This study estimated the herd prevalence of bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) in dairy cattle in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil and identified risk factors associated with BVDV infection. The estimated true herd prevalence of BVDV was 24.3% based on testing bulk tank milk samples from randomly selected dairy herds. A matched case-control study was then performed comparing BVDV antibody-positive herds to negative herds matched by milk production. Several risk factors were identified including natural mating, lack of isolation paddocks for ill animals, fewer years supplying milk to the same industry, and direct contact between cattle on neighboring farms. Grouping predictors into animal, management and biosecurity models provided a better understanding of disease-exposure
- Three experiments were conducted to study aphid population growth and predator-prey dynamics: a clip cage experiment to study aphid development rates, a feeding experiment to study predation rates of ladybird beetles, and a large cage experiment to study aphid population growth with and without predators.
- A stage-structured matrix population model was developed and validated based on results from the clip cage experiment. The model showed rapid exponential aphid population growth.
- Introduction of ladybird beetle predators in the large cage experiment led to inconsistent results, likely due to variability in predation behavior between adult ladybird beetles focused on mating versus feeding.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Koch’s postulate in reproduction of broiler coccidiosis by co-infection with ...Danielle Ayyash
The purpose of this research is to establish a model of Koch’s postulate for reproducing coccidiosis in broilers by co-infection with eight most common Eimeria spp. involved in this economic disease, in an attempt to use this model in future evaluation of new controlling biologics.
1. The document outlines a model for the transient virulence of pathogens emerging in new host populations. It suggests that emerging pathogens will show initially high virulence that decreases over time as the pathogen spreads.
2. A toy epidemiological model is described that includes both disease transmission dynamics and evolutionary dynamics of pathogen virulence. Simulation of this model shows that peak virulence during an emergence is higher when the initial infectious population is smaller.
3. The model suggests that emerging pathogens may exhibit transiently high virulence during the early epidemic phase that then declines as the pathogen reaches an endemic equilibrium. The height and timing of the peak virulence depends on factors like genetic variation and the basic reproductive number of the pathogen.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on eco-evolutionary models of pathogen virulence. It begins with background on the evolution of theories of host-pathogen interactions. It then presents a toy model combining epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics to examine how virulence may transiently peak when a pathogen emerges in a new host population before declining. The model is used to explore how the initial epidemic size and genetic variation affect the height and timing of the virulence peak. The discussion considers how the model may help explain observed patterns of high initial virulence sometimes seen in emerging infectious diseases.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) presented with diarrhea to a veterinary hospital in Minna, Nigeria between 2012-2013. Fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites. In 2012, 59.2% of samples were positive, compared to 82.7% in 2013. The most common parasites found across all years and species were Coccidia spp, Fasciola spp, and Ascaris spp. Higher prevalence was observed in 2013 possibly due to differences in climatic factors and management practices between the years. The study highlights the need for improved veterinary infrastructure, strategic deworming programs,
Retrospective and Prospective Studies of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths of Human...theijes
A five-year retrospective and one-year prospective studies of gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths was carried out in humans and dogs in Makurdi, Nigeria. Data from 534 individuals presented at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and 103 faecal samples from dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Agriculture, Makurdi from 2007 to 2014 were used. The overall prevalence of zoonotic GIT helminths in humans was 76.21% (407/534) and 56.31% (58/103) in dogs. The differences in the prevalences in humans based on sex,ethnicity and age were not statistically significant (χ2 , P< 0.05). However, the test of individual factor (coefficient) on GIT helminthes in humans showed that hookworms prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.001), Ascaris lumbricoides was dependent on ethnicity and age (P = 0.000 and 0.005), Taenia spp. prevalence was dependent on age and sex (P = 0.007 and 0.005), and Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.04). The prevalence in dogs depended on age and breed (χ2 ,P < 0.05) but not on sex (χ2 ,P > 0.05). Hookworms, Taenia spp and Trichuris vulpisoccurred in humans and dogs. Hookworms were the most common helminth of both humans and dogs. Individual factor (coefficient) on the effect of risk factors on specific helminths is essential in understanding the epidemiology of each helminth. Attention should be paid to control measures in man anddogs.
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
- Three experiments were conducted to study aphid population growth and predator-prey dynamics: a clip cage experiment to study aphid development rates, a feeding experiment to study predation rates of ladybird beetles, and a large cage experiment to study aphid population growth with and without predators.
- A stage-structured matrix population model was developed and validated based on results from the clip cage experiment. The model showed rapid exponential aphid population growth.
- Introduction of ladybird beetle predators in the large cage experiment led to inconsistent results, likely due to variability in predation behavior between adult ladybird beetles focused on mating versus feeding.
