The modern evolution of a water town in China. International Seminar on Global Metropolitan Delta’s 2017

1. ⼀个中国⽔乡城市现代演化
The modern evolution of a water town in China
Prof. He Yi
30/03/2017
Huazhong University of Science and Technology

2. 背景:世界城市发展进程中的中国城市
Background: Chinese Cities in Worldwide Urbanization Progress

3. ! ——18 Industrial Revolution---18th century
,
Occidental countries stepped into
capitalization,
while industrialization pushed urbanization
Qing Dynasty carried out seclusion,
City as the local govern center in the
feudal time.
Introduction of Chinese cities’ development at some key time nodes

4. Along with economic recovery after
wars, the reconstruction leads to
modern urban stage
Chinese civic war made cities built
environment more worse
! “ ” ——Reconstruction after the Second World War

5. ! ——1966 1976
Cultural Revolution—1966 to 1976
The Cultural Revolution
(1966-1976) had brought
great nightmare to
Chinese cities,
all the economic and
society stay standstill.

6. 西方城市一方面大规模的开展新城运动，另一方面进行大城市内部更新与改造
The western cities carried out Satellite town construction on one hand,
and regeneration and renovation inner the city area on the other.

7. 改革开放——1978年起: Open and Reform– since 1978
在沿海城市设立“经济特区”，开始了从沿海向内陆的城市发展。
Special Economic Zone in coastal cities was established, and expands
to the hinterland.

9. 自20世纪80年代改⾰开放以来，中国社会进⼊了急遽⽽深刻的转型期，
这种社会转型具有强烈的 “时空压缩性”
（compression of time and space） ：
过于漫长的农业化社会，
在开始真正意义的⼯业化之际就面临着信息时代的冲击。
要在⼏⼗年内完成通常需要⼏个世纪的进化过程，
使今天中国城市问题⼗分复杂和尖锐的原因。
The conclusion:
Chinese stepped into stunning transition period.
This transition has typical “compression of Time and Space” feature.
After long-time feudal Agricultural time, the industrialization leads to strong
change in the Information era, the centuries’ urbanization will be shortened
in dozens years, hence the conflicts are more complicated and sharp

10. 案例:宁波历史城市研究
Cases Study: the Historic City Area of Ningbo

11. 宁波市地处我国浙东沿海，是古代著名的四大港口城市之一。
解放后一度被作为“东海前哨”的战略要地，城市建设长期处于停滞状态，直到上世纪80
年代迎来了历史性的发展机遇。
宁波历史城区的现代改造过程，是大多数中国历史文化名城的缩影，具有典型意义。

12. 原型
prototype
破碎
Fragment
重构
reconstruction

13. 1.原型 prototype
宁波城市形成的三个历史因素：
City formation due to three reasons
⽔利⼯程 + 东南港市 + 府城建制
Hydraulic work + Port and Market + Provincial Capital

14. ,
1. Hydraulic Prpject:
as the survival foundation
Ning-shao plain
Ningbo

15. n
o
F e
c
Ningbo located in tidal-flat area 2000
years ago, suffered twice transgression
in Song Dynasty, left 217 lakes. Hence,
Ningbo forms in the water region.
,
1. Hydraulic Prpject:
as the survival foundation
Ningbo

16. n s
y
e
Ningbo

18. 同时,城内也是⽔⽹密布，有日、月双湖蓄⽔调节⽓侯。
玛⾼温是宁波第⼀个传教⼠，从1850年⼿绘图中的宁波城，
可以看出宁波就是⼀个“⽔城”。
The hydrographic net is dense inner city, with the Sun Lake and Moon Lake.

20. 城内的水巷生活：家家枕河而居
The life in water lane: every house face to a river

21. 在这个漫长过程中，因治⽔造福的地⽅官吏被奉做为神，
供在神庙中，是宁波民间独特的⽔⽂化现象。
And the officers who were in charge of the hydraulic projects were
viewed as numen, worshiped in temples.

22. 鄞州宋四⼤大家族历史⼈人物：
丰⽒——丰稷 楼⽒——楼异
史⽒——史浩 郑⽒——郑清之
各⼤家族也组织劳⼒和财⼒在治⽔
过程中壮⼤。
Various families clans played key role
in the hydraulic project in labor
organization and financial support.

23. hydraulic engineer: agricultural heritage

25. 2.东南港市: 城市的发展动⼒
2 Port and Market: the development engine of the city

26. 宁波古城地处三条江河交汇的地⽅，姚江和奉化江在古城交汇后形成甬江通向东
海，古代在城外的江边设有著名的“明州港”，
The city locates at the water confluence of three rivers, hence there were Mingzhou Port,
to east to the sea, while to the west is the moat link the northern and southern China

27. 对内：是千里“京杭⼤运河”的出海⼝，⼤运河全长约1797公里，是中国
古代南北地区之间的经济发展、⽂化交流的通道。
Internal: The Grand Canal from Beijing to Hangzhou’s marine outfall, as
the economic and cultural link of north and south.

