Male breast cancer and gynecomastia are uncommon but important conditions to evaluate in men. Male breast cancer makes up about 1% of all breast cancers and usually presents as a hard, fixed, painless mass in the breast. Gynecomastia is a benign condition characterized by enlargement of breast tissue and can be caused by increased estrogen or decreased testosterone. Mammography is useful for evaluating suspicious breast lesions in men, with cancer appearing as spiculated or ill-defined masses and gynecomastia appearing as nodular or dendritic densities. Biopsy is needed to confirm a diagnosis of breast cancer in men.
This document discusses male breast conditions, including breast tumor and gynecomastia. It provides an overview of the normal male breast anatomy and development. Breast tumor in males is rare, accounting for 1% of breast cancers. Gynecomastia is a common benign condition characterized by breast enlargement. The document reviews causes of gynecomastia such as physiological changes, hormonal imbalances, medications, and medical conditions. Diagnostic evaluation, types, nursing care, and management of breast conditions in males are also summarized.
Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of breast tissue in males. It is commonly caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Symptoms include rubbery or firm breast tissue under the nipple. If chronic, surgical removal of breast glandular tissue is the treatment. Gynecomastia most commonly occurs during puberty, in newborns, and in men over 50 years old. For gynecomastia surgery in India, hospitals in Bangalore are considered the best options.
Disorders of the male breast can affect skin, subcutaneous tissues, stroma, glands, and neurovascular structures. The most common presentation is a nodule or breast enlargement. Gynecomastia, an increase in breast tissue due to an estrogen-testosterone imbalance, is the most common disorder. Other benign and malignant tumors can also occur, including lipomas, cysts, and rare cases of male breast cancer. Evaluation and treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or cancer therapies.
This document provides an overview of malignant breast diseases, including:
- The anatomy and lymphatic drainage of the breast.
- Common presentations of breast cancer such as lumps, skin changes, and nipple discharge.
- Risk factors, pathology, staging, and molecular markers of breast cancer.
- Treatment options for breast cancer including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies.
- Screening, reconstruction after mastectomy, and palliative care for advanced disease.
Gynecomastia refers to the benign enlargement of male breast tissue. It is a common condition, affecting up to 65% of adolescent boys. Causes include physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as certain medications, medical conditions, or genetic factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam and sometimes lab tests or imaging to rule out other conditions. Treatment depends on severity but may include observation, medications to promote tissue regression, liposuction, or surgical excision of breast tissue. Surgical techniques aim to remove excess tissue while limiting scarring.
Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast tissue. It has several causes including physiological changes during puberty and old age in about 25% of cases each. Other causes are drug side effects, liver disease, hypogonadism, hyperthyroidism, and renal disease. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam to differentiate true glandular tissue from fat, and lab tests and imaging if needed. Treatment depends on the cause but may include stopping causative drugs, medical therapy with antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors, or surgery to remove breast tissue for longstanding cases. Outcomes are usually good with regression of pubertal gynecomastia and stopping causative drugs or medications.
This document discusses benign breast disease. It defines various types of benign breast conditions including cysts, fibroadenomas, and proliferative breast disease without atypia. It describes the typical presentation, risk factors, evaluation, and management for each condition. The management often involves clinical examination, imaging such as ultrasound or mammogram, and biopsy when needed to rule out malignancy. Most benign breast diseases can be managed without surgery through techniques such as aspiration of cysts or short-term imaging follow up.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
This document discusses male breast conditions, including breast tumor and gynecomastia. It provides an overview of the normal male breast anatomy and development. Breast tumor in males is rare, accounting for 1% of breast cancers. Gynecomastia is a common benign condition characterized by breast enlargement. The document reviews causes of gynecomastia such as physiological changes, hormonal imbalances, medications, and medical conditions. Diagnostic evaluation, types, nursing care, and management of breast conditions in males are also summarized.
Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of breast tissue in males. It is commonly caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Symptoms include rubbery or firm breast tissue under the nipple. If chronic, surgical removal of breast glandular tissue is the treatment. Gynecomastia most commonly occurs during puberty, in newborns, and in men over 50 years old. For gynecomastia surgery in India, hospitals in Bangalore are considered the best options.
Disorders of the male breast can affect skin, subcutaneous tissues, stroma, glands, and neurovascular structures. The most common presentation is a nodule or breast enlargement. Gynecomastia, an increase in breast tissue due to an estrogen-testosterone imbalance, is the most common disorder. Other benign and malignant tumors can also occur, including lipomas, cysts, and rare cases of male breast cancer. Evaluation and treatment depends on the underlying cause and may include medications, surgery, or cancer therapies.
This document provides an overview of malignant breast diseases, including:
- The anatomy and lymphatic drainage of the breast.
- Common presentations of breast cancer such as lumps, skin changes, and nipple discharge.
- Risk factors, pathology, staging, and molecular markers of breast cancer.
- Treatment options for breast cancer including surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and targeted therapies.
- Screening, reconstruction after mastectomy, and palliative care for advanced disease.
Gynecomastia refers to the benign enlargement of male breast tissue. It is a common condition, affecting up to 65% of adolescent boys. Causes include physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as certain medications, medical conditions, or genetic factors. Diagnosis involves physical exam and sometimes lab tests or imaging to rule out other conditions. Treatment depends on severity but may include observation, medications to promote tissue regression, liposuction, or surgical excision of breast tissue. Surgical techniques aim to remove excess tissue while limiting scarring.
