Growth psychological congenital

1. HUMAN GROWTH, DEVELOPMENT &
COMMUNITY BASED REHABILITATION
Dr. Ayesha Karim (WH-PT)

3. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRESS
IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
 In most respects physical development and
maturation are complete by early adulthood.
 Full height, proportional limbs, tend to be healthy,
vigorous, energetic.
 Most people are at the peak of their physical
capabilities.
 The brain continues to grow in both size and
weight, reaching its maximum in early
adulthood.

4. PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT AND STRESS
IN EARLY ADULTHOOD
 The senses are as sharp as they will ever be.
 No significant deterioration in vision (until the
40’s)
 Hearing is at its peak, Taste, smell, sensitivity to
touch are good
 Most professional athletes are at their peak during
early adulthood
 Psychomotor abilities (eye-hand coordination, etc.)

5. PHYSICAL FITNESS
 The superior physical capabilities common to early
adulthood don’t come naturally; exercise and diet
are required to reach full physical potential.
 Exercise is largely an upper- and middle-class
phenomenon
 People of low socioeconomic status (SES) often
lack the time or money to participate

6. HEALTH & EXERCISE IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 A lack of exercise may lead to poor health in
general, but health risks in general are low during
early adulthood
 Young adults are less susceptible to colds and
illnesses
 Good immune systems
 Tendency to exercise
 More likely to die in accidents (usually car
related) than most other causes

7. HEALTH & EXERCISE IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 The leading causes of death among young adults
(ages 25-34) are:
 accidents
 AIDS
 cancer
 heart disease
 Suicide
 ~ At age 35, this reverses and illness and disease
become more likely causes (for the 1st time since
infancy)

8. EATING, NUTRITION, AND OBESITY

9. EATING, NUTRITION, AND OBESITY
 Most young adults know which foods are healthy,
but ignore good nutrition
 Since physical growth is beginning to decline in this
developmental period, young adults must reduce
the calories they were used to during adolescence

10.  Young adults will put on weight if they do not eat
sensibly.
 31 % of the adult population is classified as
overweight.
 7 % of men and 10 % of women between the
ages of 20 and 25 are obese.
EATING, NUTRITION, AND OBESITY

11. STRESS & COPING IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD

12.  STRESS is the response to events that threaten or
challenge an individual.
 Our lives are filled with events and circumstances
known as stressors, that cause threats to our well-
being.
 Stressors can be both pleasant events and
unpleasant events (weddings, winning awards,
exams, arguments)
 Long-term, continuous exposure to stressors
may result in a reduction of the body's ability to
deal with stress.
STRESS & COPING IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

13.  Lazarus and Folkman believe that people move
through a series of stages that determine whether
or not they will experience stress (the way a
situation is appraised will determine the perception
of stress)
 PRIMARY APPRAISAL is the assessment of an
event to determine whether its implications are
positive, negative, or neutral.
 SECONDARY APPRAISAL is the assessment of
whether one's coping abilities and resources are
adequate to overcome the harm, threat, or
challenge posed by the potential stressor.
STRESS & COPING IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

14.  Events and circumstances that produce negative
emotions are more likely to produce stress.
 Situations that are uncontrollable or unpredictable
are more likely to produce stress.
 Events and circumstances that are ambiguous and
confusing produce more stress.
 People who must accomplish simultaneously many
tasks are more likely to experience stress.
 (Shelly Taylor, 1991)
STRESS & COPING IN EARLY ADULTHOOD

15. THE CONSEQUENCES OF STRESS DURING
EARLY ADULTHOOD
 Stress may lead to PSYCHOSOMATIC
DISORDERS, medical problems caused by the
interaction of psychological, emotional, and
physical difficulties.
 Some young adults are better than others at
COPING, the effort to reduce, or tolerate the threats
that lead to stress.

16. STYLES OF COPING
 Problem-focused coping is the attempt to manage
a stressful problem or situation by directly
changing the situation to make it less stressful.
 Emotion-focused coping involves the conscious
regulation of emotion.
 Coping is also aided by the presence of social
support, assistance and comfort supplied by others.
 Defense coping involves unconscious strategies
that distort or deny the true nature of the
situation.

17. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN
EARLY ADULTHOOD

18. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 Physical development slows down during early
adulthood, but does cognitive?
 Piaget and others argued that by the time the teen
years were finished, thinking stabilized
 BUT increasing evidence suggests that this part of
Piaget’s theory was incorrect!

19. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 Developmentalist Giesela Labouvie-Vief suggests
that the nature of thinking changes qualitatively
during early adulthood.
 Adults exhibit POSTFORMAL THOUGHT, thinking
that goes beyond Piaget's formal operations.
 Postformal thought acknowledges that the world
sometimes lacks purely right and wrong
solutions and adults must draw upon prior
experiences to solve problems.

20. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 K. Warner Schaie suggests that adults' thinking
follows a set pattern of stages:
 The ACQUISITIVE STAGE, which encompasses all
of childhood and adolescence, in which the main
developmental task is to acquire information.
 The ACHIEVING STAGE is the point reached by
young adults in which intelligence is applied to
specific situations involving the attainment of
long-term goals regarding careers, family, and
societal contributions.

21. COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 The RESPONSIBLE STAGE is the stage where the
major concerns of middle-aged adults relate to their
personal situations, including protecting and nourishing
their spouses, families, and careers.
 The EXECUTIVE STAGE is the period in middle
adulthood when people take a broader perspective than
earlier, including concerns about the world.
 The REINTEGRATIVE STAGE is the period of late
adulthood during which the focus is on tasks that have
personal meaning

23. STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY
OF INTELLIGENCE

24. STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE
 Robert Sternberg, in his TRIARCHIC THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE suggests that intelligence is made
up of three major components:
 Componential aspects
 Experiential components
 Contextual factors

26. STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE
 Componential intelligence relates to the mental
components involved in analyzing data, and in
solving problems, especially problems involving
rational behavior. (traditional IQ tests focus on
this aspect)
 Experiential intelligence refers to the relationship
between intelligence, people's prior experience,
and their ability to cope with new situations

27. STERNBERG’S TRIARCHIC THEORY OF
INTELLIGENCE
 Contextual intelligence involves the degree of
success people demonstrate in facing the
demands of their everyday, real-world
environments.
 Sternberg contends that success in a career
necessitates this type of intelligence (contextual),
also called PRACTICAL INTELLIGENCE,
intelligence that is learned primarily by observing
others and modeling their behavior.

28. CREATIVITY: NOVEL THOUGHT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 The major works of many creative individuals were
produced during early adulthood
 Psychologist Sarnoff Mednick proposed that higher
productivity exists during early adulthood
 One factor: “familiarity breeds rigidity” (the more
people know about something, the more rigid they
become)
 Clearly not universal

29. CREATIVITY: NOVEL THOUGHT IN EARLY
ADULTHOOD
 CREATIVITY, combining responses or ideas in
creative ways, is at its peak for many individuals
during early adulthood.
 People in early adulthood may be at the peak of
their creativity because many of the problems they
encounter on a professional level are novel.
 Creative people are willing to take risks.
 Creative people develop and endorse ideas that are
unfashionable or regarded as "wrong".
 Not all people reach their creative peak in early
adulthood

30. LIFE EVENTS & COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT
 Some research suggests that major life events,
such as marriage, birth of a child, starting a first
job, having a child, buying a house, may lead to
cognitive growth.
 The ups and downs of life events may lead young
adults to think about the world in novel, more
complex, sophisticated, and often less rigid ways.
 Applying postformal thought (Labouvie-Vief) allows
them to deal more effectively with the complex
social world