Bovine Mastitis due to Coliform Bacteria, and Susceptibility to Antibiotics, ...Premier Publishers
This study was aimed at determining the prevalence of coliform bacteria in bovine milk in Plateau State of Nigeria and their antibiotic susceptibility patterns. A total of 640 milk samples were collected aseptically and 160 questionnaires from where data such as breed, age, parity, lactation stage, floor type, and husbandry system were analyzed. Cows without clinical mastitis were subjected to California Mastitis Test to determine the presence of subclinical mastitis. Bacteriological assays and antibiotic susceptibility tests were conducted according to standard guidelines. Subclinical mastitis with a prevalence of 63.8% was more prevalent in cows than clinical mastitis. Overall, the Friesian breed had the highest mastitis prevalence of 85.7% compared to White Fulani (which is indigenous in Nigeria). Cows aged within 2-4 years old had the least mastitis prevalence of 55.2%. Coliforms isolated from milk samples included E coli, K. pneumoniae, K. oxytoca, C. freundii, E. aerogenes, E. cloacae, and S. marcescens, with E coli having the highest prevalence of 44.8%. The most resistant antimicrobial agent was Streptomycin with 79% prevalence. The principle of One Health approach which targets the environment, animals and humans should be considered important. Good hygienic measures should be intensified among pastoralists.
Koch’s postulate in reproduction of broiler coccidiosis by co-infection with ...Danielle Ayyash
The purpose of this research is to establish a model of Koch’s postulate for reproducing coccidiosis in broilers by co-infection with eight most common Eimeria spp. involved in this economic disease, in an attempt to use this model in future evaluation of new controlling biologics.
1. The document outlines a model for the transient virulence of pathogens emerging in new host populations. It suggests that emerging pathogens will show initially high virulence that decreases over time as the pathogen spreads.
2. A toy epidemiological model is described that includes both disease transmission dynamics and evolutionary dynamics of pathogen virulence. Simulation of this model shows that peak virulence during an emergence is higher when the initial infectious population is smaller.
3. The model suggests that emerging pathogens may exhibit transiently high virulence during the early epidemic phase that then declines as the pathogen reaches an endemic equilibrium. The height and timing of the peak virulence depends on factors like genetic variation and the basic reproductive number of the pathogen.
This document provides an overview of a presentation on eco-evolutionary models of pathogen virulence. It begins with background on the evolution of theories of host-pathogen interactions. It then presents a toy model combining epidemiological and evolutionary dynamics to examine how virulence may transiently peak when a pathogen emerges in a new host population before declining. The model is used to explore how the initial epidemic size and genetic variation affect the height and timing of the virulence peak. The discussion considers how the model may help explain observed patterns of high initial virulence sometimes seen in emerging infectious diseases.
Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths and Protozoa Parasites of Ruminants in Min...iosrjce
This study investigated the prevalence of intestinal helminths and protozoa parasites in ruminants (cattle, sheep, goats) presented with diarrhea to a veterinary hospital in Minna, Nigeria between 2012-2013. Fecal samples were collected and examined for parasites. In 2012, 59.2% of samples were positive, compared to 82.7% in 2013. The most common parasites found across all years and species were Coccidia spp, Fasciola spp, and Ascaris spp. Higher prevalence was observed in 2013 possibly due to differences in climatic factors and management practices between the years. The study highlights the need for improved veterinary infrastructure, strategic deworming programs,
Retrospective and Prospective Studies of Gastro-Intestinal Helminths of Human...theijes
A five-year retrospective and one-year prospective studies of gastrointestinal (GIT) helminths was carried out in humans and dogs in Makurdi, Nigeria. Data from 534 individuals presented at the Federal Medical Centre (FMC) and 103 faecal samples from dogs at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital (VTH), University of Agriculture, Makurdi from 2007 to 2014 were used. The overall prevalence of zoonotic GIT helminths in humans was 76.21% (407/534) and 56.31% (58/103) in dogs. The differences in the prevalences in humans based on sex,ethnicity and age were not statistically significant (χ2 , P< 0.05). However, the test of individual factor (coefficient) on GIT helminthes in humans showed that hookworms prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.001), Ascaris lumbricoides was dependent on ethnicity and age (P = 0.000 and 0.005), Taenia spp. prevalence was dependent on age and sex (P = 0.007 and 0.005), and Strongyloides stercoralis prevalence was dependent on age (P = 0.04). The prevalence in dogs depended on age and breed (χ2 ,P < 0.05) but not on sex (χ2 ,P > 0.05). Hookworms, Taenia spp and Trichuris vulpisoccurred in humans and dogs. Hookworms were the most common helminth of both humans and dogs. Individual factor (coefficient) on the effect of risk factors on specific helminths is essential in understanding the epidemiology of each helminth. Attention should be paid to control measures in man anddogs.