Gynecomastia is the benign enlargement of male breast tissue. It has several causes including physiological changes during puberty and old age in about 25% of cases each. Other causes are drug side effects, liver disease, hypogonadism, hyperthyroidism, and renal disease. Diagnosis involves history, physical exam to differentiate true glandular tissue from fat, and lab tests and imaging if needed. Treatment depends on the cause but may include stopping causative drugs, medical therapy with antiestrogens or aromatase inhibitors, or surgery to remove breast tissue for longstanding cases. Outcomes are usually good with regression of pubertal gynecomastia and stopping causative drugs or medications.
This document discusses benign breast disease. It defines various types of benign breast conditions including cysts, fibroadenomas, and proliferative breast disease without atypia. It describes the typical presentation, risk factors, evaluation, and management for each condition. The management often involves clinical examination, imaging such as ultrasound or mammogram, and biopsy when needed to rule out malignancy. Most benign breast diseases can be managed without surgery through techniques such as aspiration of cysts or short-term imaging follow up.
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
Gynecomastia is a benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in males. It results from an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Common causes include physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as medical conditions or medications that influence hormone levels. Evaluation involves medical history, physical exam, and hormone level testing. Mild or temporary cases may resolve on their own or with tamoxifen treatment, while surgery is recommended for chronic or severe gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia is an enlargement of male breast tissue. It can be caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen hormones. Common causes include puberty, certain drugs, liver disease, and hypogonadism. Clinical presentation involves a tender lump under the nipple. Diagnosis is usually made clinically but blood tests and imaging may be used in some cases. Treatment depends on severity but includes waiting for spontaneous resolution, medication to balance hormones, liposuction to remove fat, and mastectomy to remove breast tissue. Surgery aims to remove excess tissue and achieve a natural male chest shape.
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervixMagda Helmi
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervix are common problems seen in gynecological clinics. The most common myometrial problem is uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors originating from the uterine smooth muscle layer. Other common benign uterine conditions addressed include cervical ectropion, cervical stenosis, endometrial polyps, and Asherman's syndrome. These conditions can present with symptoms like abnormal bleeding or pain and are typically diagnosed by ultrasound, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include medication, surgical procedures, or hormone therapy.
This document summarizes benign breast disorders. It begins with embryology and anatomy of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast conditions such as fibroadenomas, breast cysts, periductal mastitis, papillomas and sclerosing adenosis. It provides details on clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and management of these common benign breast disorders. Specific imaging findings and histopathological characteristics are also highlighted. The document serves as a comprehensive review of benign breast conditions for medical residents.
This document provides an overview of radiology and imaging of the mammary gland. It describes the normal anatomy of the breast including lobes, ducts, connective tissue, fat, lymph nodes, veins and arteries. It discusses mammography techniques including standard views, compression, magnification and localization. It outlines indications for screening and diagnostic mammography and patient preparation.
Benign breast disease is a spectrum of non-cancerous breast conditions that are 10 times more common than breast cancer. It includes conditions like fibrocystic changes, mastitis, breast abscesses, fibroadenomas and other proliferative lesions. While most benign breast diseases only require reassurance or minor treatment, accurate diagnosis is important as some conditions carry a higher risk of developing cancer. A thorough history, clinical breast exam, and appropriate imaging or biopsy are used to identify benign breast diseases and exclude malignancy.
Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue. It has many causes including physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as pathological issues involving an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Evaluation involves examining the breasts and ruling out other conditions. Treatment depends on the severity and duration, with surgery indicated for severe or long-lasting gynaecomastia if more conservative measures like weight loss or medication are ineffective. Complications of surgery are rare but include bleeding, asymmetry, and scarring. Prognosis is generally good as physiological gynaecomastia often resolves spontaneously over time.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) occurs when a pregnancy is implanted in the myometrium at the site of a previous cesarean section scar. The risk factors include previous cesarean section, manual removal of placenta, or other uterine trauma. Transvaginal ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing an empty uterine cavity with the gestational sac embedded in the cesarean section scar. Treatment depends on gestational age, beta-hCG levels, viability, and involves options like expectant management, medical management with methotrexate, surgical evacuation or resection, or hysterectomy in severe cases. Combination treatments are often most effective in terminating the pregnancy while preserving the uterus.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females. Risk factors include family history, late age of first childbirth, obesity, and genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive form that occurs inside the milk ducts. Invasive ductal carcinoma spreads outside the ducts and is the most common type. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with radiation and hormone therapy or chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage. Early detection through screening and treatment of breast cancer has helped lower mortality rates in recent decades.
1. The document discusses various benign breast disorders including cysts, fibrocystic changes, fibroadenomas, and microcalcifications. Diagnosis involves aspiration, ultrasound, or biopsy depending on the disorder. Treatment may include pain medication, observation, or surgical excision.
2. Malignant breast disorders like cancer usually present as painless masses but can cause nipple retraction. Diagnosis involves biopsy like FNA or core needle biopsy. Additional tests may include mammography and ultrasound.
3. Benign breast disorders are more common in young women while screening and biopsy are important for evaluating breast symptoms in older women.
