This teaches us how the development of ASEAN countries went.

1. UNIT 2: THE
DEVELOPMENT OF
SOUTHEAST ASIAN STATES
(PART 1)
M1/ISME (HISTORY)
DO HYEON CHOI (T. DORA)

2. CONTENTS
• Fundamental factors that influenced changes in Southeast
Asia
1.1 Topography
1.1.1 Topographical characteristics
1.1.2 Climate conditions
1.2 Humans
1.2.1 Settlement
1.2.2 Political and trade expansion
1.3 Resources (water, soil, forests, minerals, agricultural and
fishery products, recreational resources)
• Conclusion
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3. INTRODUCTION
• Many ancient communities were able to
develop into great states
• During the present day, most of the ethnic
groups have been mixed with different
people
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4. TOPOGRAPHY
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5. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Introduction:
• Highly conducive to human settlement (lots of
ethnic groups coming in and out gradually)
• Important for the global trade, especially between
the East (China) and the West (India, Arabia,
and Europe)
Where?
• Connected to East Asia in the north, both by land
and sea via South China sea
• Connected to South Asia to the west via the Gulf
of Bengal
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6. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mainland Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia)
1. Upper region
• Complex mountain range from the south of China
(upper region)
• Mountain ranges from north to south
• Most important: Arakan Mountain
• Valley where the river originates from the Tibetan
highlands (in the middle of the mountain range)
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7. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mainland Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia)
2. Middle region
• Western part: coastal area of the Gulf of Bengal
connected to Ayeyarwady
• Southern: narrow coastline in Myanmar
• Centre: a large river basin in Thailand
• East: Mekong River and the river basin in
Vietnam to the South China Sea
• Easternmost: long Vietnamese coastline
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8. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Mainland Southeast Asia (Myanmar, Laos,
Vietnam, Cambodia, Thailand, and Malaysia)
3. Lower region
• Malay Peninsula (lower region)
• Complex mountain range bordering Thailand and
Myanmar
• Comprised of a vast expanse of highlands
• Coastlines (narrow flatlands)
• Short streams flow from both the Gulf of Thailand
and the Andaman Sea
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9. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Maritime Southeast Asia (Singapore,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines)
• Comprised of many Indonesian archipelagos
(Java, Sumatra, Kalimantan, Bali, and Maluku)
• Continue down to Timor Leste (near Australia)
• Area of Kalimantan Island: Indonesia, the
Malaysian states of Sabah and Sarawak, and
Brunei
• Easternmost: Philippines (more than 7,000
islands)
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10. TOPOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Maritime Southeast Asia (Singapore,
Indonesia, Malaysia, Brunei, Philippines)
• Some have volcanic islands that are still active
(located on the Ring of Fire)
• Earthquakes and volcanic eruptions
• Coastlines with gulfs and bays, creating
appropriate conditions for maritime travel and
international trade
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11. CLIMATE CONDITIONS
Two types of monsoon
South eastern monsoon
- From the Indian Ocean
- Between May and September
- Brings moisture to the region
- Depends on the precipitation rates
North eastern monsoon
- From the South China Sea
- Between October and February
- Brings cold and dry weather from Siberia to the
upper region
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12. CLIMATE CONDITIONS
• February to May: hot drought season
Rainy season:
1. Typhoons from the Pacific Ocean
2. Cyclones from the Indian Ocean in the south
and west (e.g. Cyclone Nargis in Myanmar)
Others:
3. Climate differs, depending on various countries
4. Average temperature: 18 to 35 degrees
Celsius
5. High mountains in upper Myanmar (really
cold)
6. Precipitation is high
7. Suitable for human settlement
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13. HUMANS
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14. HUMANS
• Bones and tools belong to the first
generation of humans
• Italics needed have been discovered on
Java Island
• Shared similar cultural characteristics
with their counterparts living in Beijing
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15. HUMANS: SETTLEMENT
• Homo sapiens (Australoid) settled across South and
Southeast Asia (later to various archipelagos in the
South Pacific and Australia)
• Several ethnic groups: Australoid, Veddoid,
Melanesian, Indonesian, Nigrito, and Mongoloid
• Neolithic Age as the time of exodus from Asia by both
land and sea (resulted in cultural and bloodline
mixture)
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16. HUMANS: SETTLEMENT
• The emergence of agrarian village (cloth weaving, artwork, tools invention, rituals, etc.)
• Most prominent cultures: Mongoloids, Indonesians, the first generations of Malays, the Polynesians, and the Nigritos
• Metal Age:
1. Able to combine bronze and iron to make tools and equipment
2. Efficient agricultural techniques
3. Population grew rapidly
4. Government and belief systems being invented
5. Internal and external trades led to mixture of cultures
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17. HUMANS: POLITICAL AND TRADE EXPANSION
• Stronger states expanded powers and controlled neighboring territories with suitable environment (for stability and wealth,
and to eliminate competing powers)
• Wars between states were common
• Winner would be the one to spread their own culture with power!
• Sometimes the loser losing could be the benefit to increasing the winner’s chances
Trade:
• Affected politics, economics, and human civilization
• Transition from production for internal consumption to production for sale and the search for goods to export
• Profit monopolization
• The western colonization
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18. RESOURCES
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19. RESOURCES
• Rich in natural resources
• For basic needs including food, shelter, clothing, medicine
• Minerals and agricultural products could be traded for foreign goods
• Attracts tourists with its natural and cultural assets
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20. RESOURCES
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Water:
• Rich in natural water resources
(e.g. Red River Basin,
Ayeyarwady River Basin, etc.)
• Supported the region’s population
for rice plantation locally and
globally
• River basins being densely
populated areas
Soil:
• Very fertile due to rich soil in
minerals deposited by the rivers
• Highly supported the agricultural
lands
• Greatly impacted by deforestation,
droughts, and shortage of
sediments
• Soil in Indonesian and Filipino
islands is fertile, made from
eroded volcanic rocks

21. RESOURCES
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Forests:
• Used to be a major source of
valuable forests (tropical
rainforest, tropical dry forest,
bamboo forest, etc.)
• Destroyed by encroachment for
agriculture, investment, and
tourist resorts (leads to the
extinction of original plant
species, herbs, and wild animals)
• Droughts and global warming
Minerals:
• Copper, tin, and iron as
important to the development of
this region
• Others: gold, gems, and rock salt
• Today: Myanmar, Laos, and
upper Vietnam as sources of many
minerals
• Most important and profitable
resource: petroleum in Brunei
and Malaysia

22. RESOURCES
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Agricultural and fishery products:
• Spices as key agricultural goods
that influenced the establishment
of East-West trade route in the
past
• Wood used for ship building,
fragrant woods, and herbs
• Tapioca, oil palms, coffee, tea,
and winter fruits and vegetables
as cultivated to respond to market
demands overseas
• Deep-water fishing from
Thailand
Recreational resources:
• Ideal destination for western
tourists because of sun, sea, and
sand (e.g. coral reefs in the Gulf
of Thailand, Andaman Islands,
etc.)
• Archaeological and ethnic cultures

23. CONCLUSION
• Next class: Social Studies Unit 4
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