Management information systems (MIS) are planned systems for collecting, processing, storing, and disseminating data needed for management decision-making. Group decision support systems (GDSS) support group decision-making activities through file sharing, integrating opinions, and enabling communication and modeling between group members. Decision support systems (DSS) help decision-makers utilize data and models to solve unstructured problems in a non-automated manner. Distributed database management systems (DDBMS) provide facilities for creating and maintaining distributed databases across different locations.

1. UNIT-1
Q1. MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEM(MIS)
Managementinformationsystemisaplannedsystemof collecting,processing,storingand
disseminatingdatainthe formof informationneededtocarryout the functionsof management.
CHARACTERISTICOFMIS
The main characteristicsof MIS are as follows:
1. Integrative system:
2. Sub-systemconcept
3. Providesrelevantinformationtomanagement:
4. Flexible
5. Enhancesproductivity:
6. Coordinatedsystem:
7. Feedbacksystem:
8. Managementoriented:
9. Managementdirected:
10. Commondatabase
11. Distributeddataprocessing:
12. Computerizedsystem:
13. Transformsthe data intoinformation:
Q2. GROUP DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEM(GDSS)
It isa systemthatsupportsdecisionmakingandhasbeendesignedandstructuredinsucha wayso
that the member’sconstitutionagroupcan interactwitheachother toarrive at a particular
decision.Itprovidessupportforvariousgroupdecisionmakingactivitiessuchasfile sharing,
integrationof the individualopinionswiththatof the group,communication,modellingof group
actionand any otheractionwhichrequiresinteractionof the groupmembers.
CAPABILITIESOFGROUPDECISION SUPPORTSYSTEM/ROLE OF GDSS/ADVANTAGEOFGDSS
1. More informationinlesstime:
2. Greaterparticipation:
3. More structure:
4. Automateddocumentation:
FACTORSCONTRIBUTINGTO THE SUCCESS OF GROUP DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEM
1. Can throw-upmanymore alternatives:
2. Realisticevaluationof alternatives:
3. Reductioninthe wastage of time:
4. Time savedcan be utilisedforamore thoroughdiscussion:
5. Ensuringclearerdefinitionof problem:
6. Improvedcommunicationsystemwidensthe scope of discussion:
Q3. DECISION SUPPORTSYSTEM (DSS)
DSS isinteractive computerbasedsystem, whichhelpdecisionmakersutilise dataandmodelsto
solve unstructuredproblems.A systemwhichsupportsthe processof decisionmakingisknownas
DSS. Thishelpsinsupportingonlyandnotautomatingthe processof decisionmaking.
CLASSIFICATION OFDDS
1. File drawersystems:
2. Data analysissystems:
3. Analysisinformationsystems:
4. Accountingmodels:
5. Representational models:
6. Optimisationmodels:
7. Suggestionmodels:

2. MAIN COMPONENTSOFDSS
1. Data managementsubsystem:
2. Model managementsubsystem:
3. User interface subsystem:
4. Knowledgebasedmanagementsubsystem:
CHARACTERISTICSOFDSS
1. Providesrapidaccess toinformation:
2. Handleslarge amountsof data fromdifferentsource:
3. Providesreportandpresentationflexibility:
4. Offersbothtextual andgraphical orientation:
5. Supportsdrill-downanalysis:
6. Performscomplex,sophisticatedanalysisandcomparisonsusingadvancedsoftware
packages:
CAPABILITIES/ADVANTAGESOFDSS
1. Improvingpersonal efficiency:
2. Improvingproblemsolving:
3. Facilitatingcommunications:
4. Promotinglearningortraining:
5. Increasingorganisational control:
MAJOR STEPSINVOLVEDIN CONSTRUCTINGA DSS
Step-1) Choose the problemtobe solved:
Step-2) selectsoftware andhardware:
Step-3) dataacquisitionandmanagement:
Step-4) model subsystemacquisitionandmanagement:
Step-5) dialogue subsystemanditsmanagement:
Step-6) knowledge component:
Step-7) packaging:
Step-8) test,evaluationandimprovement:
Step-9) usertraining:
Step-10) documentationandmaintenance:
Step-11) adaptation:
Q4. DISTRIBUTED DATABASEMANAGEMENT SYSTEM(DDBMS)
A DDBMS is software whichprovidesfacilityof creatingandmaintainingdistributeddatabases.
NEED OF DDBMS
1. Organisationandeconomicreasons:
2. Interconnectionof existingdatabase:
3. Incremental growth:
4. Reducedcommunicationoverhead:
5. Performance:
6. Reliabilityandavailability:
ARCHITECTURE OF DDBMS
1. Global schema:
2. Fragmentationschema:
3. Allocationschema:

