This document discusses switchgear and control gear in India. It provides background on the switchgear market in India and the types of switchgear manufactured in India, including low, medium, and high voltage switchgear. The document then summarizes relevant literature on topics like digital switchgear, IEC 61850 communication standards, smart grid technologies, and new process technologies as they relate to switchgear design and substation automation. Finally, it outlines the objectives and work completed in Phase 1 of a project related to developing a more flexible protocol than IEC 61850 and studying its adaptability and an utility's energy consumption data.

1. Section-1
Introduction
It is estimated that in India the share of switchgear in market is about Rs.3252.8 Cr. Of the 105
companies in Switchgear market SIEMENS LTD ranks 3rd with 9.52%. Continuous power supply
is a crucial requirement for industry. This makes switchgear and control gear indispensable not
only in transmission and distribution of power, but anywhere where there is a need to access
and control electricity. In India, the entire range of circuit breakers from bulk oil, minimum oil,
air blast, vacuum to sulphur hexaflouride (SF6) are manufactured to standard specifications.
Switchgear and control gear are necessary at every switching point in power systems. The
switchgear and control gear industry in India is a fully developed industry, producing and
supplying a wide variety of switchgear and control gear items needed by the industrial and
power sectors. In India, the entire range of circuit breakers from bulk oil, minimum oil, air
blast, vacuum to sulphur hexaflouride (SF6) are manufactured to standard specifications. This
industry sector in fact manufacturers the entire voltage range from 240 KV to 800 KV.
Switchgears can be categorized into three groups:
 Low voltage switchgear (up to 1100 V)
 Medium voltage switchgear (up to 36 KV)
 High voltage switchgear.
The low voltage switchgear product range is classified into domestic, power distribution system
and industrial control system. In the case of low voltage switchgears, MCBs are fast replacing
rewireable switch fuses. Low voltage switchgear is showing a high growth rate; partly due to
high demand for MCBs in the housing sector and MCCBs in rural electrification. The medium
voltage switchgear includes products below 33 kV such as various types of circuit breakers viz.
ACB, OCB, MOCB, VCB etc.
1

2. Replacing internal hard-wired connections by means of a high-speed digital bus is possible to
build new intelligent, standardized MV switchgears with a more efficient life cycle. In addition,
the digital bus moves “the intelligence” closer to the process, allowing the construction of
switchgear systems with increased configuration and maintenance flexibility, additional
advanced features such as self diagnostics, etc.
A new generation of devices for MV switchgear provides even more primary and secondary
technologies tight integration based on coming IEC61850 standard, assuring compatibility and
interoperability with third party devices.
Intelligent Electronic Devices (IED) for data acquisition, protection, metering, and control have
gained widespread acceptance and are recognized as essential to the efficient and cost-
effective operation and management of substations. New system architectures need to be
devised for retrieving, storing, integrating, and “pre-processing” the ever-increasing amount of
information gathered by the various devices. The Distributed Intelligence concept allows the
optimal integration of different multifunctional IEDs in a hierarchical substation protection and
control system.
2

3. Section 2
2.1 LITERATURE SURVEY
[1] Enzo DE NORA, Luciano DI MAIO & Carlo GEMME “DIGITAL INFORMATION MAKES MV
SWITCHGEAR MORE SMART”, ABB PT SpA – Italy, CIRED, 18th International Conference on
Electricity Distribution, Turin, 6-9 June 2005:
Modern automation technology is characterized by an increasing decentralization of data
processing and process interfacing and strong deployment of data communication systems.
This process has been positively influenced by the cost-decreasing trend for electronic devices.
Communication interoperability (defined as the capacity to communicate, execute programs or
transfer data amongst the various elements of a system or network without requiring extensive
knowledge of the equipment and processes involved) is the key to successful integration of
microprocessor-based relays in Substation Automation Systems. Replacing internal hard-wired
point-to-point connections of power distribution switchgears by means of a high-speed digital
bus is possible to build new highly standardized switchgears with a more efficient life cycle.
[2] A. Apostolov, Senior Member IEEE and D. Tholomier “Impact of IEC 61850 on Power
System Protection”. PSCE 2006, 1-4244-0178-X/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.
IEC 61850 is a new international standard for communication networks and systems in
substations that has a significant impact on the developments in power system protection. It
allows the implementation of high-speed peer-to peer communications based applications, as
well as distributed protection solutions using sampled analog values. The paper describes the
principles of different IEC 61850 communications based protection functions and analyses the
factors that will affect their performance. All major substation protection and control
equipment manufacturers have products that implement different forms of IEC 61850
communications to simplify integration in substation automation systems and improve the
functionality of the system, while at the same time reduce the overall system cost.
3