Ensuring successful introduction of Wolbachia in natural populations of Aedes...FGV Brazil
The control of the spread of dengue fever by introduction of the intracellular parasitic bacterium Wolbachia in populations of the vector Aedes aegypti, is presently one of the most promising tools for eliminating dengue, in the absence of an efficient vaccine. The success of this operation requires locally careful planning to determine the adequate number of individuals carrying the wolbachia parasite that need to be introduced into the natural population. The introduced mosquitoes are expected to eventually replace the Wolbachia-free population and guarantee permanent protection against the transmission of dengue to human. In this study, we propose and analyze a model describing the fundamental aspects of the competition between mosquitoes carrying Wolbachia and mosquitoes free of the parasite. We then use feedback control techniques to devise an introduction protocol which is proved to guarantee that the population converges to a stable equilibrium where the totality of mosquitoes carry Wolbachia.
Date: 2015-03-19
Authors:
Bliman, Pierre-Alexandre
Soledad Aronna, Maria
Coelho, Flávio Codeço
Silva, Moacyr da
This study examined the spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection, immunological responses, and exposure risk in Virgem das Graças, Brazil before and after mass drug administration of praziquantel. Before treatment, schistosomiasis prevalence was very high throughout the area, with one community having over 90% prevalence. IgE antibody levels were inversely related to pre-treatment infection levels. After treatment, prevalence and egg counts declined significantly, with only 3% of households having prevalence above pre-treatment levels. However, several distinct spatial patterns remained related to post-treatment IgE levels and water exposure risk.
OS20 POSTER - Modelling the spread of transboundary animal disease in and bet...EuFMD
The document summarizes efforts to model the spread of classical swine fever (CSF) between domestic pig populations and wild boar populations in Spain. Key points:
- The model fuses an agent-based livestock disease model with a new cellular automata-based wildlife disease model to simulate disease spread within and between domestic herds and wild boar populations.
- The domestic pig population is divided into four herd types and two regions, while the wild boar population is represented by a grid with cells of around 4 km2 overlaid on Spain.
- The model represents disease transmission within herds/cells, between nearby and distant herds/cells, and between domestic and wild populations using compartmental and
Hydatidosis of camels and cattle slaughtered in sokoto state, nothern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This study examined 189 camels and 285 cattle slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria to assess the prevalence of hydatidosis. The study found:
1. Hydatid cysts were found in 44.4% of camels and 1.8% of cattle examined, with the prevalence significantly higher in camels.
2. The majority of cysts in camels were found in the lungs (93.2%) while most cysts in cattle were found in the liver (80%).
3. Most cysts recovered from camels and cattle were small, and there was no association between cyst size and infected organ.
The results indicate hydatidosis is common in the study
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
This document introduces a conceptual framework for understanding the gendered dimensions of climate vulnerability and food security among livestock holders. It begins by defining key concepts such as gender, food security, vulnerability, and livestock holders. It then discusses how gender roles affect the impacts of climate change on the three dimensions of food security - economic, health, and nutrition. The framework presented categorizes vulnerability factors into internal socioeconomic and biophysical as well as external socioeconomic and biophysical influences. The document demonstrates applying this framework to identify gender-specific climate impacts and vulnerabilities. It concludes by recommending approaches to integrate gender considerations into climate research, development projects, and agricultural extension activities in order to improve food security for livestock holders.
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASE IN AND BETWEEN DOMESTIC ...EuFMD
This document summarizes the development of a model to simulate the spread of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in Spanish domestic pigs and wild boar populations. The model extends an existing livestock disease model (EuFMDiS) to include wildlife spread pathways. It represents the domestic pig population in Spain with four herd types and the wild boar population using a cellular automation approach with cells overlaid on a grid map of Spain. The model simulates within-and between-population spread of CSF using compartmental and spatial transmission mechanisms, and allows evaluation of control strategies for both domestic and wild populations.
How Veterinary Medicine Affects Human HealthRandom Sandi
This document discusses how veterinary medicine has positively impacted human health in several ways:
1) Veterinary research has helped control diseases like yellow fever, influenza, malaria, salmonella, and tetanus.
2) Veterinarians play a key role in food safety by inspecting livestock for diseases and enforcing food regulations.
3) Advances in veterinary medicine like surgical techniques and drug testing have benefited human medicine.
- The study analyzed records of 19090 calvings from 3181 Holstein cows in Iraq from 1990 to 2004.
- A logistic regression found that odds of dystocia were affected by year, season, calf sex, parity, and birth weight. Specifically, odds decreased 5% per year and were 27% higher in winter, 39% higher for males, 2.04 times higher for first-parity cows, and increased 16% per kg of birth weight.
- The heritability of dystocia was estimated to be 0.12, indicating dystocia is moderately influenced by genetics.
