Macro 15
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This document provides an overview of macroeconomics and the Federal Reserve's use of monetary policy tools. It discusses central banks, money supplies, fractional reserve banking, the money multiplier, and the AD-AS model. The Federal Reserve uses various tools like open market operations, adjusting the reserve ratio and discount rate, and changing excess reserve rates to influence the money supply and shift the aggregate demand curve to address problems like inflation, unemployment, and stagnation in the economy.
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This document contains notes from a macroeconomics lecture that covers several topics:
1) It discusses an upcoming exam for chapters 10-16 and covers transmission and amplification mechanisms like intertemporal substitution, uncertainty and irreversible investments, labor adjustment costs, and time bunching.
2) It then covers central banks and how they manage money supply through tools like open market operations, the discount rate, and reserve ratios.
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This document summarizes key concepts in macroeconomics including:
1) The Federal Reserve has four main monetary policy tools to influence the money supply and interest rates: the discount rate, reserve ratio, open market operations, and excess reserve rate.
2) To address inflation, the Fed would decrease the money supply by raising rates and selling bonds. To address unemployment, the Fed would increase the money supply by lowering rates and buying bonds.
3) Other topics covered include the money supply process, excess reserves, quantitative easing, and the lender of last resort function. A quiz asks how the tools would be used for problems like inflation, unemployment, and stagflation.
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This document summarizes key topics in economic history and innovation. It discusses major US land acquisitions between 1784-1867 and the dramatic growth in land area. It also profiles Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison, pioneers in telecommunications and electricity. Additionally, it outlines the different "capitals" that drive innovation, including physical, human, intellectual, and financial capital, as well as the roles of inventors, entrepreneurs, and free markets in bringing inventions to market as innovations.
Economic History of the United States - Lecture 4
This document appears to be lecture notes on the economic history of the United States. It includes the following sections: a practice quiz with 3 questions; instructions for a midterm essay assignment; a list of dates, places, and industries; and sections discussing various types of capital including wealth, cultural capital, idea capital, physical capital, human capital, and intellectual capital. Key terms like entrepreneurship, free markets, innovations, property rights, and rule of law are also mentioned in relation to the country's economic development over time.
Economic History of the United States - Lecture 4
This document discusses the economic history of the United States and capitalism in America. It introduces some practice quiz questions about innovators, themes, and early American energy resources. It also discusses different types of capital like physical, human, intellectual, and financial capital. Cultural capital is defined as how people treat each other and is determined by the worldview of leaders, which includes political, legal, and economic factors. Property rights and the rule of law are also mentioned.
Economic History of the United States - Lecture 2
The document discusses markets and how they function. A market is where buyers and sellers can discover value by finding someone better at solving a problem. For a trade to occur, the buyer and seller must have overlapping value ranges at a single agreed upon price. The world has seen tremendous economic growth over the past 200 years as population and life expectancy have increased many times over while per capita income has risen by a factor of over 16. Markets convey information through prices more so than just reporting quantities. Shanghai has rapidly developed from 1990 to 2013.
Economic History of the United States - Lecture 1
This document contains the syllabus and introductory lecture slides for an economics history course taught by Dr. Gale Pooley. The course will cover the economic history of the United States through readings, writing assignments, quizzes and exams. Key concepts that will be discussed include the finite nature of resources requiring correction through innovation and knowledge, with economics defined as the study of how human beings create value through discovering knowledge. A timeline of economic growth from 1 AD to the present day is also included.
Economic History of the United States - Lecture 3
The document discusses key inventions and their impacts on the U.S. economy from 1793 to 2012. It notes Eli Whitney's cotton gin in 1793 increased cotton productivity 50 times. Samuel Morse's telegraph in 1844 connected Washington D.C. It also shows U.S. farmers made up 90% of employment in 1800 but just 2% by 2012, as technology like gasoline engines replaced manual farm labor.
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What's a worker’s market? Job quality and labour market tightness
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In a tight labour market, job-seekers gain bargaining power and leverage it into greater job quality—at least, that’s the conventional wisdom.