4. The paper describes the functional hierarchy of a substation protection and control system
based on the Substation and Process Bus definitions in the IEC 61850 standard. Distributed
function definitions related to different protection functions and schemes are presented
together with some specific examples.
[3] Don Gies, Senior Product Compliance Engineer, “Safety Considerations for Smart Grid
Technology Equipment”, Alcatel-Lucent –Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey USA.
Smart grid technology can be viewed as a merging of power systems, information technology,
telecommunications, switchgear, and local power generation, along with other fields that were
once electrical technologies of separated industries. As these technologies become merged,
much of the safety considerations will have to be merged and reconciled as well, particularly at
interfaces. This paper explores the safety considerations that should be addressed in the design
of smart grid technology equipment. A smart grid combines the existing electrical infrastructure
with digital technologies and advanced applications to provide a much more efficient, reliable
and cost effective way to distribute energy. The main function of a smart grid is to manage
power consumption in optimal ways, providing the network with more flexibility in case of
emergencies. Within the context of smart grids, there are different kinds of supporting
technologies, such as smart meters that can help monitor energy consumption and promote
more effective distribution.
[4] Lars Anderson, Christoph Brunner, Member, IEEE, and Fred Engler, “Substation
Automation based on IEC 6 1850 with new process-close Technologies” Paper accepted for
Presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna, Italy.
New technologies in primary equipment like non- Conventional instrument transformers
require new interfaces to the substation automation system. The future standsrd~IEC61850
perfectly supports this requirement. With the introduction of the new technologies and the use
of lEC61850, a more decentralized architecture of the substation automation system will be
possible. This provides several benefits hut a careful system design is required to maintain the
overall reliability of the system. The transmission and distribution substation of the future is
currently influenced by two issues. The future standard IEC61850 will introduce commercial
communication technologies in the substation automation system.
4

5. This will be the basis for new applications supporting not only the operation but also the
maintenance of the substation. New technologies used in primary equipment will require new
interfaces
Outcome of Literature Survey:
In view of literature survey,
 The new process close technology and the new standard IEC61850 offer several benefits
for the design of a substation.
 Intelligent Switchgears designed to share information by means of digital bus do not
require customization depending on the plant and/or the particular customer for
differences in functionalities of protection and control devices.
 IEC 61850 is the new communications standard that allows the development of a new
range of protection and control applications that result in significant benefits compared
to conventional hard wired solutions.
 It supports interoperability between protective relays from different manufacturers in
the substation which is required to improve the efficiency of microprocessor based
relays applications and implement new distributed functions.
 The integrated circuit breaker has been designed to meet the new requirements of the
smart grid distribution philosophy.
2.2 Organization of Report:
In section-1 Introduction of the project phase-1 is enumerated.section-2 contains brief
description of literature survey. Section-3 includes project objectives containing
tentative functional block diagram to be implemented work done in project phase-1.
5

