current status of various luting agents/cementing agents in fixed partial denture and prosthodontics.

1. DENTAL CEMENTS/LUTING
CEMENTS
AJAY YERRAMSETTI

2. 2
 INTRODUCTION
 IDEAL PROPERTIES
 CLASSIFICATION
 TYPES OF CEMENTS
 PROPERTIES
 REVIEW OF LITERATURE
 CONCLUSION
 REFERENCES
CONTENTS

3. 3
• Cement—Substance that hardens from a viscous state to a solid state to join two surfaces; for dental
applications, cements act as a base, liner, filling material, or adhesive to bind devices and prostheses to tooth
structures or to each other.
• Luting agent—A viscous cement-like material that fills a gap between bonded materials.
• Dental cements are materials that set intraorally and that are commonly used to join a tooth and a prosthesis.
• Every cement must be assessed for its biocompatibility, safety, and effectiveness.
INTRODUCTION

4. 4
• Many types of dental cements are supplied as a powder and a liquid or as two pastes , so that mixing starts a
chemical reaction. The liquids are usually acids (proton donors), and the powders are basic (alkaline) in
nature, commonly composed of glass or metal oxides.
• Resin cements do not rely on an acid-base reaction but set through polymerization activated by light or a
chemical.
• For cementing an appliance, a luting agent must exhibit a sufficiently low viscosity to flow readily along the
interfaces between hard tissue and a fixed prosthesis, and they must be capable of wetting both surfaces to
retain the prosthesis in place.

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IDEAL PROPERTIES
1.Adheres well to both tooth structure and cast alloys
Good seal, is non toxic to pulp
Good working and
setting characteristics
Low viscosity and
solubility
Adequate strength
Any excess can be
easily removed
long working time
Is compressible into
thin layers
Mclean and Wilson

6. CLASSIFICATION
Based on knowledge
and experience of
use
• Conventional (zinc phosphate, polycarboxylate, glass- ionomer)
• Contemporary (resin-modified glassionomers, resin)
Based on the chief
ingredients
• a. Zinc phosphate, b. Zinc silicophosphate, c. Zinc oxide-
eugenol, d. Zinc polyacrylate, e. Glass-ionomer, f. Resin

7. Based on matrix
bond type
• a. Phosphate b. Phenolate c. Polycarboxylate
• d. Resin, e. Resin-modified glass-ionomer
Based on the
principal setting
reaction
• a. Acid-base cements
• b. Polymerization cements

8. ZINC PHOSPHATE CEMENT
• Oldest of the cementation agents and thus has the longest track record.
• Traditional cement used for the alloy restorations.
• Supplied as a powder and liquid, both of which are carefully compounded to
react with one another during mixing to develop a mass of cement possessing
desirable physical properties.
• According to ADA sp. No. 8
Type I – fine grained for luting.
Type II – medium grained for luting and filling

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COMPOSITION
 The powder contains more than 75% of zinc oxide and up to 13% of magnesium oxide.
 The liquid contains phosphoric acid (38% to 59%), water (30% to 55%), aluminum phosphate (2% to 3%).
 The liquid controls the pH and the rate of the liquid-powder (acid-base) reaction.

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SETTING REACTION
 Phosphoric acid attacks the surface of the particles and releases zinc ions into the liquid.
 The aluminum, which already forms a complex with the phosphoric acid, reacts with zinc and yields a zinc
aluminophosphate gel.
 Thus the set cement is a cored structure consisting primarily of unreacted zinc oxide particles embedded in a cohesive
amorphous matrix of zinc aluminophosphate.
 Exothermic reaction.

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MANIPULATION
 Incorporate the proper amount of powder into the liquid slowly on a cool slab (about 21 º C) to attain the desired
consistency of the cement.

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 POWDER LIQUID RATIO
 The powder liquid ratio is 1.4gm/0.5ml.
 RATE OF POWDER INCORPORATION
 Introduction of small quantity of powder into the liquid for the first few increments increases working and setting times
by reducing the amount of heat generated and permits more powder to be incorporated into the mix.

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 CARE OF THE LIQUID
 Keep the bottle tightly closed when not dispensing the material.
 Addition of water – shorter setting time
 Loss of water- lengthened setting time
 MIXING SLAB
 The mixing slab temperature should be low enough to effectively cool the cement mass.
 MIXING PROCEDURE
 By incorporating small portions of the powder into the liquid, minimal heat is liberated and easily dissipated. The heat
of the reaction is most effectively dissipated when the cement is mixed over a large area of the cooled slab.