Michael, LMIC Economist, presented findings that reveal a weakened relationship between labour market tightness and job quality indicators following the pandemic. Labour market tightness coincided with growth in real wages for only a portion of workers: those in low-wage jobs requiring little education. Several factors—including labour market composition, worker and employer behaviour, and labour market practices—have contributed to the absence of worker benefits. These will be investigated further in future work.一比一原版美国新罕布什尔大学(unh)毕业证学历认证真实可查
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留信网认证的作用:
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我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
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选择实体注册公司办理，更放心，更安全！我们的承诺：可来公司面谈，可签订合同，会陪同客户一起到教育部认证窗口递交认证材料，客户在教育部官方认证查询网站查询到认证通过结果后付款，不成功不收费！
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For more market updates, subscribe to The Independent Market Observer at https://blog.commonwealth.com/independent-market-observer.
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本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原海外各大学 Bachelor Diploma degree, Master Degree Diploma
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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1比1复刻(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(ksu毕业证书)美国堪萨斯州立大学毕业证本科文凭证书》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
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留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
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3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
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5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
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8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
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对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
Independent Study - College of Wooster Research (2023-2024)
"Does Foreign Direct Investment Negatively Affect Preservation of Culture in the Global South? Case Studies in Thailand and Cambodia."
Do elements of globalization, such as Foreign Direct Investment (FDI), negatively affect the ability of countries in the Global South to preserve their culture? This research aims to answer this question by employing a cross-sectional comparative case study analysis utilizing methods of difference. Thailand and Cambodia are compared as they are in the same region and have a similar culture. The metric of difference between Thailand and Cambodia is their ability to preserve their culture. This ability is operationalized by their respective attitudes towards FDI; Thailand imposes stringent regulations and limitations on FDI while Cambodia does not hesitate to accept most FDI and imposes fewer limitations. The evidence from this study suggests that FDI from globally influential countries with high gross domestic products (GDPs) (e.g. China, U.S.) challenges the ability of countries with lower GDPs (e.g. Cambodia) to protect their culture. Furthermore, the ability, or lack thereof, of the receiving countries to protect their culture is amplified by the existence and implementation of restrictive FDI policies imposed by their governments.
My study abroad in Bali, Indonesia, inspired this research topic as I noticed how globalization is changing the culture of its people. I learned their language and way of life which helped me understand the beauty and importance of cultural preservation. I believe we could all benefit from learning new perspectives as they could help us ideate solutions to contemporary issues and empathize with others.
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2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Bridging the gap: Online job postings, survey data and the assessment of job ...
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OJP data from firms like Vicinity Jobs have emerged as a complement to traditional sources of labour demand data, such as the Job Vacancy and Wages Survey (JVWS). Ibrahim Abuallail, PhD Candidate, University of Ottawa, presented research relating to bias in OJPs and a proposed approach to effectively adjust OJP data to complement existing official data (such as from the JVWS) and improve the measurement of labour demand.在线办理(GU毕业证书)美国贡萨加大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
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International Sustainability Standards Board
Issb standards
New standard for reporting sustainability on lines of tcfd
Fabular Frames and the Four Ratio Problem
Digital, interactive art showing the struggle of a society in providing for its present population while also saving planetary resources for future generations. Spread across several frames, the art is actually the rendering of real and speculative data. The stereographic projections change shape in response to prompts and provocations. Visitors interact with the model through speculative statements about how to increase savings across communities, regions, ecosystems and environments. Their fabulations combined with random noise, i.e. factors beyond control, have a dramatic effect on the societal transition. Things get better. Things get worse. The aim is to give visitors a new grasp and feel of the ongoing struggles in democracies around the world.
Stunning art in the small multiples format brings out the spatiotemporal nature of societal transitions, against backdrop issues such as energy, housing, waste, farmland and forest. In each frame we see hopeful and frightful interplays between spending and saving. Problems emerge when one of the two parts of the existential anaglyph rapidly shrinks like Arctic ice, as factors cross thresholds. Ecological wealth and intergenerational equity areFour at stake. Not enough spending could mean economic stress, social unrest and political conflict. Not enough saving and there will be climate breakdown and ‘bankruptcy’. So where does speculative design start and the gambling and betting end? Behind each fabular frame is a four ratio problem. Each ratio reflects the level of sacrifice and self-restraint a society is willing to accept, against promises of prosperity and freedom. Some values seem to stabilise a frame while others cause collapse. Get the ratios right and we can have it all. Get them wrong and things get more desperate.
falcon-invoice-discounting-a-strategic-approach-to-optimize-investments
Falcon stands out as a top-tier P2P Invoice Discounting platform in India, bridging esteemed blue-chip companies and eager investors. Our goal is to transform the investment landscape in India by establishing a comprehensive destination for borrowers and investors with diverse profiles and needs, all while minimizing risk. What sets Falcon apart is the elimination of intermediaries such as commercial banks and depository institutions, allowing investors to enjoy higher yields.
