coffers, as well as public
15. awareness of the beauty of their special city. Residents who wish to renovate or
develop their heritage buildings are requested by the city to meet with the Bandung
Heritage members and obtain a written recommendation on their proposed changes. It
is especially at this time that owners may hear the history of their building and district
and its relevance to the other people in the city. Society members who are architects
can assist the owner to find solutions to not only provide more space or convenience,
but at the same time conserve the identity of the building as it plays its heritage role in
the city. The heritage society and consulting members refuse money for these
services in the interest of neutrality and credibility.
Further supporting the relationship between the city government and the heritage
society, the city tourism office is sponsoring a new city ordinance on heritage
conservation in Bandung. For this they have asked a team in the society to work with
them to make this ordinance. It is here that the role of Bandung Heritage in the
development and monitoring efforts can be employed to assure that precious assets
may be recognized and sustained for the city.
Not only does this cooperation ensure that internationally recognized standards,
heritage philosophy and practice are the basis for a heritage ordinance in the city, the
relationship also invites the opportunity to instill in city officials the opportunities that
heritage conservation can make for a city’s development. Heritage input into
development of the city also demonstrates how interwoven the aspects of heritage and
city life are, and how bureaucrats charged with the responsibilities of safe-guarding
the legacy of the past can work to protect, maintain both the built heritage and the
movable heritage that strengthen and enrich the life of a city. For this the issues of
synchronization and coordination are required so that the perceptions of the
bureaucrats and their authority as government officials are always in line with legal
conditions.
Fundamental to the solution of city problems the substance of heritage
conservation can be used to distil and complete the laws regarding historic buildings
and sites, moveable and intangible heritage to help move the thought processes to
creating identity of place not only for Bandung but for other Indonesian cities as well.
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16. Bibliography
• Voskuil, RPGA (1996), Bandung: Beeld van een Stad, , Nederland: Asia
Maier, , ISBN: 90-74861-05-9,
• Yulia Dewita (1997),Tinjauan Kelengkapan Subtansi Peraturan Perundang-
undangan untuk Pelestarian Bangunan Bersejarah (kasus Studi Kota
Bandung),
• Jana Halida Uno (1998), Konsep Penerapan Insetif dan Disinsentif untuk
Pelestarian Bangunan (kasus Studi : Kota Bandung),
• Dibyo Hartono (1997), Daftar Bangunan Bersejarah Kota Bandung, Bandung
Heritage.
• Nina H.Lubis (2000), Sejarah Kota-kota lama di Jawa Barat, Jatinangor,
Algaprint,
• Kunto Haryoto (1985), Wajah Bandoeng Tempo Doeloe, Badung: Granesia,
• Paguyuban Pelestarian Budaya Bandung, Dinas Pariwisata Kota Bandung
(2006), Naskah Akademik, Draft Penyusunan Peraturan Daerah tentang
Bangunan Bersejarah Kota Bandung.
• Sudarsono Katam & Lulus Abadi (2005), Album Bandoeng Tempo Doloe,
Bandung: Nav Press Indonesia.
• Harastoeti DH. (2007), Makalah Presentasi Sosialisasi Pelestarian,
pengembangan dan Pemanfaatan Tinggalan Budaya di Jawa Barat,Hotel
Papandayan Bandung.
Acknowledgemnts
• Mrs. Frances B. Affandy, Chairman of ICOMOS Indonesia
• Mrs. Harastoeti DH. Chairman of Bandung Heritage Society