2-medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancerBasalama Ali
This document discusses the medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. It provides information on diagnosis, treatment recommendations, staging, and prognosis. For endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, hysterectomy is the treatment of choice for women who don't want future pregnancies. Progestin therapy can treat hyperplasia without atypia. The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is vaginal bleeding or discharge. Staging and grading help determine prognosis and treatment. The cornerstone treatment is hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Follow up care is important to monitor for recurrence.
Breast cancer. TNM as a logical model in Cancer DiagnosisEneutron
The document discusses various diagnostic procedures and pathologies related to breast cancer. It describes diagnostic procedures to evaluate the tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and metastases (M) which are used to determine a TNM stage. Imaging techniques like mammography and MRI are mentioned. Different breast pathologies are then summarized like ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, phyllodes tumor, sarcoma, Paget's disease, and inflammatory breast cancer. Breast cancer diagnostic procedures and pathologies are classified in a logical TNM model to determine clinical diagnosis and guide therapy choices.
The document discusses breast anatomy, the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant breast diseases. It covers risk factors, staging, and treatment options for breast cancer which include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation depending on the stage. Imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of breast diseases.
This document provides information about uterine cancer and cervical cancer. It discusses the different types of uterine cancer, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, treatment options including surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. It also covers nursing management responsibilities during pre-operative, operative and post-operative care. Risk factors for cervical cancer like HPV infection and prevention methods like vaccination and safe sexual practices are outlined. The role of HPV in causing cervical cancer and the need for regular screening are emphasized.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays to image the breast and is the primary screening tool for breast cancer. It requires specialized equipment to produce high-quality images of breast tissue, including a high-frequency generator, focal spot sizes as small as 0.1-0.15mm for magnification, appropriate anode targets and filtration. Multiple views of each breast are taken during an exam, and supplementary views may be needed. Mammography finds masses, calcifications, and asymmetries that could indicate breast cancer requiring biopsy for diagnosis. It plays a crucial role in early cancer detection when treatment is most effective.
piezoelectric crystal for ultrasound essentialsLouie Robertson
This document discusses the physics of ultrasound imaging. It begins by explaining key concepts such as speed of sound, frequency, wavelength, and how these properties are determined by the density and elastic properties of the medium. It then covers topics like reflection, refraction, scattering, absorption and how they affect ultrasound propagation through different tissues. The quantitative relationships between speed of sound and acoustic impedance are also defined. The document concludes by describing ultrasound hardware components like transducers, beamforming, and how these factors determine the resulting ultrasound beam properties.
1. The document discusses the ideal setup and requirements for a darkroom, including its location, size, lighting, ventilation, and equipment.
2. It explains the purpose and proper use of safelights, cassettes, and film processing using both manual and automatic methods.
3. An automatic film processor uses a series of tanks for developing, fixing, washing, and drying films, and includes systems for transporting, circulating, and replenishing chemicals to efficiently process films.
Gynecomastia is a benign proliferation of glandular breast tissue in males. It results from an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Common causes include physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as medical conditions or medications that influence hormone levels. Evaluation involves medical history, physical exam, and hormone level testing. Mild or temporary cases may resolve on their own or with tamoxifen treatment, while surgery is recommended for chronic or severe gynecomastia.
Gynecomastia is an enlargement of male breast tissue. It can be caused by an imbalance of estrogen and androgen hormones. Common causes include puberty, certain drugs, liver disease, and hypogonadism. Clinical presentation involves a tender lump under the nipple. Diagnosis is usually made clinically but blood tests and imaging may be used in some cases. Treatment depends on severity but includes waiting for spontaneous resolution, medication to balance hormones, liposuction to remove fat, and mastectomy to remove breast tissue. Surgery aims to remove excess tissue and achieve a natural male chest shape.
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervixMagda Helmi
Benign diseases of the uterus and cervix are common problems seen in gynecological clinics. The most common myometrial problem is uterine fibroids, which are benign tumors originating from the uterine smooth muscle layer. Other common benign uterine conditions addressed include cervical ectropion, cervical stenosis, endometrial polyps, and Asherman's syndrome. These conditions can present with symptoms like abnormal bleeding or pain and are typically diagnosed by ultrasound, hysteroscopy or dilation and curettage. Treatment options depend on the specific condition but may include medication, surgical procedures, or hormone therapy.
This document summarizes benign breast disorders. It begins with embryology and anatomy of the breast. It then discusses various benign breast conditions such as fibroadenomas, breast cysts, periductal mastitis, papillomas and sclerosing adenosis. It provides details on clinical features, investigations, diagnosis and management of these common benign breast disorders. Specific imaging findings and histopathological characteristics are also highlighted. The document serves as a comprehensive review of benign breast conditions for medical residents.
This document provides an overview of radiology and imaging of the mammary gland. It describes the normal anatomy of the breast including lobes, ducts, connective tissue, fat, lymph nodes, veins and arteries. It discusses mammography techniques including standard views, compression, magnification and localization. It outlines indications for screening and diagnostic mammography and patient preparation.
Benign breast disease is a spectrum of non-cancerous breast conditions that are 10 times more common than breast cancer. It includes conditions like fibrocystic changes, mastitis, breast abscesses, fibroadenomas and other proliferative lesions. While most benign breast diseases only require reassurance or minor treatment, accurate diagnosis is important as some conditions carry a higher risk of developing cancer. A thorough history, clinical breast exam, and appropriate imaging or biopsy are used to identify benign breast diseases and exclude malignancy.