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Vicinity Jobs’ data includes more than three million 2023 OJPs and thousands of skills. Most skills appear in less than 0.02% of job postings, so most postings rely on a small subset of commonly used terms, like teamwork.
Laura Adkins-Hackett, Economist, LMIC, and Sukriti Trehan, Data Scientist, LMIC, presented their research exploring trends in the skills listed in OJPs to develop a deeper understanding of in-demand skills. This research project uses pointwise mutual information and other methods to extract more information about common skills from the relationships between skills, occupations and regions.Recently uploaded (20)
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Macro 15
- 4. Quiz Master
- 5. Chapter 15 The Federal Reserve and Open Market Operations Central Banks Money Supplies Fractional Reserve Banking Reserve Ratio - Money Multiplier Monetary Tools Systemic Risks Control AD-AS Model
- 12. $1,925 -98.96%
- 13. Fiat Money Government declared An arbitrary order No guarantee
- 14. Central Banks
- 17. AD Real GDP Growth Rate In fl ation Rate π LRAS SRAS Recession In fl ation
- 18. Reserve Ratio Fractional Reserve Banking Money Multiplier
- 21. Reserve Ratio Fraction of deposits that must be held in reserve
- 22. Money Multiplies as it is spent and re-spent and re-spent again and again… RR = 1÷ MM Money Multiplier MM = 1÷ RR
- 23. Reserve Ratio RR = 1÷ MM Money Multiplier MM = 1÷ RR
- 24. Reserve Ratio Money Multipler 100% 1 50% 2 20% 5 10% 10 5% 20 1% 100
- 25. Discount Rate Rate the FED charges member banks
- 26. Discount Rate Currently 0.25% Average 4.45% (1950 - 2021)
- 28. 0% 1% 2% 3% 4% 5% 6% 7% 8% 9% 10% 11% 12% 13% 14% 15% 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 Time to Maturity Interest Rate FED Changes Discount Rate Other Rates Follow
- 29. Open Market Operations Buying and Selling Financial Instruments
- 31. Banks now have more cash to loan Central Bank Public Banks Increase Money Supply? Buy bonds for cash
- 32. Banks now have less cash to loan Central Bank Public Banks Decrease Money Supply? Sell bonds for cash
- 33. What do banks do with extra money? Excess Reserves The FED will pay them interest
- 34. Excess Reserves Interest If the rate is high enough you will leave it in the bank. Sets a fl oor
- 35. Problem Recession Shift AD to Right In fl ation Shift AD to Left Tools Increase Money Supply Decrease Money Supply Reserve Ratio Lower Raise Discount Rate Lower Raise Open Market Operations Buy Bonds from the Banks Sell Bonds to the Banks Excess Reserves Interest Rate Lower Raise
- 36. Quantity of Reserves FED Reserve Interest Rate % Supply FED Rate 5% 7% 3% 10 15 5
- 37. Disin fl ation Slower growth in in fl ation rate 8% to 3% De fl ation Negative in fl ation 8% to -3%
- 38. Illiquid No cash Net worth to pay debt, but can’t sell quick and without loss Insolvent No cash No net worth to pay debt
- 40. Quantitive Easing Buying lots of other fi nancial instruments. Lots of illiquid assets
- 42. Quiz 1.What are the four monetary tools? 2. How do you use the tools if the problem is in fl ation? 3. How do you use the tools if the problem is unemployment? 4. How do you use the tools if the problem is stag fl ation?
- 43. Problem Money Supply AD Shift Reserve Ratio Discount Rate Open Market Operations Excess Reserve Rate In fl ation Unemployment Stag fl ation Left Increase Increase Sell Bonds Increase Right Decrease Decrease Decrease Buy Bonds Increase Decrease