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-Yun Li
This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA carriage and infection in children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The researchers conducted a prospective case-control study of children presenting to Atlanta hospitals with SSTIs. They found that a history of antibiotic use and previous MRSA SSTIs were associated with MRSA carriage and infection. Children with abscess SSTIs were more likely to be colonized with MRSA USA300 strain than other SSTI types. Recurrence risk was higher for MRSA USA300 SSTI cases. Certain MRSA USA300 virulence genes like lukS/F-PV, agr and bsaB may contribute to carriage and SSTI
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Dr. Wondwossen A. Gebreyes - The Role of Global One Health Capacity in Global...John Blue
The Role of Global One Health Capacity in Global Food Systems - Dr. Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Director of Global Health Programs, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Wildlife-livestock-human interface: recognising drivers of diseaseILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on wildlife-livestock-human disease transmission interfaces in Kenya. It discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases like climate change and land use changes. Case studies on zoonotic diseases in smallholder farms in Western Kenya and Nipah virus transmission from bats to humans in Asia are described. A study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever transmission from wildebeest to cattle in the Kapiti Plains is also summarized. The presentation concludes that increased contact between wildlife, livestock and humans due to anthropogenic changes is increasing disease risks, and that pathogens may be one step ahead of current prediction capabilities.
Status of livestock genomics research in Ethiopia and its implementation into...ILRI
This document summarizes the status of livestock genomics research in Ethiopia and its implementation in breed improvement programs. It finds that Ethiopia has highly diverse livestock genetic resources due to its varied agro-ecologies. Genomic studies show high genetic diversity within populations for cattle, goats, sheep, and chickens. Efforts are exploring the genetic potentials through genome-wide association studies identifying genes related to adaptation, productivity, and disease resistance. Opportunities now exist to apply molecular tools in breeding programs through initiatives prioritizing livestock development and reducing genotyping costs. Overall, the document outlines the genomic research conducted on Ethiopian livestock to date and its potential application in breed improvement.
Mapping genomic regions associated with Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) using QTL...ILRI
Six bi-parental maize populations were evaluated over three seasons for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) caused by co-infection with Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus. Three major QTL for MLN resistance were identified on chromosomes 3 and 6, with a major QTL on chromosome 6 validated using QTL sequencing. Five additional bi-parental populations were developed and are being used for further QTL mapping and identification of genes conferring MLN resistance.
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
‘When Food Kills’: A socio-technical systems analysis of the UK Pennington 19...Rounaq Nayak
In 1996 and 2005, two of the largest E. coli O157 outbreaks occurred in the UK. Many people were infected after consuming meat resulting in a number of deaths. In the present study we applied a systems approach to both the outbreak reports to analyse and compare the accidents. Using the Accimap method of systems analysis, this study investigates the human errors and organisational issues involved in the outbreaks and why accidents such as these occur in the food production domain. The systems analysis carried out in this study on the two outbreaks indicates that there are both common as well as unique factors associated with the two outbreaks. The study concludes that it is necessary to address food safety from a systemic point of view and identify and solve the various problems that could arise in the system, in the pre-incubation period before the outbreak actually occurs.
The document discusses reasons for culling cows that test strongly positive for paratuberculosis, including the risks of clinical disease, decreased production and infecting other cows and calves. It also summarizes research showing that calves can shed Map bacteria after experimental infection, which can sustain infection on farms. Finally, it discusses preliminary results from herd management projects that found lower infection prevalence in herds using individual calving pens and purchasing fewer outside cows.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in four ovine breeds of Cholistan desert ...Saghir Ahmad
This study investigated the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in four sheep breeds (Kajli, Thalli, Cholistani, Lohi) in the Cholistan desert region of Pakistan. Blood samples from 335 sheep were tested using a latex agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 37.31%. Rates varied between breeds, from 28.69% in Lohi to 45.09% in Kajli, though the differences were not statistically significant. Gender differences in prevalence were also examined, with some breeds showing higher rates in females and others showing higher rates in males. The results help establish high rates of T. gondii infection
This study examined the spatial distribution of Schistosoma mansoni infection, immunological responses, and exposure risk in Virgem das Graças, Brazil before and after mass drug administration of praziquantel. Before treatment, schistosomiasis prevalence was very high throughout the area, with one community having over 90% prevalence. IgE antibody levels were inversely related to pre-treatment infection levels. After treatment, prevalence and egg counts declined significantly, with only 3% of households having prevalence above pre-treatment levels. However, several distinct spatial patterns remained related to post-treatment IgE levels and water exposure risk.
OS20 POSTER - Modelling the spread of transboundary animal disease in and bet...EuFMD
The document summarizes efforts to model the spread of classical swine fever (CSF) between domestic pig populations and wild boar populations in Spain. Key points:
- The model fuses an agent-based livestock disease model with a new cellular automata-based wildlife disease model to simulate disease spread within and between domestic herds and wild boar populations.
- The domestic pig population is divided into four herd types and two regions, while the wild boar population is represented by a grid with cells of around 4 km2 overlaid on Spain.