Gynaecomastia is the enlargement of male breast tissue. It has many causes including physiological changes during puberty or aging, as well as pathological issues involving an imbalance of estrogen and androgen levels. Evaluation involves examining the breasts and ruling out other conditions. Treatment depends on the severity and duration, with surgery indicated for severe or long-lasting gynaecomastia if more conservative measures like weight loss or medication are ineffective. Complications of surgery are rare but include bleeding, asymmetry, and scarring. Prognosis is generally good as physiological gynaecomastia often resolves spontaneously over time.
Breast disorder & Mastectomy -a7med mo7ameda7med mo7amed
The document discusses breast disorders and mastectomy. It defines mastectomy as the surgical removal of all or part of the breast tissue. There are different types of mastectomies that remove varying amounts of breast tissue. Risk factors for breast cancer are discussed, as well as signs and symptoms. Diagnostic tests for breast cancer include mammography, MRI, and biopsy. Treatment options include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation, and adjuvant therapies. Nursing care involves managing pain, promoting positive body image, and providing education and support before and after surgery.
Cesarean scar pregnancy (CSP) occurs when a pregnancy is implanted in the myometrium at the site of a previous cesarean section scar. The risk factors include previous cesarean section, manual removal of placenta, or other uterine trauma. Transvaginal ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, showing an empty uterine cavity with the gestational sac embedded in the cesarean section scar. Treatment depends on gestational age, beta-hCG levels, viability, and involves options like expectant management, medical management with methotrexate, surgical evacuation or resection, or hysterectomy in severe cases. Combination treatments are often most effective in terminating the pregnancy while preserving the uterus.
Breast cancer is the second most common cancer in females. Risk factors include family history, late age of first childbirth, obesity, and genetic mutations like BRCA1 and BRCA2. Ductal carcinoma in situ is a preinvasive form that occurs inside the milk ducts. Invasive ductal carcinoma spreads outside the ducts and is the most common type. Treatment involves surgery to remove the tumor along with radiation and hormone therapy or chemotherapy depending on the cancer type and stage. Early detection through screening and treatment of breast cancer has helped lower mortality rates in recent decades.
1. The document discusses various benign breast disorders including cysts, fibrocystic changes, fibroadenomas, and microcalcifications. Diagnosis involves aspiration, ultrasound, or biopsy depending on the disorder. Treatment may include pain medication, observation, or surgical excision.
2. Malignant breast disorders like cancer usually present as painless masses but can cause nipple retraction. Diagnosis involves biopsy like FNA or core needle biopsy. Additional tests may include mammography and ultrasound.
3. Benign breast disorders are more common in young women while screening and biopsy are important for evaluating breast symptoms in older women.
2-medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancerBasalama Ali
This document discusses the medical treatment of endometrial hyperplasia and endometrial cancer. It provides information on diagnosis, treatment recommendations, staging, and prognosis. For endometrial hyperplasia with atypia, hysterectomy is the treatment of choice for women who don't want future pregnancies. Progestin therapy can treat hyperplasia without atypia. The most common symptom of endometrial cancer is vaginal bleeding or discharge. Staging and grading help determine prognosis and treatment. The cornerstone treatment is hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy. Follow up care is important to monitor for recurrence.
Breast cancer. TNM as a logical model in Cancer DiagnosisEneutron
The document discusses various diagnostic procedures and pathologies related to breast cancer. It describes diagnostic procedures to evaluate the tumor (T), lymph nodes (N), and metastases (M) which are used to determine a TNM stage. Imaging techniques like mammography and MRI are mentioned. Different breast pathologies are then summarized like ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, phyllodes tumor, sarcoma, Paget's disease, and inflammatory breast cancer. Breast cancer diagnostic procedures and pathologies are classified in a logical TNM model to determine clinical diagnosis and guide therapy choices.
The document discusses breast anatomy, the diagnosis and management of benign and malignant breast diseases. It covers risk factors, staging, and treatment options for breast cancer which include surgery, chemotherapy, hormone therapy, and radiation depending on the stage. Imaging modalities like mammography and ultrasound play an important role in the diagnosis of breast diseases.
This document provides information about uterine cancer and cervical cancer. It discusses the different types of uterine cancer, risk factors, symptoms, diagnostic procedures, treatment options including surgery, radiation, hormone therapy and chemotherapy. It also covers nursing management responsibilities during pre-operative, operative and post-operative care. Risk factors for cervical cancer like HPV infection and prevention methods like vaccination and safe sexual practices are outlined. The role of HPV in causing cervical cancer and the need for regular screening are emphasized.
