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Mammography (Radiology).pdf
1. MAMMOGRAPHY
Definition:
It is a special type of x- ray imaging used to create detailed image of breast.
Low dose X - ray is used in this test. Breast compression is necessary to
flatten the breast so that maximum amount of tissue can be imaged and
examined..it also reduce x - ray scatter, which may degrade image..
mammography plays a major role in early detection of breast cancer, detect
75% of breast cancer atleast a year before they can be felt.
3. SCREENING
MAMMOGRAPHY
it is done in asymptomatic women.Early detection
of small breast cancers by screening
mammography greatly improves a woman's
chances for successful treatment. A screening
mammogram consists of two views of each breast.
6. DIAGNOSTIC
MAMMOGRAPHY
it is perfomed in symptomatic women,such as when a breast
lump or nipple discharge is found during self examination or when
an abnormaliry is found during screening mammography.it uses
specialized views to determine exact size and location of breast
abnormalities and to image the surrounding tissues and lymph
nodes.
7. STEPS OF
MAMMOGRAPHY
Positioning: breast should be properly positioned and it should be ensured that entire breast
is in the field of x- ray tube.All foreign bodies shouldbe removed from the breast.
Compression :It is used to flatten the breasy so that maximum amount of tissue can be
imaged and examined and it also reducea radiation exposure.
Exposure settings: it should be selected according to shape and size of
breast of individual patient. each breast should be performed
separately for mammogram.
8. INDICATIONS/
MAMMOGRAPHIC
SIGNS
• A mass with ill defined or spiculated borders or micro
calcifications less than 0.5 mm .
•benign masses tend to be spherical with well defined
borders and calcification
•
9. Abnormality found on
screening mammogram.
Short interval follow up of
probably benign but
abnormal mammogram.
Patient/physician identified
breast lump.
Focal breast pain/
tenderness.
Suspected Abscess.
10. MIS( mammographic
imaging system)
Steps:
high voltage generation: a generator is present and accept single phase input and rectified it into DC (direct current) .this DC is fed into inverter and converted into
high frequency ( 5_ 10 khz).
• Target composition...X-ray film tubes are made up of molybednum, tungsten and rhodium material.
•Filtration : it is also important step and different filters are used.
• Heel effect :
conic shaped breast requires that intensity near the chest wall should be greater, and this can be
accomplished by positioning cathode on the chest wall.
it is noticed that SID ( Source to image receptor distance 60 to 80 cm) should be kept.
•GRIDS: different grids are used
and they have clean up characteristics and prevent scatter of radiations into two directions.
•AEC (automatic exposure control)
here we noticed ( OID ) Object to image receptor distance..and it is used to
minimize this distance.
11. focal size
it should not exceed more than o.1 mm. and
frequency used is 5-10 khz
12. what is advanced form
of mammography?
Digital mammography and now a days it is used
after DMIST ( digital mammography imaging
study trial after 2006)
13. HISTORY OF
MAMMOGRAPHY
1920: work started
1950 Robert Egan did work on it.
1060: wolf and ruzicks did some work .
1992: MQSA (Mammography quality standard act passed) and in
1995 ,cancer institute passed first method for reduction of cancer.
15. BENEFITS:
• it is used for surveillence of breast followinf local excision
of breast cancer.
• useful for diagnosis of lumpy breast
• no radiation remains in a patient's body after an X ray
examination
16. LIMITATION
• pain and anxiety
• radiation burden in case of false results.
• less informative below the age of 35 yrs because of more glandular tissues
• difficult to perform mammogram of small breast and male breast in case CA breast
in males
• Mammograms in fibrous or densw breast can be difficulr to interpret due to
obscured details.