- The model represents disease transmission within herds/cells, between nearby and distant herds/cells, and between domestic and wild populations using compartmental and
Hydatidosis of camels and cattle slaughtered in sokoto state, nothern nigeriaAlexander Decker
This study examined 189 camels and 285 cattle slaughtered in Sokoto, Nigeria to assess the prevalence of hydatidosis. The study found:
1. Hydatid cysts were found in 44.4% of camels and 1.8% of cattle examined, with the prevalence significantly higher in camels.
2. The majority of cysts in camels were found in the lungs (93.2%) while most cysts in cattle were found in the liver (80%).
3. Most cysts recovered from camels and cattle were small, and there was no association between cyst size and infected organ.
The results indicate hydatidosis is common in the study
This document presents a mathematical model to eliminate malaria transmission by breaking the life cycle of Anopheles mosquitoes. The model introduces two natural enemies - copepods to prey on mosquito larvae and tadpoles to prey on pupae. Differential equations were derived to model the growth of each mosquito life stage from egg to adult when under attack by these predators. Stability analysis of the disease-free equilibrium was conducted using equilibrium points, Beltrami's conditions, and Diekmann's conditions. The results indicate that introducing copepods and tadpoles makes the disease-free equilibrium stable, meaning the mosquito life cycle would be broken and no adult mosquitoes emerge to transmit malaria.
This document introduces a conceptual framework for understanding the gendered dimensions of climate vulnerability and food security among livestock holders. It begins by defining key concepts such as gender, food security, vulnerability, and livestock holders. It then discusses how gender roles affect the impacts of climate change on the three dimensions of food security - economic, health, and nutrition. The framework presented categorizes vulnerability factors into internal socioeconomic and biophysical as well as external socioeconomic and biophysical influences. The document demonstrates applying this framework to identify gender-specific climate impacts and vulnerabilities. It concludes by recommending approaches to integrate gender considerations into climate research, development projects, and agricultural extension activities in order to improve food security for livestock holders.
This document summarizes a review on the potential of water buffalo in world agriculture. It discusses water buffalo's role in agriculture, their global population distribution, and phylogenetic classification. It then reviews the current state of knowledge on the molecular determinants of economically important traits in water buffalo like longevity, disease resistance, milk production, and growth. It finds that while knowledge is available, more data is still needed on these traits through genome sequencing and functional genomics to enable precision breeding and farming. Future research using systems approaches can help advance science and technology for sustainable water buffalo production.
MODELLING THE SPREAD OF TRANSBOUNDARY ANIMAL DISEASE IN AND BETWEEN DOMESTIC ...EuFMD
This document summarizes the development of a model to simulate the spread of Classical Swine Fever (CSF) in Spanish domestic pigs and wild boar populations. The model extends an existing livestock disease model (EuFMDiS) to include wildlife spread pathways. It represents the domestic pig population in Spain with four herd types and the wild boar population using a cellular automation approach with cells overlaid on a grid map of Spain. The model simulates within-and between-population spread of CSF using compartmental and spatial transmission mechanisms, and allows evaluation of control strategies for both domestic and wild populations.
How Veterinary Medicine Affects Human HealthRandom Sandi
This document discusses how veterinary medicine has positively impacted human health in several ways:
1) Veterinary research has helped control diseases like yellow fever, influenza, malaria, salmonella, and tetanus.
2) Veterinarians play a key role in food safety by inspecting livestock for diseases and enforcing food regulations.
3) Advances in veterinary medicine like surgical techniques and drug testing have benefited human medicine.
- The study analyzed records of 19090 calvings from 3181 Holstein cows in Iraq from 1990 to 2004.
- A logistic regression found that odds of dystocia were affected by year, season, calf sex, parity, and birth weight. Specifically, odds decreased 5% per year and were 27% higher in winter, 39% higher for males, 2.04 times higher for first-parity cows, and increased 16% per kg of birth weight.
- The heritability of dystocia was estimated to be 0.12, indicating dystocia is moderately influenced by genetics.
Immergluck- Emory Antibiotic Resistance Center Seminar Poster 8-19-2015-Yun Li
This study aims to determine the prevalence and risk factors of MRSA carriage and infection in children with skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs). The researchers conducted a prospective case-control study of children presenting to Atlanta hospitals with SSTIs. They found that a history of antibiotic use and previous MRSA SSTIs were associated with MRSA carriage and infection. Children with abscess SSTIs were more likely to be colonized with MRSA USA300 strain than other SSTI types. Recurrence risk was higher for MRSA USA300 SSTI cases. Certain MRSA USA300 virulence genes like lukS/F-PV, agr and bsaB may contribute to carriage and SSTI
A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interacti...ILRI
Presentation by Grace, D., Pfeiffer, D., Kock, R., Rushton, J., Mutua, F., McDermott, J. and Jones, B. 2011. A systematic review of zoonoses transmission and livestock/wildlife interactions: Preliminary findings. Presentation at the 1st International One Health Congress, Melbourne, Australia, 14-16 February 2011.