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
Mammography uses low-dose x-rays to image the breast and is the primary screening tool for breast cancer. It requires specialized equipment to produce high-quality images of breast tissue, including a high-frequency generator, focal spot sizes as small as 0.1-0.15mm for magnification, appropriate anode targets and filtration. Multiple views of each breast are taken during an exam, and supplementary views may be needed. Mammography finds masses, calcifications, and asymmetries that could indicate breast cancer requiring biopsy for diagnosis. It plays a crucial role in early cancer detection when treatment is most effective.
piezoelectric crystal for ultrasound essentialsLouie Robertson
This document discusses the physics of ultrasound imaging. It begins by explaining key concepts such as speed of sound, frequency, wavelength, and how these properties are determined by the density and elastic properties of the medium. It then covers topics like reflection, refraction, scattering, absorption and how they affect ultrasound propagation through different tissues. The quantitative relationships between speed of sound and acoustic impedance are also defined. The document concludes by describing ultrasound hardware components like transducers, beamforming, and how these factors determine the resulting ultrasound beam properties.
1. The document discusses the ideal setup and requirements for a darkroom, including its location, size, lighting, ventilation, and equipment.
2. It explains the purpose and proper use of safelights, cassettes, and film processing using both manual and automatic methods.
3. An automatic film processor uses a series of tanks for developing, fixing, washing, and drying films, and includes systems for transporting, circulating, and replenishing chemicals to efficiently process films.
Optical density (OD) refers to the degree of blackening on a radiographic film. It has a numeric value and can range from completely transparent to completely opaque. The primary factor that controls OD is the milliampere-seconds (mAs) setting, as OD increases directly with mAs. Doubling the mAs will double the OD. Other factors like kilovoltage (kVp), intensifying screens, distance and anatomy can also affect OD. To maintain OD, the technique factors of mAs and kVp must be adjusted based on the inverse square law and square root relationships. Reciprocity law states OD will remain constant if mAs is constant, regardless of exposure time.
Optical density (OD) refers to the degree of blackening on a radiographic film. It has a numeric value and can range from completely black (no light transmission) to almost clear. The primary factor that controls OD is the milliampere-seconds (mAs) exposure setting, as OD increases directly with mAs. Doubling the mAs will double the OD. Other factors like distance, kilovoltage peak (kVp), intensifying screen, film processing and emulsion can also affect OD. The document discusses these technical factors in radiography and their relationship to achieving the proper optical density on the radiographic image. It also covers topics like the inverse square law, square law, and reciprocity
Here are the key steps in administering intravenous contrast media safely:
- Obtain informed consent
- Check for allergies and reactions to previous contrast administrations
- Consider risk factors like renal impairment, diabetes, or cardiac conditions
- Use low-osmolar contrast for high-risk patients
- Monitor vital signs during and after injection
- Have resuscitation equipment and medications available in case of reaction
Ultrasound nomenclature describes how structures appear on ultrasound images based on their echogenicity. Echogenic structures produce echoes, while anechoic structures appear black without echoes. Hypoechoic structures produce fewer echoes and appear darker gray, and hyperechoic structures produce more echoes and appear lighter gray. Isoechoic structures have similar echogenicity to neighboring tissues. Ultrasound can also describe textures as homogeneous if echogenicity is uniform, or heterogeneous if varied. Masses are described as simple cysts if completely anechoic, or complex cysts if containing septations, compartments or layers. Solid masses may be homogeneous, heterogeneous, hypoechoic to hyperechoic and can attenu
Ultrasound guidance is important for needle biopsies of small tumors or fluid collections that are difficult to locate clinically, as it allows visualization of the needle and selection of the shortest and safest insertion route. While ultrasound enables clear viewing of the needle, only part of the needle may appear if it exits the scanning plane, preventing reaching the target site and risking puncture of wrong tissues.
LAND USE LAND COVER AND NDVI OF MIRZAPUR DISTRICT, UPRAHUL
This Dissertation explores the particular circumstances of Mirzapur, a region located in the
core of India. Mirzapur, with its varied terrains and abundant biodiversity, offers an optimal
environment for investigating the changes in vegetation cover dynamics. Our study utilizes
advanced technologies such as GIS (Geographic Information Systems) and Remote sensing to
analyze the transformations that have taken place over the course of a decade.
The complex relationship between human activities and the environment has been the focus
of extensive research and worry. As the global community grapples with swift urbanization,
population expansion, and economic progress, the effects on natural ecosystems are becoming
more evident. A crucial element of this impact is the alteration of vegetation cover, which plays a
significant role in maintaining the ecological equilibrium of our planet.Land serves as the foundation for all human activities and provides the necessary materials for
these activities. As the most crucial natural resource, its utilization by humans results in different
'Land uses,' which are determined by both human activities and the physical characteristics of the
land.
The utilization of land is impacted by human needs and environmental factors. In countries
like India, rapid population growth and the emphasis on extensive resource exploitation can lead
to significant land degradation, adversely affecting the region's land cover.
Therefore, human intervention has significantly influenced land use patterns over many
centuries, evolving its structure over time and space. In the present era, these changes have
accelerated due to factors such as agriculture and urbanization. Information regarding land use and
cover is essential for various planning and management tasks related to the Earth's surface,
providing crucial environmental data for scientific, resource management, policy purposes, and
diverse human activities.
Accurate understanding of land use and cover is imperative for the development planning
of any area. Consequently, a wide range of professionals, including earth system scientists, land
and water managers, and urban planners, are interested in obtaining data on land use and cover
changes, conversion trends, and other related patterns. The spatial dimensions of land use and
cover support policymakers and scientists in making well-informed decisions, as alterations in
these patterns indicate shifts in economic and social conditions. Monitoring such changes with the
help of Advanced technologies like Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems is
crucial for coordinated efforts across different administrative levels. Advanced technologies like
Remote Sensing and Geographic Information Systems
9
Changes in vegetation cover refer to variations in the distribution, composition, and overall
structure of plant communities across different temporal and spatial scales. These changes can
occur natural.