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 CONTACT WITH MOISTURE
 If the cement hardens in the presence of saliva some of the phosphoric acid is leaked out and the surface of the cement
will be dull and easily dissolved by oral fluids.
 After the cement sets it should not be allowed to dry. Drying of the cement results in shrinkage and crazing of the
surface.
 A coating of varnish should minimize dehydration as well as prevent premature contact with oral fluid
 Working time - 2.5 to 8 minutes.
Setting time- 5 to 9 minutes

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 PROPERTIES
 Compressive strength - 104MPa
 Tensile strength - 5.5 MPa.
 Modulus of elasticity of -13 GPa.
 Thus it is quite stiff and should be resistant to elastic deformation even when it is employed for cementation of
restorations that are subjected to high masticatory stress.
 A reduction in the powder liquid ratio of the mix produces a markedly weaker cement. A loss or gain in the water
content of the liquid reduces the compressive and tensile strengths of the cement.

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-Adequate strength to
maintain the restoration.
-Relatively good
manufacturer properties.
-Mixed easily and set
sharply to a relatively
strong mass from a fluid
consistency.
-Irritating effect on the
pulp.
-Lack of anticariogenic
properties.
-Lack of adhesion to the
tooth.
-Vulnerability to acid
attack.
-Solubility in acidic fluids.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

17. ZINC POLYCARBOXYLATE CEMENT
 Zinc polycarboxylate cement was the first cement system that
developed an adhesive bond to tooth structure in 1960.
Applications
 Zinc polyacrylate cements are used primarily for luting permanent
alloy restorations and as bases.
 These cements have also been used in orthodontics for cementation of
bands.

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POWDER LIQUID
 Zinc oxide- main ingredient.
 Magnesium oxide- principal modifier, also aids in
sintering.
 Stannous fluoride- increases strength, modifies setting
time and imparts anticariogenic properties.
 Oxides of bismuth and aluminium- small amounts.
 Polyacrylic acid- 32-42%.
 Itaconic and tartaric may be present to stabilize the liquid,
which can gel on extended storage.
 COMPOSITION

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SETTING REACTION
 The setting reaction of this cement involves particle surface dissolution by acid that releases zinc, magnesium, and tin
ions, which bind to the polymer chain via the carboxyl groups.
 These ions react with carboxyl groups of adjacent polyacid chains so that a cross-linked salt is formed as the cement
sets.

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 MANIPULATION
 The cement liquids are quite viscous.
 Powder liquid ratio is 1.5 parts of powder to 1 part of liquid by weight.
 The mixed cement is pseudoplastic that is the viscosity decreases as the shear rate increases, or in other terms, the flow
increases as spatulation increases or as force is placed on the material.

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PROPERTIES
 Viscosity
• The initial viscosity of zinc polycarboxylate cement is higher than zinc phosphate.
 Film thickness
• Clinically, this means that the action of spatulation and seating with a vibratory action will reduce the viscosity and yield
a film thickness of 25μm or less.

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Solubility
 The solubility of the cement in water is low, but when it is exposed to organic acids with a pH of 4.5 or less, the
solubility markedly increases.
 Also a reduction in the powder liquid ratio results in significantly higher solubility and disintegration rate in the
oral cavity.
Working time and setting time
 The working time- 2.5 minutes.
 The setting time - 6 to 9 minutes.

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MECHANICAL PROPERTIES
 The compressive strength of polycarboxylate cement is 55 Mpa.
 The diametrical tensile strength is slightly higher than that of zinc phosphate cement.
 Brown stated that an increase in the compressive and tensile strength of polycarboxylate cement can be obtained with
the addition of stainless steel powder or fibers .
 Zinc polycarboxylate cement is not as brittle as zinc phosphate cement.
 Thus it is more difficult to remove the excess after the cement has set.

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Acidity
• Zinc polyacrylate cements are slightly more acidic than zinc phosphate cements.
Mode of adhesion
• Cement bonds chemically to tooth structure.
• The carboxyl group in the polymer molecule chelates with calcium in the tooth structure.

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FACTORS AFFECTING BOND:
 Better adhesion to clean dry surface of enamel than other cements.
 To improve the mechanical bond, the metal surface should be abraded with a small stone or with airborne abrasives.
 Presence of saliva reduces the bond strength.
 Does not adhere to gold or porcelain.
 Adhesion to stainless steel is excellent. Thus used in orthodontics for cementation of fixed appliances.