28. 对外：
明州港曾是海上“丝绸之路” 起点，近海与日本、印度、⾼丽等国进⾏海上贸易，并远
到地中海国家。
External:
Mingzhou Port is the origin of Maritime Silk Road, with marine trade with several countries.

29. 宋代，在城市东部沿港中设
有七座城门。
城市东部成为“港市”⽽繁华。
There were seven gates in
the eastern part of the wall.
The eastern part became
prosperous in Song Dynasty.

30. 历史上有⼤量宁波先民出海谋⽣，
形了中国商界著名的:宁波帮。
It leads to the citizen to go abroad
for business, and forming Ningbo
businessman cluster: Ningbo
group.
左上：朱葆三，近代实业家
右上：叶澄衷，五⾦⼤王
左下：秦润卿，⾦融家
右下：包⽟刚，华⼈世界船王

31. 港⼝从内河向⼤海不断迁移，以内河河运为依托的明洲港随之不断衰退。
the port became recessionary when the shipping function had transferred from
river to ocean

32. e
It transformed into riverside park which was a busy port
清代的明州港 1950年年代的明州港
现在的明州港

34. 3.府城建制:
城市的权力象征
3 Provincial capital:
As the symbol of power
周代王城图。
周礼确立了权⼒在中国城市空间运作
的“合法性”，成为中国城市的原型。
Zhou Dynasty(BC 11-BC 256)’s
Capital
The ritual fix the spatial layout, laid
the foundation for the other city.

35. 821年设立了统治中⼼，称为 “内城”，建立起作为⾏政地域首府的城市。
In AD821, it established the political center—inner city, as the symbol of
the capital of this area.

36. 内城的⼤门之上，是⼀个两层的鼓楼。
On the inner wall gate, there is the two-story Drum-building.

37. 898年营筑“外城”，这个外城⾄1929年废除，在原址稳定地延续了1030年，这
在中国古代城市史上尚不多见。
In AD 898, the outer city was built, then in 1929 it was demolished. The
wall last about 1030 years at the original site which is rare in Chinese cities.

38. 宁波城市在清代基本定型。
The overall form had been set in Qing Dynasty(AD 1644-1912)

39. 纵观宁波府城的演化，城市空间具有明显的“双构性”
府城建制与江南⽔乡互为因果，政治格局和商业社会和谐发展。
⽔埠＋港市＋府城
The evolution of Ningbo, the city space has evident “dual-construction
feature”. Capital city and water environment leads to the city development.

40. 2.破碎 Fragment
宁波现代城市改造的三个阶段：
Three stages of modern renovation of Ningbo
计划经济导向+强势政府导向+房地产导向
Command Economic + Powerful Government + Housing way

41. " (1960-1980年代)计划经济导向：
单位主体改造
planned economy
Working unit as the main unit to renovate
中国城市在上世纪中期的社会主义初级阶段
（the Socialist City），
⼯作、⽣产、⽣活集中在⼀个个封闭的⼤院内。
单位⼤院是城市形态中的基本单元。
⽣活
living
⽣产
production
⼯作
working
Daily living area
… …

42. c
e
y

43. " (1990-2000n )
t
Powful government
Renovation along the road
which like Paris transformation by Osman
t
p

44. “浙东第⼀街”
1900年年代的中⼭山路路
1980年年代的中⼭山路路：东⽅方红⼤大街
1990年年代的中⼭山路路

45. " (2000年后)市场经济导向:
房地产开发改造
Market economic way
Housing-based renovation
2000年后，中国城市通过房地产业进⼊了快速发
展期，特点是成片旧城区改造。

46. 2000年年⽼老老城区建设⻛风貌
2002年年⽼老老城区建设⻛风貌

47. 最终，解构了旧城，历史环境碎片化
Finally, the historic city was deconstructed,
while the history built environment became
scattered

48. 时空压缩在当时造成了不同时期空间在同⼀时间被呈现出来，
也就是所谓的“历时性diachronic feature”或“共时性synchronic feature”。

49. 70 5 897: 925
r
Three strategies to reconstruct the historc city area
t
From the district to city area + from scattered to linkable + from nodes to routines

50. 【历史边界整合:⼀个⽔环】
Integration of historical boundaries:
a water ring
1.⽔环：环城慢性系统
A loop: slow traffic system
结合现有绿地和开敞空间，
规划封闭的自⾏车道。
2.六门：环城节点景观
Six gates: the landscape nodes
除和义门已经作为遗址公园展示外，
它五座城门遗址作为节点公园。
3.两锲：从东北和西南分别锲⼊城内。
Two bulks: the green bulks

51. ,r
Integration of historic districts:
three pieces of waterscape

52. （3）从节点⾛向线路
From nodes to routines
在历史与现状之间寻找⼀条⽔路，
将分散的历史片区和历史节点联系起来，
建立⼀种体验式的城市⽂化。
【历史线路整合:⼀条⽔道】
Historical line integration: a waterway

55. Thanks 谢谢！
Prof. He Yi
Huazhong University of Science and Technology
30/30/2017