A workshop hosted by the South African Journal of Science aimed at postgraduate students and early career researchers with little or no experience in writing and publishing journal articles.
Strategies for Effective Upskilling is a presentation by Chinwendu Peace in a Your Skill Boost Masterclass organisation by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan on 08th and 09th June 2024 from 1 PM to 3 PM on each day.
How to Manage Your Lost Opportunities in Odoo 17 CRMCeline George
Odoo 17 CRM allows us to track why we lose sales opportunities with "Lost Reasons." This helps analyze our sales process and identify areas for improvement. Here's how to configure lost reasons in Odoo 17 CRM
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty, In...Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
Exploiting Artificial Intelligence for Empowering Researchers and Faculty,
International FDP on Fundamentals of Research in Social Sciences
at Integral University, Lucknow, 06.06.2024
By Dr. Vinod Kumar Kanvaria
This presentation was provided by Steph Pollock of The American Psychological Association’s Journals Program, and Damita Snow, of The American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE), for the initial session of NISO's 2024 Training Series "DEIA in the Scholarly Landscape." Session One: 'Setting Expectations: a DEIA Primer,' was held June 6, 2024.
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering.pptxDenish Jangid
Chapter wise All Notes of First year Basic Civil Engineering
Syllabus
Chapter-1
Introduction to objective, scope and outcome the subject
Chapter 2
Introduction: Scope and Specialization of Civil Engineering, Role of civil Engineer in Society, Impact of infrastructural development on economy of country.
Chapter 3
Surveying: Object Principles & Types of Surveying; Site Plans, Plans & Maps; Scales & Unit of different Measurements.
Linear Measurements: Instruments used. Linear Measurement by Tape, Ranging out Survey Lines and overcoming Obstructions; Measurements on sloping ground; Tape corrections, conventional symbols. Angular Measurements: Instruments used; Introduction to Compass Surveying, Bearings and Longitude & Latitude of a Line, Introduction to total station.
Levelling: Instrument used Object of levelling, Methods of levelling in brief, and Contour maps.
Chapter 4
Buildings: Selection of site for Buildings, Layout of Building Plan, Types of buildings, Plinth area, carpet area, floor space index, Introduction to building byelaws, concept of sun light & ventilation. Components of Buildings & their functions, Basic concept of R.C.C., Introduction to types of foundation
Chapter 5
Transportation: Introduction to Transportation Engineering; Traffic and Road Safety: Types and Characteristics of Various Modes of Transportation; Various Road Traffic Signs, Causes of Accidents and Road Safety Measures.
Chapter 6
Environmental Engineering: Environmental Pollution, Environmental Acts and Regulations, Functional Concepts of Ecology, Basics of Species, Biodiversity, Ecosystem, Hydrological Cycle; Chemical Cycles: Carbon, Nitrogen & Phosphorus; Energy Flow in Ecosystems.
Water Pollution: Water Quality standards, Introduction to Treatment & Disposal of Waste Water. Reuse and Saving of Water, Rain Water Harvesting. Solid Waste Management: Classification of Solid Waste, Collection, Transportation and Disposal of Solid. Recycling of Solid Waste: Energy Recovery, Sanitary Landfill, On-Site Sanitation. Air & Noise Pollution: Primary and Secondary air pollutants, Harmful effects of Air Pollution, Control of Air Pollution. . Noise Pollution Harmful Effects of noise pollution, control of noise pollution, Global warming & Climate Change, Ozone depletion, Greenhouse effect
Text Books:
1. Palancharmy, Basic Civil Engineering, McGraw Hill publishers.
2. Satheesh Gopi, Basic Civil Engineering, Pearson Publishers.
3. Ketki Rangwala Dalal, Essentials of Civil Engineering, Charotar Publishing House.
4. BCP, Surveying volume 1
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This document provides an overview of wound healing, its functions, stages, mechanisms, factors affecting it, and complications.
A wound is a break in the integrity of the skin or tissues, which may be associated with disruption of the structure and function.
Healing is the body’s response to injury in an attempt to restore normal structure and functions.
Healing can occur in two ways: Regeneration and Repair
There are 4 phases of wound healing: hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation, and remodeling. This document also describes the mechanism of wound healing. Factors that affect healing include infection, uncontrolled diabetes, poor nutrition, age, anemia, the presence of foreign bodies, etc.
Complications of wound healing like infection, hyperpigmentation of scar, contractures, and keloid formation.
How to Build a Module in Odoo 17 Using the Scaffold MethodCeline George
Odoo provides an option for creating a module by using a single line command. By using this command the user can make a whole structure of a module. It is very easy for a beginner to make a module. There is no need to make each file manually. This slide will show how to create a module using the scaffold method.
2. Introduction to male breast tumor..
▶Male breast carcinoma is a
rare disease
▶ < 1% of all malignancies in men
▶ 1% of all breast cancers
3. Introduction to male breast
tumor:
▶ BREAST TUMOR IN MALES…
▶ Testicular tumor such as leydig cell tumors or sertoli
cell tumor such as (peutz Jeghers syndrome) or human
chorionic gonadotropin (Hcg) secreting
choriocarcinoma may result in gynecomastia. Other
tumors such adrenocortical tumors,pituitary gland
tumors (such as, prolactinoma) or broncchogenic
carcinoma, can produce hormones that alter male
female hormone balance and cause gynecomastia.