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•-Biocompatibility with
the pulp is excellent.
•-Postoperative
sensitivity is negligible
when used as a luting
agent
•-Adhesion to tooth and
alloy
•-Easy manipulation.
-Greater viscoelasticity
-Shorter working time
-Low compressive
strength
-More critical
manipulation.
ADVANTAGES
DISADVANTAGES

27. GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
Glass ionomer is the generic name of a group of materials that use silicate glass powder and an aqueous
solution of polyacrylic acid.
The material acquires its name from its formulation of a glass powder and an ionomeric acid that contains
carboxyl groups.
 It is also referred to as polyalkeonate cement.

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•TYPE I
• Luting
applications.
•TYPE II
• Restorative
material.
•TYPE III
• Liner and base.
OTHER TYPES
• Metal modified
glass ionomer
cement.
• Miracle mix
• Cermet cement.
 TYPES OF GIC

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POWDER LIQUID
• Calcium fluroaluminosilicate glass.
• Lanthanum, strontium, barium or zinc oxide additions
provide radiopacity.
• SiO2 29.0 %
• Al2O3 16.6 %
• AlF3 5.3 %
• CaF2 34.3 %
• AlPO4 9.8 %
• Polyacrylic acid - 50%.
• The acid is form of a copolymer with itaconic, maleic, or
tricaboxylic acid.
• Tartaric acid present in the liquid improves the handling
characteristics and increases the working time however it
shortens the setting time.
 COMPOSITION

30. 30
PROPERTIES
 Film thickness
• The glass ionomer cement is capable of forming films of 25μm or less.
 Working time and setting time
• The working time ranges from about 3 to 5 minutes ,the water settable cements tend to have somewhat longer working
time.
• The setting time is usually between 5 to 9 minutes. The water added cements have a more rapid initial set than those
that use the polyacid liquid.

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 Strength
• The 24-hour compressive strength: 90-230 Mpa
• Glass ionomer cements show brittle failure in diametral compression tests.
• The rigidity of glass ionomer cements is improved by the glass particles and the iononic nature of the bonding between
polymer chains.
 Bond strength
• Glass ionomer cements bond to dentin with values of tensile bond strength reported between 1 and 3 MPa.
• The bond strength of glass ionomer cements to dentin is somewhat lower than that of zinc polyacrylate cement,
perhaps because of the sensitivity of glass ionomer cements to moisture during setting.

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• The bond strength has been improved by treating the dentin with an acidic conditioner followed by an application of a
dilute aqueous solution of ferric chloride.
• Glass ionomer cements bond well to enamel, stainless steel, and tin oxide plated platinum and gold alloy.

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 Solubility
• The solubility in water for the first 24 hours is high. It is important that the cement should be protected from any
moisture contamination during this period.
 Biologic properties
• The glass ionomer cements bond adhesively to tooth structure and they inhibit infiltration of oral fluids at the cement
tooth interface.
• This particular property plus the less irritating nature of the acid should reduce the frequency of postoperative
sensitivity.
 Fluoride release
• Fluoride is released for at least 18 months.
• Released as sodium fluoride

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• Water-soluble methacrylate-based monomers have been used to replace part of liquid component of conventional GIC
results in a group of materials called resin-modified glass ionomer cements, also known as hybrid ionomer cement.
• Available as powder-liquid, capsules, and paste-paste hand-mix and automix systems.
Composition
• The liquid component of hybrid ionomer cements usually contains a water solution of polyacrylic acid, HEMA, and
polyacrylic acid modified with methacrylate.
• The powder component contains fluoroaluminosilicate glass particles of a conventional GIC plus initiators, such as
camphorquinone, for light curing and/or chemical curing.
HYBRID IONOMER CEMENTS

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Setting reaction
• Setting of hybrid ionomer cements usually results from an acid base glass ionomer reaction and self-cured or light cured
polymerization of the pendant methacrylate groups.
• Some cements are only light cured.
Manipulation
• The powder liquid ration is 1.6 :1.0.
• The working time is 2.5 minutes. The cement is applied to a clean dry tooth that is not desiccated.
• Some products recommend the use of a conditioner for enhanced bonding to dentin. No coating agent is needed.

36. 36
PROPERTIES
• The compressive and tensile strengths of hybrid ionomer cement are similar to glass ionomer cements.
• The fracture toughness is higher than that of other water based cements but lower than composite cements.
• The bond strength to moist dentin ranges from 10 to 14 MPa and is much higher than that of most water based
cements.
• Hybrid ionomer cement have very low solubility when tested by lactic acid erosion. Water sorption is higher than resin
cements.
• Fluoride release is similar to glass ionomer cements. The early pH is about 3.5 and gradually rises.