3. UNIT-2
Q1. ROLE OFINFORMATION SYSTEMS IN BREAKINGBUSINESS BARRIERS
1. Breakingtime barriers:
2. Breakinggeographicbarriers:
3. Breakingcostbarriers:
4. Breaking structural barriers:
STRATEGIC ROLE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS/PRINCIPLESFORIMPROVINGBUSINESSQUALITIES
1. Delightingthe customer:
2. Managing qualitybyfact:
3. People basedmanagement:
4. Continuousimprovement:
Q2. BUSINESS PROCESSRE-ENGINEERING(BPR)
BPR isone of the most importantimplementationsof competitive strategiesincurrenttime.
Generallyitisalsocalledasre-engineering.BPRcanbe usedto attainimprovementsincost,quality,
speedandservice asit isfundamental rethinkingandradical redesignof businessprocesses.
REQUIREMENT/NEED OF RE-ENGINEERINGOF A BUSINESS PROCESS
1. Businessefficiency:
2. Improvedtechniques:
3. Newrequirements:
INVOLVEDIN PERFORMINGBUSINESSPROCESSRE-ENGINEERING
Step-1) Developbusinessvisionandprocessobjectives:
Step-2) Understandexistingprocesses:
Step-3) Identifyprocessforre-design:
Step-4) Identifychange levers:
Step-5) Implementthe newprocesses:
Q3. USE OF INFORMATION SYSTEMSFOR STRATEGIC ADVANTAGES/ROLEOFISIN BUILDING
COMPETITIVE
1. Barriersto entryof competitors:
2. Generatingdatabasesto improve marketing:
3. Lockingincustomersand suppliers:
4. Loweringthe costsof the products:
5. Leveragingtechnologyinthe value chain:
Q4. ROLE OFIT IN IMPROVINGTHE BUSINESS QUALITIES
1. IT capability:
2. Transactional:
3. Geographical:
4. Automation:
5. Analytical:
6. Informational:
7. Sequential:
8. Knowledge:
9. Tracking:
10. Disintermediation:
UNIT-3
Q1. IMPORTANCEOF HARDWARE ACQUISITION STRATEGYIN AN ORGANIZATION
1. Performance:
2. Cost:
3. Reliability:
4. Compatibility:
5. Technology:
6. Ergonomics:

4. 7. Connectivity:
8. Scalability:
9. Software:
10. Support:
Q2. CONVERSION METHODS TO CONVERTOLD SYSTEM TO NEW SYSTEM
1. Parallel conversion: Inthisconversionmethod,the processingof dataiscarried outon both
the newand oldsystemsfora specifictrial period.Inthismethod,usernotonlystartsusing
the new system,butalsocarriesout the critical operationswiththe helpof the oldsystem.
Advantagesof parallel conversion-
I. Uses oldsystem:
II. Easilytrainingtostaff:
III. Easy to evaluate:
Disadvantagesof parallel conversion-
I. Expensive:
II. Risk:
2. Directconversion:
Advantagesof directconversion-
I. Rapid:
II. Lessrisk:
Disadvantagesof directconversion-
I. Complex:
II. Difficultytotraining:
III. Stressful:
IV. Most risky
3. Pilotconversion:
Advantagesof pilotconversion-
I. Easy controlling:
II. Easy evaluation:
III. Low risk:
IV. Easy to understand
Disadvantagesof pilotconversion-
I. Slow:
II. Doesnot showall problems:
4. Phasedconversion:
Advantagesof phasedconversion-
I. Structured:
II. Low risk:
III. Easilyusable:
Disadvantagesof phasedconversion-
I. Slow:
II. Waiting:
Q3. INFORMATION SYSTEMPLANNING(ISP)
ISPis increasinglybecomingapart of the usual businessplanningprocesswhichlooksintothe
variousproposalsof informationsystemsdevelopmentand adoptsone of the bestsuitedfor
business.Informationsystemsaffectmanyaspectsof businesslike an organisationendusers,its
operations,managementdecisionmakingandachievementof businessgoals.The firststepin
systemdevelopmentlife cycle isISP.ISPaimsatidentifyingthe necessaryinformationsystems
insteadof detailedplanningof aparticularsystem.
Stagesof ISP-
I. Strategicplanning:
II. Requirementanalysis:

