The document discusses the rising costs of U.S. healthcare, projected to reach $3.5 trillion with an annual increase of 5.3%, driven by an aging population and higher drug prices. It highlights ten applications of AI in healthcare, including robotic surgery, virtual assistants, and personalized medicine, which are expected to save $150 billion annually by 2026. Additionally, the document addresses challenges like data disparity and compliance, emphasizing the transformative potential of AI in improving patient care and operational efficiency.

1. ML in Healthcare
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2. ● U.S. healthcare spending hit ~$3.5T in 2017*
● U.S. healthcare spending to climb 5.3 percent in 2018
● Aging baby boomer population (retiring without proper knowledge transfer)
● Increasing drug prices and usage growth (especially for specialty drugs such as those for
genetic disorders and oncology)
● EHR adoption was incentivised and then enforced with penalties for noncompliance
● Data disparity and information sharing challenges (poor business models)
● Doctors know best
● AI is estimated to save up to $150 billion annually for the U.S. healthcare by 2026**
State of US Healthcare & the Call for AI
*Source: US Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS)
**Source: Accenture report on “near-term value” of AI applications in healthcare
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3. 10 Use Cases of AI in Healthcare
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1. Robotic Surgeons
2. Physician’s Assistants
3. Virtual Nursing Assistants
4. Administrative Workflow
5. Revenue Cycle Management
6. Clinical Decision Support
7. Genetics and Genomics
8. Personalized Medicine
9. Streamlined Value-Based Care
10. Cognitive Radiology

4. ● Cognitive surgical robotics
○ Integrate pre-op medical record
data with real-time operating
metrics to improve surgical
outcomes
● The da Vinci technique
○ Robotic limbs with surgical
instruments and a 3D view
● HeartLander
○ Miniature mobile robot to sense,
map, and treat the heart
Robotic Surgeons
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5. ● Order prescriptions and lab tests
● Take comprehensive notes during
in-person appointments
● Benchmarking: intelligent alerts
informing doctors when they have
gone off course from norms
○ E.g. the Lancet’s study on
informing doctors who prescribe
more antibiotics than their peers
Physician’s Assistants
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6. ● Answer medical questions
● Triage and direct to the correct
medical service (emergency or
otherwise)
● Providing personalized medication
and care instructions (post-surgery or
routine)
● Receive smart notifications
● Wellness checks
○ Manage, monitor, and
communicate
Virtual Nursing Assistants
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7. Administrative Workflow
● Prioritize urgent matters
● Cut documentation time and improve reporting quality
● Voice-to-text transcriptions that automate non-patient care activities:
○ Scheduling
○ Writing chart notes
○ Prescribing medications
○ Ordering tests
○ Automated check-ins
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8. Revenue Cycle Management
Analysis of financial records to maximize book
value.
● Selecting which past-due accounts need
collections actions based on size and
likelihood of payout (using demographics,
psychographics, and historicals to make
weighted predictions), and avoidance of
negative PR situations.
● Analysis of missing charges based on
common procedural groupings.
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9. ● Computerized alerts and
reminders to care providers and
patients
● Clinical guidelines
● Condition-specific orders
● Patient data reports and
summaries
● Diagnostic support
Clinical Decision Support
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10. ● Garner a better understanding of the effect of DNA on a person’s health
● Find biological connections between genetics, diseases, and drug response
● Gain a deeper understanding of genetic defects related to particular drugs and diseases
Genetics and Genomics
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11. ● Personalized care
● Custom drugs and treatment plans based on individual biometrics
Personalized Medicine
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12. ● Clinical workflows based off available resources, bottlenecks, etc.
● Predictive analytics to help determine optimal sequences
● Reducing duplicate lab tests and other waste
Streamlined Value-Based Care
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13. Cognitive Radiology
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● Scan x-rays, MRIs, computed
tomography (CT scans),
mammography, etc and
detect/identify anomalies
● Scan mobile phone photos for
initial signs of craniofacial issues
● Help radiologists do more with
their time

14. Cognitive Radiology Cont’d
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● Detect:
○ Tumors
○ Artery stenosis
○ Organ delineation
○ Necrosis
● Image classifier
○ Modality
○ Resolution
○ Dimension
Enhance -- Segment -- Denoise