Malignant disease of uterus
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This document discusses malignant diseases of the uterus, focusing on endometrial cancer. It covers the classification, presentation, risk factors, investigations, staging, and management of endometrial cancer. Treatment is multi-disciplinary and depends on factors like age, stage, grade, and comorbidities. Radiotherapy and chemotherapy may be used as adjuvant treatment. Uterine sarcomas including leiomyosarcomas and carcinosarcomas are also discussed.
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Endometrial cancer develops from normal endometrial tissue through increasing abnormal cell changes and progresses to cancer. Key risk factors include estrogen stimulation that is unopposed or inadequately opposed, nulliparity, infertility, PCOS, irregular menses, elevated BMI, early menarche, and late menopause. Symptoms can include postmenopausal or abnormal perimenopausal bleeding. Diagnosis involves endometrial biopsy or D&C to obtain tissue samples, while ultrasound can image the endometrium. Treatment depends on cancer stage and cell type, and can involve progestational agents, surgery, radiation, or a combination of therapies. Prognosis is generally good for common cell types if diagnosed
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3. Treatment involves surgery to optimally debulk the tumor, followed by chemotherapy for most patients. Chemotherapy is also used for palliative purposes in advanced or recurrent disease.
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This document provides information on carcinoma endometrium, including its introduction, predisposing factors, pathology, symptoms, investigations, differential diagnosis, screening, staging, treatment, survival rates, and sarcoma of the uterus. Some key points include:
1. Carcinoma endometrium accounts for 7% of cancers in women and peaks between ages 55-69. Over three-fourths are diagnosed when still localized.
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Cervical cancer arises from the transformation zone of the cervix where squamous and glandular cells meet. It is caused most commonly by persistent infection with high-risk HPV types. Globally there are over 500,000 new cases and 250,000 deaths annually, though rates have declined in countries with widespread cervical cancer screening. Early lesions are usually asymptomatic while late stages can present with vaginal bleeding or discharge. Screening includes Pap tests and HPV testing to detect pre-cancerous lesions, which if found are typically treated to prevent progression to invasive cancer. Invasive cancers are staged surgically and may require additional chemotherapy or radiation treatment.
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Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women. There are several types including ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS), and invasive ductal carcinoma. Treatment depends on cancer type and stage. For early-stage disease, lumpectomy with radiation or mastectomy are equivalent options. Lumpectomy is preferred for cosmetic reasons when possible. Reconstruction options are available for patients undergoing mastectomy.
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Ovarian cancer is a malignant proliferation of ovarian cells. The most common types are serous, endometrioid, mucinous, clear cell, and undifferentiated epithelial ovarian cancers. Risk factors include increasing age, family history, BRCA gene mutations, nulliparity, infertility, and obesity. Symptoms include abdominal pain, bloating, and changes in bowel or bladder habits. Diagnosis involves imaging tests and blood markers like CA-125. Staging determines prognosis and treatment, which may include surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Prognosis depends on cancer type and stage, with 5-year survival rates over 90% for localized disease but only 30% for advanced stages.
Ovarian tumors
Ovarian tumors can be primary (arise in the ovary) or secondary (spread from other sites). The most common primary ovarian tumor is epithelial ovarian cancer, which arises from ovarian surface cells. Germ cell tumors arise from egg-producing cells and are more common in children/teens. Stromal tumors produce hormones. Risk factors include nulliparity, family history of breast/ovarian cancer, and hereditary conditions. Epithelial tumors are classified as malignant, borderline, or benign. Staging involves assessing spread from ovaries to other pelvic/abdominal sites or distant metastasis. Treatment depends on stage but may include surgery and chemotherapy.