4. Introduction to male breast tumor:
▶ Clinically suspicious lesions
▶ Imaging evaluation
❑ Mammography
❑ In patients with questionable findings at
mammography and for lesions that are difficult to
image with mammography
▶ The relationship of the mass to the nipple should be
carefully assessed
▶ an eccentric location is highly suspicious for
cancer.
5. ▶ The breast tissues of both sexes are
identical at birth
▶ Estrogen stimulates breast tissue
▶ Androgen antagonizes these effects
▶ At puberty in boys - increase in
estrogen,testosterone
▶Transient proliferation of the ducts and
stroma
▶Followed by involution and ultimate atrophy of
the ducts.
Breast Development
6. Normal Male Breast
▶ Characterized:
▶ Subcutaneous fat
▶ Remnant of
subareolar ductal
tissue
▶ Lobular development -
which requires both
estrogen and
progesterone, is usually
not observed in men
7. Normal Male Breast
Anatomy of the normal male breast- consists of the skin
and subcutaneous fat. The pectoralis fascia (PF),
pectoralis muscle (PM), ribs,and intercostal muscles
(ICM)
8. Introduction
▶ The two most important disease of the male breast
▶Gynecomastia
▶Breast cancer/tumor
▶ The majority of lesions in male breasts are benign
▶ Other disease arise from the skin&subcutan.
▶ Fat necrosis
▶ Lipoma
▶ Epidermal inclusion cyst
9. Imaging of the Male Breast
▶Mammography - to diagnose gynecomastia and breast
carcinoma
▶Diagnostic mammography
▶biopsy
▶ Standard mammographic views -
▶Magnification and spot compression views
▶ suspicious findings on mammography
▶ effective for evaluating male patient as it is for
female
10. Male Breast Tumor
● Male breast tumor - uncommon
◦ less than 1% of all malignancies
in men
◦ only 1% of all breast cancers
● The mean age of diagnosis is 67
years
◦ Less than 6% of cases occur in males
under the age of 40 years.
11. Male Breast Tumor..
▶ Clinical manifestation (S/S) –
▶ hard , fixed , painless mass
▶ Bloody nipple discharge common
▶ Secondary signs occur earlier in male patients
because of smaller breast size.
▶ nipple retraction,
▶ skin ulceration,
▶ thickening,
▶ increased breast trabeculation
Palpable axillary lymph nodes are present in about
50% of cases
12. Male Breast tumor
■ Histologic subtype :
■ Invasive ductul carcinoma- most common –
85%
■ Male breast contains only ducts
■ Invasive lobular – rare –
■ No lobules formation in male breast
13. Male Breast Tumor :
▶ Treatment
▶ Same as for women
▶Surgery
▶Axillary node dissection
▶Chemotherapy
▶Radiation therapy
18. Defination Of
Gynecomastia
▶ Gynecomastia is enlargement of
the gland tissue of the male breast
. During infancy , puberty
,and in middle aged to older men
gynecomastia can be common
19. Gynecomastia…
▶ Gynecomastia is the most common benign condition of the male
breast
▶ It is enlargement of the male breast due to benign
ductal and stromal proliferation.
▶Causes breast enlargement
/subareolar mass with/without
associated breast pain
▶ It can be unilateral, bilateral symmetric, or bilateral
asymmetric.
20. Gynecomastia
▶ The hallmark of gynecomastia is its central
symmetric location under the nipple
▶ Reversible in early stages – if the cause is
corrected
▶ Reversible phase progress to late periductal
edema with irreversible stromal fibrosis
22. Gynecomastia
▶ Associated with increased levels of estradiol and decreased
levels
of testosterone
▶ Endocrine and hormonal disorders
▶ Systemic disease
▶ Neoplasm
▶ Drugs :
▶ Spirolactone {aldactone} a diuretics that has anti
androgenic activity
▶ For hypertension {captopril [capoten] ,enalapril
[vasotec]
▶ Anti ulcerative drugs for example : Ranitidine[rantac
or zantac] ,cimetidine [tagamet] and omeprazole
[prilosec]
▶ Cardio problems: digitoxin
▶ Some antibiotics for example : isoniazid,ketoconazole
[nizoral, extina , xolegel , kuric and metronidazole [
flagyl ]
23. TYPES Of Gynecomastia …
▶ mammographic patterns -representing various degrees and
stages of ductal and stromal proliferation
▶ Nodular gynecomastia
▶ Dendritic gynecomastia
▶ Diffuse glandular gynecomastia
24. Gynecomastia
▶ Nodular G.- most common – 77%
▶ Pathology – florid g. – early phase
▶ patients with gynecomastia < 1year
▶ The majority of patients will present with
▶ nipple tenderness , palpable lump
▶ Mammography-nodular subareolar density
▶ The typical mammographic confirms the diagnosis and
requires no further imaging work-up.