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Applications
• For any indication, surface conditioning of the tooth structure with a mild acid is essential for bond formation.
• Indicated for permanent cementation of ceramic-metal crowns and fixed prostheses (e.g., metal inlays, onlays, and
crowns; prefabricated or cast posts; porcelain fused to metal crowns and bridges, high-strength core zirconia all-
ceramic crowns, and bridges; and luting of orthodontic appliances).

38. 38
• A hybrid product with a composition between that of calcium aluminate and GIC, designed for luting fixed prostheses,
is a new addition to the family of GICs.
• The main ingredients in the powder of this hybrid cement are calcium aluminate, polyacrylic acid, tartaric acid,
strontium-fluoro-alumino-glass, and strontium fluoride.
• The calcium aluminate contributes to a basic pH during curing, reduction in microleakage, excellent biocompatibility,
and long-term stability and strength.
• The working and setting times are reported to be 2 and 5 minutes, respectively.
• The film thickness is 15 ± 4 µm.
CALCIUM ALUMINATE GLASS IONOMER CEMENTS

39. Zinc oxide eugenol cement
• ZOE cement is commonly used for luting and intermediate restorations
because of its medicament quality and neutral pH.
• The low strength displayed by ZOE cements makes them a suitable
material for temporary cementation.
• The ISO 3107 standard (2004) establishes a maximum 24-hour
compressive strength of 35 MPa for type 1 materials (i.e., intended for
temporary cementation).
 COMPOSITION
• ZOE cement is formulated as a powder-liquid or two-paste system.
• For the two-paste system, the base paste contains zinc oxide powder and
the eugenol is contained in the accelerator (or catalyst).

40. 40
Setting reaction
• The setting reaction starts with water in the eugenol solution that hydrolyzes the zinc oxide to form zinc hydroxide.
• The zinc hydroxide and eugenol chelate and solidify. The setting reaction is slow but proceeds more rapidly in a warm,
humid environment.
Manipulation
• The mixing of the two pastes is accomplished on an oil impervious paper by squeezing two strips of the paste of the
same length, one from each tube.
• A flexible stainless steel spatula is satisfactory for the mixing.
• The two strips are combined with the first sweep of the spatula, and the mixing is continued for approximately 1
minute until a uniform color is observed.

41. 41
PROPERTIES
 Setting time
• The initial setting time may vary between 3 to 6 minutes.
• The final setting time is the time at which the material is hard enough to resist penetration under a load. It can occur
within 10 minutes for type I pastes and 15 minutes for type II. The actual setting time is shorter when the setting occurs
in the mouth.
 Film thickness
• The film thickness should not be more than 25 μm for cements used for permanent cementation and not more than 40μ
m for cements used for temporary cementation.

42. 42
 Compressive strength
• A maximum value of 35MPa is required for cements intended for temporary cementation.
• A minimum of 35 MPa for permanent cementation.
• The strength of the cement for temporary cementation is selected in relation to the retentive characteristics of the
restoration and the expected problems of removing the restoration when the time arrives.
 Provisional cementation
• Temporary ZOE cements, including eugenol-free cement, are excellent for luting provisional acrylic crowns and fixed
partial dentures. Temporary ZOE restorations are expected to last a few weeks at most.
• ZOE cements should never be used for temporary cementation of final fixed prostheses since the cement can be difficult
to remove and removal can risk the integrity of the prepared teeth.
• Temporary cements containing eugenol may negatively affect the polymerization of methyl methacrylate used in
provisional restorations.

43. MODIFIED ZINC OXIDE EUGENOL CEMENT
EBA-Alumina modified cements
• Modifications have been made to improve the strength and abrasion resistance of ZOE cement for longterm
luting.
• One system substitutes orthoethoxybenzoic acid (EBA) for part of the eugenol liquid, and includes alumina
in the powder.
Polymer reinforced zinc oxide eugenol cement
• The zinc oxide powder is surface treated.
• The combination of surface treatment and polymer reinforcement results in good strength, improved
abrasion resistance and toughness