Endometrial Hyperplasia
Endometrial hyperplasia is an increased proliferation of endometrial glands relative to the stroma that can progress to endometrial carcinoma. It occurs most often in peri-menopausal women with elevated estrogen levels and is caused by prolonged, unopposed estrogen stimulation. Endometrial hyperplasia is classified as simple, complex, or atypical depending on architectural and cytological abnormalities. Endometrial carcinoma is the most common cancer of the female reproductive system, occurring most often in post-menopausal women. It is broadly classified into Type I and Type II tumors based on clinical and molecular characteristics and risk factors. Surgery is the primary treatment for early-stage disease while radiation and chemotherapy may be used
ca uterus cancer in uterus, common female problem
Endometrial cancer arises from the lining of the uterus. The major risk factors include increased estrogen exposure unopposed by progesterone, obesity, and hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer. Symptoms include abnormal uterine bleeding, especially in postmenopausal women. Diagnosis is made by endometrial biopsy, which is recommended for women with risk factors or abnormal bleeding. Most cases are diagnosed early and treated with hysterectomy and radiation, resulting in high survival rates.
Endometrial hyperplasia and cancer.pptx
This document discusses endometrial pathologies including normal endometrium, endometrial hyperplasia, epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, diagnosis, classification, atypical hyperplasia, risk of cancer, endometrial cancer types and subtypes, pathology, histopathology, and presentation. It provides details on the gland-to-stroma ratio in normal and hyperplastic endometrium. It notes that endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor to type 1 endometrial cancer and lists obesity, diabetes, PCOS, and HRT as risk factors. Diagnostic tools include ultrasound, pipelle biopsy, hysteroscopy and biopsy.
Ovarian Tumors
Morphology and diagnosis of Ovarian Tumors
• Clinical Features of Ovarian Tumors
Early-stage ovarian cancer rarely causes any symptoms. Advanced-stage ovarian cancer may cause few and nonspecific symptoms that are often mistaken for more common benign conditions, such as constipation or irritable bowel.
Bloating; abdominal distention or discomfort
Pressure effects on the bladder and rectum
Constipation
Vaginal bleeding
Indigestion and acid reflux
Shortness of breath
Tiredness
Weight loss
Early satiety
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Tcu 2014
This document discusses ovarian cancer risks, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. It notes that ovarian cancer is the second most common and most lethal gynecologic cancer. Risk factors include age, family history and genetic mutations. Screening high risk women can help detect early stage cancer. Seeing a gynecologic oncologist results in better outcomes than other physicians. Standard treatment involves surgery followed by chemotherapy, with clinical trials providing future directions.
OVARY CANCER: BORDERLINE
- Borderline ovarian tumors, also known as tumors of low malignant potential, are noninvasive epithelial ovarian neoplasms with an intermediate behavior between benign cystadenomas and invasive carcinomas.
- They account for 14-15% of primary ovarian neoplasms and are most commonly serous histology. The majority are diagnosed at stage I and have an excellent prognosis with five-year survival rates of 99% for stage I disease.
- Treatment involves surgical staging and tumor debulking. For apparent unilateral stage I disease, conservative surgery such as salpingo-oophorectomy may be considered. Bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy is recommended for bilateral tumors. Chemotherapy is not routinely used except in
Clinical presentation of breast masses
This document provides an overview of clinical presentations of breast diseases. It discusses the anatomy of the breast and various benign and malignant conditions that can present, including fibroadenomas, fibrocystic disease, fat necrosis, galactocele, intraductal papillomas, gynecomastia, duct ectasia, and breast cancers. For breast cancers, it describes ductal carcinoma in situ, invasive ductal carcinoma, lobular carcinoma, inflammatory carcinoma, and Paget's disease of the nipple. Signs, symptoms, diagnoses and treatment are covered for each condition.
MANAGEMENT OF PALPABLE BREAST MASS.pptx
This document provides guidance on evaluating and managing palpable breast masses. It discusses the etiology of breast masses, how to take a thorough patient history, diagnostic testing including mammography, ultrasound and MRI, biopsy procedures, and management based on test results and pathology findings. The goal is to rule out cancer and provide an accurate diagnosis in order to appropriately reassure or treat patients.