Dr. Wondwossen A. Gebreyes - The Role of Global One Health Capacity in Global...John Blue
The Role of Global One Health Capacity in Global Food Systems - Dr. Wondwossen A. Gebreyes, Director of Global Health Programs, The Ohio State University, from the 2017 NIAA Annual Conference, U.S. Animal Agriculture's Future Role In World Food Production - Obstacles & Opportunities, April 4 - 6, Columbus, OH, USA.
More presentations at http://www.trufflemedia.com/agmedia/conference/2017_niaa_us_animal_ag_future_role_world_food_production
Wildlife-livestock-human interface: recognising drivers of diseaseILRI
This document summarizes a presentation on wildlife-livestock-human disease transmission interfaces in Kenya. It discusses drivers of emerging infectious diseases like climate change and land use changes. Case studies on zoonotic diseases in smallholder farms in Western Kenya and Nipah virus transmission from bats to humans in Asia are described. A study on Malignant Catarrhal Fever transmission from wildebeest to cattle in the Kapiti Plains is also summarized. The presentation concludes that increased contact between wildlife, livestock and humans due to anthropogenic changes is increasing disease risks, and that pathogens may be one step ahead of current prediction capabilities.
Status of livestock genomics research in Ethiopia and its implementation into...ILRI
This document summarizes the status of livestock genomics research in Ethiopia and its implementation in breed improvement programs. It finds that Ethiopia has highly diverse livestock genetic resources due to its varied agro-ecologies. Genomic studies show high genetic diversity within populations for cattle, goats, sheep, and chickens. Efforts are exploring the genetic potentials through genome-wide association studies identifying genes related to adaptation, productivity, and disease resistance. Opportunities now exist to apply molecular tools in breeding programs through initiatives prioritizing livestock development and reducing genotyping costs. Overall, the document outlines the genomic research conducted on Ethiopian livestock to date and its potential application in breed improvement.
Mapping genomic regions associated with Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) using QTL...ILRI
Six bi-parental maize populations were evaluated over three seasons for resistance to Maize Lethal Necrosis (MLN) caused by co-infection with Maize chlorotic mottle virus and Sugarcane mosaic virus. Three major QTL for MLN resistance were identified on chromosomes 3 and 6, with a major QTL on chromosome 6 validated using QTL sequencing. Five additional bi-parental populations were developed and are being used for further QTL mapping and identification of genes conferring MLN resistance.
This document summarizes a study on habitat selection of pupation height and its correlation with abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance in nine altitudinal populations of Drosophila melanogaster from India. The study found that pupation height, abdominal melanization, and desiccation resistance increased with increasing altitude. Genetic correlations between abdominal melanization and desiccation resistance were also significantly high and varied with altitude. The results suggest that habitat selection of higher pupation heights and correlated increases in abdominal melanization confer greater desiccation resistance in high altitude populations as an adaptation to their environment.
‘When Food Kills’: A socio-technical systems analysis of the UK Pennington 19...Rounaq Nayak
In 1996 and 2005, two of the largest E. coli O157 outbreaks occurred in the UK. Many people were infected after consuming meat resulting in a number of deaths. In the present study we applied a systems approach to both the outbreak reports to analyse and compare the accidents. Using the Accimap method of systems analysis, this study investigates the human errors and organisational issues involved in the outbreaks and why accidents such as these occur in the food production domain. The systems analysis carried out in this study on the two outbreaks indicates that there are both common as well as unique factors associated with the two outbreaks. The study concludes that it is necessary to address food safety from a systemic point of view and identify and solve the various problems that could arise in the system, in the pre-incubation period before the outbreak actually occurs.
The document discusses reasons for culling cows that test strongly positive for paratuberculosis, including the risks of clinical disease, decreased production and infecting other cows and calves. It also summarizes research showing that calves can shed Map bacteria after experimental infection, which can sustain infection on farms. Finally, it discusses preliminary results from herd management projects that found lower infection prevalence in herds using individual calving pens and purchasing fewer outside cows.
Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in four ovine breeds of Cholistan desert ...Saghir Ahmad
This study investigated the seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in four sheep breeds (Kajli, Thalli, Cholistani, Lohi) in the Cholistan desert region of Pakistan. Blood samples from 335 sheep were tested using a latex agglutination test. The overall seroprevalence was found to be 37.31%. Rates varied between breeds, from 28.69% in Lohi to 45.09% in Kajli, though the differences were not statistically significant. Gender differences in prevalence were also examined, with some breeds showing higher rates in females and others showing higher rates in males. The results help establish high rates of T. gondii infection
Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus In Human MilkBiblioteca Virtual
1) The study analyzed 500 human milk samples from 5 Brazilian cities and found methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in 57 of the samples.