5. III. Resource allocation:
IV. Projectplanning:
VARIOUSTECHNIQUES OFINFORMATION SYSTEMPLANNING
1. Critical successfactor:
2. Businesssystemplanning:
3. End/meansanalysis:
Q4. STEPS INVOLVEDIN SYSTEM ANALYSISPHASEOFMIS DEVELOPMENT PROJECT
1. Analysisof the organisationalenvironment:
2. Analysisof the presentsystem:
3. Systemrequirementsanalysis:
4. Systemrequirements:
I. Inputrequirement:
II. Outputrequirements:
III. Processingrequirements:
IV. Storage requirements:
UNIT-4
Q1. SYSTEM IMPLEMENTATION
Implementationisacrucial processinthe deploymentof informationtechnologytoprovide benefits
to managers,customers,suppliersandotherstakeholdersinabusinessorganisation.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
1. Organisationchartapproach:
2. Integrate laterapproach:
3. Data collectionapproach:
4. Database approach:
5. Top-downapproach:
6. Total systemapproach:
Q2. EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM (EIS)
An informationsystemdesignedtocaterthe specificneedsof executivesisknownasexecutive
informationsystem.Itisalsoknownas executive supportsystem.
COMPONENTSOFEXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM
Componentsof the EISare as follows-
1. Hardware:
I. Inputdata entrydevices:
II. Central processingunit:
III. Data storage files:
IV. Outputdevices:
2. Software:
I. Textbase software:
II. Database:
III. Graphic base:
IV. Model base:
3. Interface:
4. Telecommunication:
CAPABILITIESOFEIS
1. Supportfor definingavision:
2. Supportfor strategicplanning:
3. Supportfor strategicorganizingandstaffing:
4. Supportfor crisismanagement:
STEPS IN DEVELOPMENT OF EXECUTIVE INFORMATION SYSTEM
The lifecycle of executive informationsystemcanbe dividedintosix stagescontainingsixteenstep,
describedas below-

6. Stage 1: justification
Step1) businesscase assessment:
Stage 2: planning
Step2) enterprise infrastructure evaluation:
Step3) projectplanning:
Stage 3: businessanalysis
Step4) definingbusinessneedsandprojectrequirements:
Step5) data analysis:
Step6) applicationprototyping:
Step7) metadataanalysis:
Stage 4: systemdesign
Step8) data design:
Step9) designingETLprocess(extract/transform/load):
Step10) metadatarepositorydesign:
Stage 5: construction
Step11) ETL development:
Step12) applicationdevelopment:
Step13) data mining:
Step14) developingmetadatarepository:
Stage 6: systemdeployment
Step15) implementation:
Step16) release evaluation:
Q3. SYSTEM MAINTENANCE
The maintenance functionbeginsassoonasthe systemhasbeenimplementedinthe business.
Systemsmaintenanceinvolvesactivitiessuchasevaluating,monitoringandmodifyingthe
operationsof the systemsothat desiredornecessaryimprovementsandchangescanbe boughtin.
DIFFERENTMETHODS USED FOR MAINTENANCE(HARDWAREANDSOFTWARE) OFINFORMATION
SYSTEM
Hardware maintenance:
1. Preventivemaintenance:
2. Breakdownmaintenance:
3. Replacementmaintenance:
Software maintenance:
1. Corrective maintenance:
2. Adaptive maintenance:
3. Preventivemaintenance:
Q4. USE OF IMFORMATION SYSTEM IN CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIPMANAGEMENT(CRM)
1. Provide bettercustomerservice:
2. Increase customerrevenues:
3. Discovernewcustomers:
4. Crosssell andup sell productsmore effectively:
5. Helpsalesstaff close faster:
6. Make call centresmore efficient:

7. 7. Simplifymarkingandsalesprocesses:
Q5. ENTREPRISE RESOURCE PLANNING(ERP)
Enterprise resource planningtermisderivedfromthe material resource planning.Aimof ERPisto
integrate all the dataand processesintoasingle system.Toperformthe integration,ERPsystem
usesthe multiple software andhardware components. ERPsystemusesvarioustechniquesand
conceptsto increase the use of organisational resourcesinordertoimprove the workingprocessof
entire organisation.
APPLICATION OFERPIN BUSINESS ORGANISATIONS
1. Finance:
2. Manufacturingand production:
3. Salesanddistribution:
4. Human resourcesmanagement:
5. Plantmaintenance:
6. Material managementmodule:
7. Qualitymanagementmodule:
AI (ARTIFICIALINTELLIGENCE) TECHNOLOGIESIN BUSINESS
Followingare some AItechnologiesusedinbusiness-
1. Neural networks:
2. Fuzzylogic:
3. Virtual reality:
4. Expertsystems:
Q6. ISSUES RELATED TO MAINTENANCEOFMIS
1. Change inpolicystatement:
2. Change inreports:
3. Change informs:
4. Change inprocedures:
5. Systemcontrolsand securityneeds:
6. Change inhardware:
7. Software additionormodification:
8. Change ineconomiccondition:
9. Newtechnology:
10. Industryandcompetitive conditions:
11. Change ingovt.policies,regulationsandlegislation:
CHALLENGES TO MAINTENANCEOFMIS(managementinformationsystem)
1. Properplanningformaintenance:
2. Responsibilityformaintenance:
3. Initiationof maintenance projects:
4. Adequate documentation:
5. Qualitypersonnel: