This study examined the coherence between pre-service language teachers' stated beliefs about language teaching and their actual productions of websites for language learning. The researchers analyzed student essays, websites, and questionnaires from 17 students in a CALL course. They found that while students' approaches to teaching with CALL aligned with their stated beliefs, the students' beliefs seemed more influenced by their own experiences as language learners rather than by their teacher training. The researchers suggest improving instruction by better integrating knowledge from pedagogy courses into the CALL elements and exposing students to more in-depth examples of CALL.

1. Teacher beliefs underlying novice CALL productions. A study of websites produced by pre-service language teachers/trainers Denyze Toffoli Geoff Sockett DLADL Université de Strasbourg

2. Research questions How coherent are students’ approaches to teaching / learning when using CALL? Web productions related to stated and implicit (essays) beliefs How can we improve our instruction? Do our courses prepare students to use CALL in their teaching? Do students retain what we expect them to?

3. Research approach Qualitative: Action research (inform & improve our practices) Case studies (few students) Comparisons (3 sources of information – depth) Student web productions Student essays Questionnaire

4. What we do in Strasbourg M1: Introduction to language education Methodologies and techniques of language teaching Introductions to CALL, research techniques, linguistics Practice teaching (50 hrs) M2: Web design for languages (CML)

5. CALL components of M1 programme Analysing on-line CALL tools 12-hr task-oriented course discovery of CALL tools (diversity) user introduction to LMS (Dokeos) compiling criteria for analysis production = essay 12-hr initiation to HTML WYSIWYG editor on-line tutorial & teacher guidance 24-hr project to create a site image, sound, exerciser, ftp software production = on-line "language" site

6. Methodology for this study student selection (17/111) ESSAYS (17) analysis of "France Aventures" SITES (14) 2nd term projects – websites QUESTIONNAIRE (11) teaching methodology, place of CALL

7. Questionnaire content 10 questions about approach to teaching / learning languages Methodes used Role of L1 Errors & error correction (Johnson, 1992) 5 questions about the role of CALL in language teaching

8. Teaching objectives about CALL Technology needn’t dictate teaching approaches Hyperlinks = simple HTML, but can be used both to create an online grammar book or dictionary to incite higher-order cognitive tasks (selecting, ordering, convincing) i.e.: webquests Exercisers (MCQ, cloze, etc.) encourage drilling & memory work, but can be used for discovery, especially with appropriate feedback (Higgins & Tatham 2003, Duchiron 2003, Bravard 2005) Forums & chats favour interaction, but allow “legitimate peripheral participation” (Lave & Wenger, 1991)

9. Teaching objectives about CALL CALL can compensate some shortcomings of face-to-face instruction (Hirschsprung, 2005) Access to authentic FL communication Optimisation of individual practice Progressive autonomy Distance learning CALL can capitalise on certain technical "convergences" with "action-oriented" pedagogies (Puren, 2009) Project (group work) and autonomy Information skills Access to authentic resources for tasks Online publishing of learning productions

10. 3 student case-studies SH: a consistent preference for communicative approaches; integration of tasks SC: a consistent preference for grammar-based approaches AC: a stated preference for communicative approaches; a translation-based website What happened?

11. SH: communicative & task-based Website Beliefs (from questionnaire) The goal of language learning is to communicate efficiently. As a teacher I facilitate student interactions & manage classroom activities. In my classes we solve problems in realistic situations act out situations and discuss topics

12. Comparison of beliefs to production Her site Pertinent animation & interesting content Preparatory steps lead to tasks. Most of the learning is informative (about francophonie) as opposed to language. Feedback in exercises is inexistant, except for "right / wrong" reponses. Her essay "The game mixes material with animation in a pertinent manner." "There is no real preparation for the tasks." "The student doesn't really have the opportunity to learn new things other than some cultural aspects." "It would be more pertinent to give clues or keys to the students, or even to encite them to try by not giving the answer."

13. Task orientation Essay "Each stage of the journey consists of a task to be performed." "task" appears 12 times in 3 pages.

14. Another example of task

15. SC: deductive grammar approach The goal of language learning is to memorise rules and examples in order to translate literary texts. In my classes we work from written texts and grammars and work on translations and rules. Beliefs (from questionnaire)

16. SC: comparing production to beliefs Essay: "There are however no tools to explain the grammar points that need then to be applied to each exercise. ... It would be better to add explanations of grammar points presented before the exercises." "Athough a help function is a necessary pedagogical tool, answers [to the exercises] should never be given."

17. AC: communicative preferences ; translation-based site Beliefs (from questionnaire) The goal of language learning is to communicate efficiently. As a teacher I facilitate student interactions. In my classes we solve problems in realistic situations act out situations and discuss topics

18. AC: contrasting production with beliefs Essay "… the presentation of 'authentic' and diversified situations" "communicative obectives (greetings, ordering, leave-taking in a restaurant), …" "Communicative goals of the site include lexical coherency, an ability to use rules of politeness. ...the site develops socio-cultural as well as linguistic skills." "the exercises concern both pragmatic and linguistic knowledge."

19. What does this tell us? students’ approaches to teaching / learning with CALL are essentially coherent, whatever their approach may be. pre-service teacher beliefs (about methodology) are formed more by their experiences as learners than by teacher training (Borg, 2006)

20. How can we improve our instruction? Facilitate integration of knowledge from general pedagogy courses into the CALL elements Expose students to key examples of CALL in more depth Consider pragmatic approach to CALL (such as Chapelle & Jamieson, 2008), rather than web-design

21. What about research methodologies on teacher education in CALL? Studying coherence across activities is a helpful way of assessing how well learners are grasping CALL pedagogy. Contrasting different types of data requires the combination of a range of protocols Evaluative criteria for CALL productions Textual analysis Teacher belief questionnaires

22. Limits and future directions Sample size Missing information (student background, profiles, …) Reasons for apparent incoherence (more research necessary) Technical overload Focus on tools provided, not on pedagogy Lack of teaching experience Lack of interest for future use Shaky didactic foundations Confronting our own beliefs as teacher trainers

23. Bibliography Borg, S. 2006. Teacher cognition and language education: research and practice. New York: Continuum. Bravard S. 2005. USAGES PEDAGOGIQUES DES QCM : Un guide pour la mise en place d’un questionnaire à choix multiple. http://www.paristech.org/pratiques_tice/article.php3?id_article=93 Chapelle, C. & Jamieson, J. (2008). Tips for teaching with CALL . White Plains, NY: Pearson Longman. Duchiron, E. 2003. Les TIC dans l’enseignement / apprentissage des langues : Atouts, limites & exploitations potentielles du choix fourni. Juin 2003. http://www.sigu7.jussieu.fr/AEM/doc_pdf/memo_dea_ed.pdf Higgins, E. & Tatham, L. 2003, 2, 1. Exploring the potential of Multiple-Choice Questions in Assessment, Learning and Teaching in Action. Manchester: http://www.ltu.mmu.ac.uk/ltia/index.htm Hirschprung, N. 2005. Apprendre et enseigner avec le multimédia . Paris: Hachette. Hubbard, P. & Levy, M. 2006. Teacher Education in CALL. Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Lave, J. & Wenger, E. 1991. Situated Learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge: CUP. Johnson, K. 1992. "Teachers' Beliefs Inventory – approaches to ESL instruction" in Richards, J. & Lockhart, C. 1994. Reflective teaching in second language classrooms . Cambridge: CUP. Puren, C. 2009. "Nouvelle perspective actionnelle et (nouvelles) technologies éducatives : quelles convergences… et quelles divergences ?" Cyber-langues / APLV-Langues modernes : http://www.cyber-langues.asso.fr/spip.php?rubrique45