2) All 57 MRSA strains were found to contain the mecA gene, which is responsible for methicillin resistance.
3) Of the 40 MRSA strains tested for enterotoxins, 2 were found to produce enterotoxin B. Growth experiments showed that these 2 strains could produce enterotoxin in both human colostrum and culture medium.
Epidemiological research on brucellosis in India: Knowledge generated and gapsILRI
Presentation by Ram Pratim Deka, Johanna Lindahl and Delia Grace at a workshop on One Health approach for brucellosis control in India, New Delhi, India, 26 October 2017.
Prevalence and associated risk factor of bovine calves coccidiosis in nekemt city, oromia, western ethiopia
Authors:Walkite Furgasa , Sosina Dawit , Shibiru Wako and Adisu Dube
Int J Biol Med Res. 2023; 14(4): 7660-7664 | Abstract | PDF File
This study analyzed Trypanosoma cruzi seroprevalence in 520 pregnant women and their newborns in Guanajuato, Mexico. Anti-T. cruzi antibodies were detected in 20 mothers (4%) by ELISA and IHA tests. Four newborn cases tested positive by PCR. Risk factors for T. cruzi infection that were significant (P < 0.050) included building materials of dwellings, presence of pets, and dwellings in rural areas. This constitutes the first systematic study of congenital Chagas disease and associated risk factors in Guanajuato. The results indicate an incidence of 770 cases per 100,000 births in 12 months, with a 0.8%
Preparedness, Prediction and Prevention of Emerging Zoonotic Viruses with Pan...Global Risk Forum GRFDavos
Presentation at 3rd GRF One Health Summit 2015
The One Health Approach for Communicable Diseases
Sylvie VAN DER WERF, Institut Pasteur, France, on behalf of the PREDEMICS consortium
Reproductive performance of different goat breeds in MalaysiaMohammed Muayad TA
This document summarizes a study on the reproductive performance of three goat breeds (Kambing Katjang, Boer, and Jamnapari) in Malaysia using controlled internal drug release (CIDR) devices and artificial insemination. Sixty goats were divided into a treatment group that received CIDR devices for 9 days and a control group. The study found higher estrus synchronization, pregnancy, and twin rates in the treatment group compared to the control. The Boer breed had the highest twin rate. Mortality was highest for kids under 3 months and higher for females than males. In conclusion, CIDR devices can effectively synchronize estrus cycles and improve reproductive performance, especially for Boer goats.
Quantitative risk assessment of human salmonellosis in the smallholder pig va...ILRI
Poster by Sinh Dang-Xuan, Hung Nguyen-Viet, Fred Unger, Phuc Pham-Duc, Delia Grace, Ngan Tran-Thi, Max Barot, Ngoc Pham-Thi and Kohei Makita presented at the CGIAR Research Program on Agriculture for Nutrition and Health (A4NH) Vietnam partner day on sharing progress and planning ahead for collaborative research, Hanoi, Vietnam, 23 March 2018.
Longevity is a highly desirable trait that considerably affects overall profitability. With increased longevity, the mean production of the herd increases because a greater proportion of the culling decisions are based on production. Longevity did not receive adequate attention in breeding programs because genetic evaluation for this trait is generally difficult as some animals are still alive at the time of genetic evaluation. Therefore, three basic strategies were suggested to evaluate longevity for cows: Firstly, cow survival to a specific age, which can be analyzed as a binary trait by either linear or threshold models. Secondly, estimating life expectancy of live cows and including these records in a linear model analysis. Thirdly, survival analysis: a method of combining the information of dead (uncensored) and alive (censored) cows in same analysis. This review represents an attempt to shed a light on different strategies of genetic evaluation of longevity in dairy cattle in most of developed countries.
Prevalence of Malaria Infection and Malaria Anaemia among Children Attending ...theijes
Malaria associated anaemia represent a major public health problem. Thestudy considered Out-Patient children at Emergency Paediatric Unit, Federal Medical Centre, Yola aged 6 months-15 years from June to November 2015. Questionnaires were used to collect information relating to gender, age and parents/guardians sociodemographic characteristics. Microscopic examination of Thick and Thin blood films a technique was employed, Pack Cell Volumewas used to screen for anaemia. Of the 168 children sampled, the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia was 29.2% and 26.2% respectively and it was associated with P. falciparum. Malaria infection in relation to anaemia, children with mild anaemia (47.6%) had the highest infection rate. It was observed that malaria infection was higher among males (32.2%) than the females (25.6%), age group 5-9 years (34.2%) had the highest malaria infection and least was ≥15 years (20.0%) but these were statistically insignificant within gender and age of the children and malaria infection (p˃0.05). Higher malaria infection among children whose parents/guardians were unemployed (38.5%), attended primary education (52.6%) and reside in village setting (31.4%). Malaria anaemia in relation to children epidemiological data, males (31.6%), 5-9 years (31.6%) recorded with high prevalence rate while sociodemographic characteristics of parents/guardians, children whose parents/guardians were civil servant (18.9%), attended tertiary education (13.8%) and live in quarters (11.1%) had the least prevalence rate of malaria anaemia. Children gender, parents/guardians occupation and educational qualification were significantly associated with malaria anaemia (p˂0.05). Therefore, parents/guardians sociodemographic factors such as better occupation, higher educational qualification and well layout and refined area of residence reduces the prevalence of malaria infection and malaria anaemia in children. There is need to sensitized public on the importance of management of malaria and the possible effects of malaria anaemia on children in order to circumvent the menace.