6. Section-3
3.1. Project Objectives:
To find a more flexible protocol than IEC 61850.
To find its adaptability with different types of medium voltage switchgear.
To study and collect energy consumption data of an Utility.
3.2 Work done:
A) What is SMART GRID?
The concept of “smart Grid” is used in a number of contexts within the power industry and
utility world in a great number of variations, including country specific aspects.
In an extended view of the smart grid concept, defining it by its capabilities and operational
characteristics, it includes technologies at both the transmission and distribution level and
extends to both IT hardware and software, such as monitoring and control systems, as well as
primary equipment like circuit breakers, transformers and relays.
Deployment of smart grid technologies will occur over a long period of time, adding successive
layers of functionality and capability onto existing equipment and systems.
In order to better control the network the distribution equipments have to be installed
minutely so that each load can be monitored and controlled. This leads to new challenges due
to the space constraints where the distribution equipments have be to installed.
So smart grid requirements will be:
 Adaptive, with less reliance on operators, particularly in responding rapidly to changing
conditions.
 Predictive, in terms of applying operational data to equipment maintenance practices
and even identifying potential outages before they occur.
 Integrated, in terms of real-time communications and control functions.
 Minutely deployed to finely control the loads and the power flow.
6

7.  Optimized to maximize reliability, availability, efficiency and economic performance.
 Secure from attack and naturally occurring disruptions.
B) What is an ICB?
The so called integrated circuit breaker (iCB) series has been specifically developed to enable
easy, flexible and reliable medium voltage switchgear engineering and operation. Thanks to the
sensors and the Intelligent Electronic Device (IED) integrated on board; the iCB combines
measurement, protection and control capability with the primary power disconnection,
switching and interruption technology. The IED has been designed to unleash the full potential
of the IEC61850 standard for communication and interoperability. The entire switchgear life
cycle is optimized by the adoption of the iCB. Starting from the easier specification and
ordering, to the drastically reduced complexity of the switchgear in terms of engineering, wiring
and testing, commissioning and maintenance of the panel. The MV iCB simplifies the
connection of the private networks to smart grids with higher reliability, safety and at lower
cost for the whole installation. Taking all of these elements into consideration, it becomes
apparent that the grid we are used to is insufficient to serve us with the level of reliability and
performances we are accustomed to in the near future.
C) IEC 61850
IEC 61850 is a new approved international standard for substation communications that already
has a significant impact on the development of different devices or systems used in the
substation. All major substation protection and control equipment manufacturers have
products that implement different forms of IEC 61850 communications to simplify integration
in substation automation systems and improve the functionality of the system, while at the
same time reduce the overall system cost. New protection solutions are being developed in
order to take full advantage of the functionality supported in the standard.
The object models of typical protection and other functions in a substation automation system
are another important element of IEC 61850 that supports self description. A function in an IEC
61850 based integrated protection and control system can be local to a specific primary device
7

8. (distribution feeder, transformer, etc.) or distributed and based on communications between
two or more IEDs over the substation local area network. IEC 61850 defines several ways for
data exchange between IEDs that can be used for different forms of distributed protection
applications. They introduce a new concept that requires a different approach and technology
in order to define the individual components of the system, as well as the overall distributed
applications.
8

9. Conclusion
Detailed literature survey in connection with Smart switchgear, iCB, Smart Grid, IEC 61850 is to
be done. Finally it is proposed to take up project titled “Smart switchgears for smart grid” to
implement in the next semester.
9

10. REFERENCES:
1] Enzo DE NORA, Luciano DI MAIO & Carlo GEMME “DIGITAL INFORMATION MAKES MV
SWITCHGEAR MORE SMART”, ABB PT SpA – Italy, CIRED, 18th International Conference
on Electricity Distribution, Turin, 6-9 June 2005.
2] A. Apostolov, Senior Member IEEE and D. Tholomier “Impact of IEC 61850 on Power
System Protection”. PSCE 2006, 1-4244-0178-X/06/$20.00 2006 IEEE.
3] Don Gies, Senior Product Compliance Engineer, “Safety Considerations for Smart Grid
Technology Equipment”, Alcatel-Lucent –Bell Laboratories, Murray Hill, New Jersey USA.
4] Lars Anderson, Christoph Brunner, Member, IEEE, and Fred Engler, “Substation
Automation based on IEC 6 1850 with new process-close Technologies” Paper accepted
for Presentation at 2003 IEEE Bologna PowerTech Conference, June 23-26, Bologna,
Italy.
10