44. RESIN BASED CEMENTS
• Resin luting cements have been in existence since the 1950’s.
• The success of attaching unfilled resin to etched enamel gave rise to the concept of using resins to bond fixed
prostheses to abutments.
• Numerous resin cements are now available for bonding fixed prostheses.
• Resin cements are low-viscosity versions of restorative composites.
• These cements are virtually insoluble in oral fluids, but the brands vary widely in physical properties because of
the variety and proportions of resins and fillers in the formulas.
• A dentin bonding agent is needed to promote the adhesion of resin cements to dentin

45. 45
• ISO 4049 describes three classes of composites for polymer based filling, restoration and luting materials
• Class 1 – self cured materials
• Class 2 – light cured materials
• Class 3 – dual cured materials

46. 46
• These cements have high bond strength because of their ability to bond to etched enamel.
• Therefore they are popular for cementing porcelain veneers, etched cast bridges (Maryland bridges) and orthodontic
brackets where a high bond strength is critical for its success
• Because of their good esthetics, these cements are popular for bonding porcelain veneers.
• Most other cements are opaque and could affect the esthetics of the ceramic restoration

47. 47
 POWDER
• Resin matrix- bis GMA or diurethane methacrylate
• Inorganic fillers- silica or glass particles (10 to 15μm in diameter) provides strength
• Coupling agent- organo silanes
• Chemical or photo initiators and activators
 LIQUID
• Methyl methacrylate
• Tertiary amine

48. 48
 POLYMERIZATION
• Chemically by peroxide- amine system
• Or by light activation
• Or by both chemical and light activation (dual cure)- In dual cured cements, a catalyst is mixed into the cement so that
it will eventually harden within shadowed recesses after a rapid initial hardening is achieved with a curing light

49. 49
PROPERTIES
• Resin based cements are virtually insoluble in oral fluids.
• These cements differ from restorative composites primarily in their lower filler content and lower viscosity.
• It is their high tensile strength that makes them useful for micromechanically bonding etched ceramic veneers.
 Biologic properties
• Resin based cements, just like composite cements are irritating to the pulp. Thus, pulp protection via a calcium
hydroxide or glass ionomer liner is important when one is cementing an indirect restoration that involves bonding to
dentin.
• No anticariogenicity potential

50. 50
MANIPULATION
• Chemically activated cements are supplied as two component systems a powder and a liquid or two pastes.
• The peroxide initiator is contained in one component and the amine activator is contained in the other.
• It is best to remove the excess cement immediately after the restoration is seated.

51. 51
 Light cured cements are single component systems just as are the light cured filling resins.
• They are widely used for cementation of porcelain and glass ceramic restorations and for direct bonding of ceramic
orthodontic brackets.
• The time of exposure to the light that is needed for polymerization of the resin cement is dependant on the light
transmitted through the ceramic restoration and the layer of polymeric cement.
• However the time of exposure to the light should never be less than 40 seconds.

52. 52
 The dual cure cements are two component systems and require mixing that is similar to that for the chemically
activated systems.
• The chemical activation is slow and provides extended working time until the cement is exposed to the curing light, at
which point the cement solidifies rapidly.
• It then continues to gain strength over an extended period because of the chemically activated polymerization.

53. COMPOMERS
• Compomer is the resin based cement indicated for cementation of cast alloy crowns and bridges, porcelain fused to
metal crown and bridges and gold cast inlays and onlays.
• Cementation of all ceramic crowns, inlays onlays and veneers.
• Compomers are also known as poly acid modified composites.

54. 54
Composition
• The cement powder contains strontium aluminum fluorosilicate glass, sodium fluoride and self and light cured
initiators.
• The liquid contains polymerizable methacrylate / carboxylic acid monomer, multifunctional acrylate / phosphate
monomer, diacrylate monomer and water.
Setting reaction
• Setting is the result of self and light cured polymerization. Once the cement comes into contact oral fluids an acid -
base reaction may occur.
• The carboxylic acid groups contribute to the adhesive capability of the cement.

55. 55
Manipulation
• Dry the tooth to be cemented but do not desiccate.
• The powder liquid ratio is 2 scoops to 2 drops.
• Tumble the powder before dispensing.
• Mix the powder and the liquid rapidly for 30 seconds.
• Place the mixed cement in the crown only and then seat the crown.
• A gel state is reached after 1 minute, at which time the excess cement is removed with floss and a scaler.
• Light cure the exposed margins to stabilize the restoration.
• Setting occurs 3 minutes after start of mix.
• Once set, compomer cement is very hard.

56. 56
Properties
• Compomer cement has higher values of retention, bond strength, compressive strength, flexural strength and fracture
toughness.
• The cement has low solubility and sustained fluoride release.