Dr. Andres Perez - PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regiona...John Blue
PRRS Epidemiology: Best Principles of Control at a Regional Level - Dr. Andres Perez, University of Minnesota, from the 2015 North American PRRS Symposium, December 4 - 5, 2015, Chicago, IL, USA.
More presentations at http://www.swinecast.com/2015-north-american-prrs-symposium
Seroprevalence and risk factors of Coxiella burnetii (Q fever) infection amon...ILRI
Presentation by D.K. Mwololo, P.M. Kitala, S.K. Wanyoike and B. Bett at the 9th biennial scientific conference and exhibition of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nairobi, 3-5 September 2014.
Risk assessment for staphylococcal food poisoning due to consumption of stree...ILRI
This study assessed the risk of staphylococcal food poisoning from consumption of ready-to-eat chicken sold by street vendors in South Africa. Bacterial counts from chicken samples found high prevalence of Staphylococcus aureus contamination but levels below the threshold required to produce toxins. A risk model estimated a low 1.3% chance of illness. While contamination was common, the risk to health was low. The study concludes that with hygiene training for vendors, street food can provide a safe source of protein for low-income communities.
Composition and Variation of the Human Milk Microbiota Are Influenced by Mate...Ciencia Tecnología
Breastmilk contains a complex community of bacteria that may help seed the infant gut microbiota. The composition and determinants of milk microbiota are poorly understood. Among 393 mother-infant dyads from the CHILD cohort, we found that milk microbiota at 3–4 months postpartum was dominated by inversely correlated Proteobacteria and Firmicutes, and exhibited discrete compositional patterns. Milk microbiota composition and diversity were associated with maternal factors (BMI, parity, and mode of delivery), breastfeeding practices, and other milk components in a sex-specific manner. Causal modeling identified mode of breastfeeding as a key determinant of milk microbiota composition. Specifically, providing pumped breastmilk was consistently associated with multiple microbiota parameters including enrichment of potential pathogens and depletion of bifidobacteria. Further, these data support the retrograde inoculation hypothesis, whereby the infant oral cavity impacts the milk microbiota. Collectively, these results identify features and determinants of human milk microbiota composition, with potential implications for infant health and development.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
Involvement of Helicobacter Pylori in the Genesis of Precancerous Stomach Les...semualkaira
Helicobacter Pylori is a bacterium involved in the genesis of precancerous lesions of the stomach. This infection is universally
prevalent but is higher in developing countries. A retrospective
study spread over 3 years (2018-2019-2020) was conducted at the
pathological anatomy laboratory of the Chadli Bendjedid Hospital
in El Tarf, northeast Algeria. All patients were submitted to a fiberscope, and the diagnosis was established by histological examination. The results show that of the 134 patients examined, 100%
were diagnosed with chronic gastritis. The prevalence of H. pylori
infection was 61.94%; 63.86% of women were affected, and the
most susceptible age group was 50-59 years; 36.14% of men were
affected, mainly in the age group 30-39 years. Locally, the fundic antrum area appeared to be the most affected (81.93%) with
moderate chronic atrophic gastritis (78.57%) and silent activity
(94.28%), which favors the development of cancer cells.
What variables are important in predicting bovine viral diarrhea virus? A ran...University of Minnesota
The random forest algorithm was used to analyze data from a bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) prevalence study and identify important predictors of BVDV occurrence. A random forest model was trained on data from 388 dairy farms tested for BVDV. Variable importance analysis identified the most important predictors of BVDV as who inseminates the animals on the farm, the number of neighboring farms with cattle, and whether rectal palpation was routinely performed. The random forest model had an error rate of 32.03% for correctly predicting negative farms and 36.78% for positive farms, with an area under the ROC curve of 0.702. This study demonstrated that random forest is a useful machine learning method for epidemi
Professor Soo Downe presenting at the Doctoral Midwifery Research Society Alcohol & Medication in Pregnancy Conferene about 'Which horse for which courses? The EBM Problem in studies of pharmacological substances in maternity care'.
Similar to Machado_et_al-2014-Transboundary_and_Emerging_Diseases (20)