Breast cancer
Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. It arises from breast tissue which contains lobules, ducts, fat and connective tissue. Risk factors include genetic mutations, family history, age and lifestyle factors. Clinical presentation includes lumps, nipple discharge or changes. Diagnosis involves imaging like mammography, biopsy and assessing tumor markers. Treatment is multidisciplinary and may include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, hormone therapy and targeted therapy based on cancer type and stage. Prevention emphasizes early detection through screening and modifying risk factors.
ca cervix.pdf
Here are brief answers to your questions:
- A Pap smear involves gently scraping cells from the cervix and vagina and examining them under a microscope to check for abnormal cells.
- Liquid-based cytology (LBC) uses a brush to collect cells which are then placed in a vial of preservative fluid, rather than smeared onto a slide. This allows for automated processing and may provide a more representative sample than conventional smears.
- Oncogenic ("high-risk") HPV strains associated with cervical cancer include types 16, 18, 31, 33 and 45. These are more likely to cause abnormal cell changes and progression to cancer if persistent.
- Metaplasia is a reversible
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Malignant disease of uterus
- 1. Malignant Disease of Uterus Dr. Srwa Khalid Consultant Gynaecologist with special interst at gynae oncology FRCPI, CCST, MRCOG, MRCPI, DRCOG, BSCCP, BFS UKH – SoM May 2020
- 2. LEARNING OBJECTIVES • To know the classification of uterine malignancy. • Learn how malignant disease of the uterus presents. • The risk factor for endometrial cancer • Which investigations are needed for women with suspected endometrial cancer. • Have an idea about the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) staging • Understand how endometrial cancer is managed
- 4. Epidemiology • The life-time risk of developing endometrial cancer is approximately 1 in 46. • 5–10% of women with PMB will have an underlying gynaecological malignancy. • The incidence of endometrial cancer has risen steadily over the past 20 years (ageing population, the trend away from hysterectomy for benign gynaecological disease and the obesity epidemic)
- 13. Endometrial Cancer - Spread
- 18. Treatment • Multi disciplinary Approach • Gynecologist oncologist • Medical oncologist • Radiation oncologist • Radiologist • Pathologist • Counselor / Oncology Nurse
- 19. Treatment of endometrial Cancer • It depends on the • Age • Stage of the disease • Type of the disease (including the Grade of the disease) • Co Morbidities • Patient preference
- 21. Adjuvant treatment • Radiotherapy • Brachy Therapy +/ _ External pelvic radiation • Postoperative radiotherapy reduces local recurrence rate but does not improve survival. • Chemotherapy • little evidence to support its use. • advanced or metastatic disease,
- 22. Hormone treatment • Some women are not fit for surgery and others wish to avoid it for fertility-sparing reasons. • Treatment with high-dose oral or intrauterine progestin is successful for some women with complex atypical hyperplasia and low-grade stage IA endometrial tumours, but relapse rates are high.
- 25. Uterine Sarcoma • Rare tumours • accounting for 5% of all uterine cancers • They are classified into oPure Sarcomas, oMMMT (Carcinosarcoma)
- 26. Pure Sarcomas • This group includes endometrial stromal sarcomas and leiomyosarcoma. • Endometrial stromal sarcomas • Occur in perimenopausal women • Present with irregular bleeding and a soft, bulky uterus. • Majority are low grade and • Surgery is the main treatment
- 27. Leiomyosarcomas • Rare tumours of the myometrium. • But commonest Sarcoma • They could be associated with malignant transformation of pre existing benign fibroid ? Or It could be Denovo ??controversial • Present with a rapidly growing pelvic mass and pain. • Preoperative diagnosis is difficult, but may be aided by MRI, which can delineate areas of necrosis within the fibroid, suggestive of malignant change.
- 29. Leiomyosarcomas • The uterus is bulky and soft on palpation. • Surgery is the main treatment • adjuvant treatment may be considered if the mitotic count is high . • Metastatic spread is usually vascular to distant sites, such as lung and brain.