57. 57
• Provisional (temporary) cements are indicated for fixation of temporary restorations used between the clinical
appointments necessary to finish the definitive restoration.
• Because temporary restorations often need to be removed during treatment, provisional cements must have a relatively
low strength and be easily handled.
• In addition, they must not irritate the pulp.
• Examples of temporary luting agents are zinc oxide-eugenol (ZOE) and noneugenol cements and calcium hydroxide
pastes.
PROVISIONAL LUTING CEMENTS

58. 58
• Resin Cements are also used for Provisional Restorations
• These provisional cements are paste-paste systems, which can be dual- or light-cured.
• They are useful for cementation of interim restorations in the esthetic zone of the mouth because they are tooth coloured
and fairly translucent.
• In the past, provisional cements were opaque in color because of the materials being used.
• Recently, more tooth-coloured provisional cements have been introduced to not interfere with the colour evaluation of
translucent restoration materials.
• Examples of colour-neutral, shaded, or translucent provisional materials include ZONE (DUX Dental, Oxnard, CA),
NexTemp™ (Premier Dental Products, Plymouth Meeting, PA), TempBond® Clear (Kerr Corporation, Orange, CA), and
Systemp.link (Ivoclar Vivadent, Amherst, NY).

59. 59
REMOVAL OF EXCESS CEMENT
• Zinc phosphate and zoe cement-After complete set.
• GIC and Resin cement-As soon as after seating.
• Dual cure cements-Before light cure.
• Zinc polycarboxylate-As soon as after cementation
is completed.

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• Evaluated the effect of the triad finish line design, axial wall convergence angle, and luting cement on the marginal fit of
metal copings used in metal‐ceramic crowns.
• Schematic dies and their respective copings were cast in NiCr alloy.
• The dies exhibited the following finish line/convergence angle combinations: sloping shoulder/6°, sloping shoulder/20°,
shoulder/6°, shoulder/20°.
• Marginal fit was evaluated under a stereomicroscope, before and after cementation.
• Copings were air‐abraded with 50 μm Al2O3 particles and cemented
• They concluded that lower convergence angle combined with shoulder and a low‐consistency luting cement is
preferable to cement metal copings.
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
Juliana Gomes dos Santos Paes de Almeida DDS, MSc ,Carlos Gramani Guedes PhD

61. 61
• The study was conducted to evaluate the retentiveness of specifically formulated implant cements and compare its
retentiveness with a commonly used noneugenol zinc oxide luting cement .
• A master stainless steel mold was used to mount snappy abutment-implant analog complex in acrylic resin. A total of
six snappy abutments (Nobel Biocare®) of 4 mm and 5.5 mm height with their analogs were used.
• The cements that were compared were a Noneugenol zinc oxide provisional cement (Temp-BondTM NE), a
Noneugenol temporary resin cement (Premier® Implant Cement).
• The results suggest that noneugenol temporary resin cement may be considered as a better choice for cementation of
implant prosthesis, as it has shown to have better mechanical properties.
HasanSarfaraz, ArifaHassan,KamalakanthShenoy, Mallika Shetty

62. 62
• It can be safely concluded that no one material is perfect.
• Selection of luting agent to be used for a given restoration should be based on a basic knowledge of the
materials available, the type of restoration to be placed, the requirements of the patient and the expertise &
experience of the clinician.
• With the plethora of newer luting agents flooding the markets, the practitioner must have sufficient
knowledge to help choose the material for each clinical situation.
CONCLUSION

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1. Anusavice, K.J. Phillip’s science of dental materials. 12th edition. Elsevier.
2. Craig, R. G., Powers, J. M., & Sakaguchi, R. L. Craig's restorative dental materials. 11th edition. St. Louis, mo: mosby
elsevier.
3. Current status of luting agents for fixed prosthodontics. Ana M. Diaz-Arnold, DDS, MS,a Marcos A. Vargas, DDS,
MS,b and Debra R. Haselton, DDSc University of Iowa, College of Dentistry, Iowa City, Iowa
4. LUTING AGENTS USED IN DENTISTRY: A REVIEW OF LITERATURE .Yujika Bakshi, Nitin Ahuja
5. Techniques to facilitate placement of provisional restorations,Howard E. Strassler, DMD; and Roseanne J. Morgan,
CDA
REFERENCES

64. 64

65. DENTAL CEMENTS/LUTING
CEMENTS
AJAY YERRAMSETTI