26. Nodular Gynecomastia
▶ a subareolar fan- or disk-shaped hypoechoic nodule
surrounded by normal fatty tissue
▶ The zone of transition may be poorly defined, with
lobular margin
▶ Hypervascularity can be seen secondary to stromal
proliferation
▶ In cases of equivocal clinical and mammographic
findings
▶ follow-up evaluation
27. Chronic Dendritic Gynecomastia
▶ Chronic dendritic gynecomastia (quiescent
phase) -20%
▶ Patients with gynecomastia > 1 year.
▶ Pathology – fibrous g.- long standing gynecomastia
▶ Fibrosis becomes the dominant process and is irreversible.
▶ Mammography - dendritic subareolar
density with posterior linear projections
radiating into the surrounding tissue
toward the uoq
28. Chronic Dendritic
Gynecomastia
▶ a subareolar hypoechoicstar-shaped,
fingerlike projections or “spider legs”
▶ benignity - directly from the undersurface
of the nipple without causing any overlying
skin thickening or nipple retraction.
29. Chronic Dendritic Gynecomastia
U.S image subareolar hypoechoic nodule with star-shaped
projections into the surrounding echogenic fibrous tissue
30. Chronic Dendritic
Gynecomastia
▶ The clinical history, particularly the duration of
symptoms, can also be helpful in making this
diagnosis.
▶ patients may have an acute episode of gynecomastia in
addition to chronic dendritic gynecomastia.Both phases
can be seen at imaging simultaneously.
31. Diffuse Glandular Gynecomastia
▶Diffuse glandular – 3%
▶ Patients receiving exogenous estrogen
▶ Mammography- enlargement of the breast , similar to
heterogeneously dense female breast.
▶ Irreversible stromal fibrosis and ductal epithelial atrophy develop, the
breast enlargement may decrease but not completely resolve.
▶ both nodular and dendritic features are seen surrounded by
diffuse hyperechoic fibrous breast tissue.
33. Pseudogynecomastia
▶ Pseudogynecomastia – a fatty proliferation of the
breasts , without proliferation of glandular tissue.
▶ Difficult to distinguish from normal male breast on
mammography
▶ Diagnosis requires clinical correlation with breast
enlargement
34. Less Common Benign
Conditions
▶ Lipoma - second most common benign lesion in the
male breast
▶ Mammography typically shows a subtle
encapsulated fatty mass in the palpated area
▶ demonstrates one or multiple parallel, homogeneous,
and mildly hyperechoic masses under the skin
▶ capsule is sometimes seen
36. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
▶ Epidermal inclusion cyst is the third most common benign
lesion in the male breast
▶ Arise from obstructed or occluded hair follicles, at the sites of
previous skin trauma such as a surgical wound or insect bites
▶ Composed of laminated keratin surrounded by stratified
squamous epithelium
37. Epidermal Inclusion Cyst
Hypoechoic lesion, which is contiguous to
the epidermis (arrows) (the “claw sign”) with
increased through transmission
well defined, dense, oval
mass contiguous to the skin in
the palpated region.
38. Benign Conditions
Associated with Gynecomastia
● Pseudoangiomatous stromal hyperplasia (PASH)-
benign stromal tumor formed by myofibroblasts
and with glandular hyperplasia
◦ Often incidentally seen in gynecomastia
● Mammography- non calcified breast mass,
circumscribed or partially circumscribed
solid circumscribed hyper echoic masses
● Recurrence is common after resection
40. Intraductal Papilloma
▶ Intraductal papilloma - benign proliferation of
intraductal mammary epithelium.
▶ Mammography - discrete dense mass against a
background of subareolar changes consistent
with gynecomastia
▶ multiple encentric, subareolar, elongated
and welldefined hypoechoic masses, which
have irregular shapes and are possibly
confined to the lumina of markedly enlarged
central ducts
41. Intraductal papilloma
multiple eccentric, subareolar, elongated,well-defined,
hypoechoic masses ;US image shows cystic areas, which may
represent associated ductal ectasia.
discrete dense mass against a background of
subareolar density, which consistent with
gynecomastia
42. DIAGNOSTIC
EVALUATION…
▶ COMPLETE ASSESSMENT OF MALE
PATIENT’S BREAST,
▶ COMPLETE BLOOD COUNT(CBC)
▶ MAMOGRAPHY,
▶ ULTRASOUND,
▶ FNAC
[FINE NEEDLE ASPIRATION
CYTOLOGY],
▶ LIVER FUNCTION TEST AND
▶ HORMONAL ASSESSMENT.
43. Conclusions
● The majority (99%) of male breast lesions are benign
● Mammography- for clinically suspicious lesions
◦ accurate for diagnosing gynecomastia
● useful for further characterization
● The relationship of the mass to the nipple should be carefully
assessed
◦ Encentric location is highly suspicious for cancer
◦the axillary region is helpful for staging In men
- cystic lesions commonly malignant
Cysts and complex masses should be worked up as potentially
malignant lesions
Suspicious lesion - biopsy - guidance is usually preferred
44. RISK FACTORS & COMPLICATIONS..
▶ advanced age
▶ prior irradiction of the chest
▶ exogenous estrogen for prostate
cancer treatment
▶ gender-reassignment procedures
▶ liver disease and other diseases
associated with hyperestrogenism,
androgen deficiency due to testicular
dysfunction
▶ genetic and chromosomal conditions
- Klinefelter syndrome.