glass ionomer cement

1. s
3-3-2015 1

2. GLASS IONOMER CEMENT
2

3. QUESTION PAPERS
3

4. CONTENTS
• Introduction
• History
• Evolutionary development
• Definition
• Composition
• Classification
• Mechanical properties
• Fluoride mechanism
• Advancements
• Conclusion
• References 4

5. 5
Mind map
GLASS
IONOMER
CEMENT
Introduction
History
Defintion
Composition
Classification
Mechanical
properties
Fluoride
mechanism
Advancements
Conclusions
Compressive
strength
Tensile
strength
Hardness
Initial
solubility
Fluoride release
Fluoride recharge
References
REINFORCED gics
Metal reinforced
glasses
Self hardening gic/
anhydrous gic
Resin modified
gic
Highly viscous gic
Poly acid
modified gic

6. INTRODUCTION
• In dentistry adhesion of restorative materials to tooth
substance is an important objective.
• It is believed that a restorative should resemble the tooth in
all respects. It should possess identical properties and should
adhere to the surrounding enamel and dentin.
• The glass ionomer cements are one of the products
developed in this direction.
• The requirement to strengthen these cements has led to an
ever increasing research effort into reinforcement and
strengthening concepts.
6

7. HISTORY
• Originally they were developed as a replacement for silicate
cements by combining aluminosilicate glass powder with poly
acrylic acid and were hence called ASPA- Alumina Silicate
Poly Acrylate Cements.
• In 1969, B.E.Kent discovered a high fluoride containing glass
leading to the invention of first ancestor of GIC – the ASPA I.
Eg: (De trey Division, Dentsply International)
• In 1972, ASPA II was developed by adding tartaric acid to the
formulation. First practical GIC. Wilson and kent.
7

8. • IN 1974, Wilson and crisp tried to control the gelation of
PAA by adding methylalcohol and came up with ASPA III.
• In 1975, Both of them discovered ASPA IV which contained
copolymers of acrylic and itaconic acid. Precursor of modern
GIC.
FIRST MARKETED GIC.
8

9. 9
• Metal reinforced cements in 1977 by seed and Wilson
• Cerment ionomer cements in 1978 by mc lean and glasser
• Improved translucency ,ASPA X by crisp , Abel , Wilson in
1979
• Water activated cements,ASPA V in 1982 by Prosser et al.

10. Definition
Dental Cement:
Substance that hardens to act as a base, liner, filling material,
or adhesive to bind devices and prostheses to tooth structure or
to each other.
- Kenneth J Anusavice
Glass Ionomer Cement:
An aqueous-based material that hardens following an acid-
base reaction between fluoroaluminosilicate glass powder and
a polyacrylic acid solution.
ADA SPECIFICATION NO. 66
Synonyms: Poly Alkenoate Cement,dentine Substitute, Man-
Made Dentin, Artificial Dentin.
10

11. Composition
• Powder
Silica – 29%
Alumina- 16.6%
Calcium fluoride - 34.3%
Aluminium fluoride-5.3%
Sodium aluminium fluoride- 5%
Aluminium phosphate- 9.9%
Lanthanum, barium, strontium-
traces.
11
• Liquid
Polyacrylic acid
Itaconic acid- 40-55%
Maleic acid
Tartaric acid- 5-15%
Water- 30%
Phillips. Science of dental materials. Eleventh edition

12. MANUFACTURING
• The raw materials are fused to a uniform glass by
heating them to a temperature of 1100° to 1500° c.
• The glass is then ground into a powder having particles in
the range of 15-50µm.
12
An Atlas of Glass Ionomer Cements –A Clinician’s Guide – Graham J Mount- 3rd Edition

13. • According to intended applications:
Type I: luting
Type II: restorative
Type III: liner/ base
Type IV: pit and fissure sealant
Type V: luting for orthodontic purpose
Type VI: core build up material
Type VII: high fluoride releasing command set
Type VIII: atraumatic restorative cement
Type IX: pediatric glass ionomer cements
13
Sturdevant’s. art and science of operative dentistry. fifth edition.

14. Newer classification
Traditional glass ionomer cement:
Type I: luting
Type II: restorative
Type III: liner/base
Metal modified glass ionomer cements:
Miracle mix
Cermet cement
Light cure glass ionomer
HEMA added to liquid
Hybrid glass ionomer/ resin modified glass ionomer/dual cure
gic:
Composite resin in which fillers substituted with glass ionomer
particles
Precured glasses blended into composites 14

15. CLINICAL PROCEDURE FOR
PLACEMENT
• To Ensure successful Glass Ionomer restoration following
parameters are to considered :-
1. Preparation of tooth surface
2. Proportioning and mixing
3.Protection of cement during setting
4. Finishing
5.Protection of cement after setting
15

16. 1. Select the appropriate shade of the cement
2. Isolate the tooth with rubberdam where there is
any risk of bleeding
3. Prepare the cavity –erosion /abrasion lesion
4.When there is less than 0.5mm of remaining
dentin,line the cavity with a fast setting Calcium
hydroxide.
5. Apply a surface conditioner to the cavity to
remove the smear layer and improve the adhesion .
16

17. 6.Dispense the cement on a cooled glas slab and mix
quickly .Alternatively a paper pad can be used .the
mix should have a glossy appearance .
17

18. 7.Wash and lightly dry the cavity .The surface should
be dried but not desiccated as this tends to reduce
the wettability . Insert the cement using a spatula or
a syringe .
8.Place a pre shaped matrix wherever possible.
9. Allow to set
10.Remove the matrix and immediately apply varnish
or bonding agent.
18

19. 11. The final polishing should be delayed till the next
appointment or atleast 24hours.
12.Reapply varnish or bonding agent after polishing
19

20. FINISHING OF GIC
• Best surface finish obtained if cement allowed to
set under matrix .
• Finest abrasive should be used to minimise tearing .
• Finishing with rotary instruments should be done at
subsequent
20

21. Setting reaction
• Stage1- dissolution
• Stage 2- precipitation of salts, gelation and hardening.
• Stage3- hydration of salts.
21
Phillips. Science of dental materials. Eleventh edition.

22. • Dissolution:
Surface of the glass particles is attacked by the polyacid.
Dissolution of the surface of the glass particles releasing
calcium and aluminium ions leading to the formation of a
cement sol.
22

23. Precipitation of salts; gelation and hardening:
Initial set – cross linking of calcium ions- in 4-10 min after mixing.
Maturation over next 24 hrs when Al ions get bound within the
cement matrix.
More rigid cross-linking between the polyacid chains.
23

24. Hydration of salts
maturation
Progressive hydration of the matrix salts
Sharp improvement in the physical properties
24
Phillips. Science of dental materials. Eleventh edition.

25. ADHESION TO ENAMEL AND
DENTINE
• Diffusion based adhesion
• An ion exchange layer that is visible under the scanning
electron microscope and represents the chemical union
between the two.
• It is suggested that the poly( alkenoic) acid attacks and
penetrates the tooth structure, displacing the phosphate ions.
• To maintain the electrolytic balance, it is necessary that each
phosphate ion take with it a calcium ion.
25

26. • These are taken up into the cement adjacent to the tooth,
leading to the development of an ion enriched layer that is
firmly bound to glass ionomer on one side and enamel and
dentine on the other side
26
Sidhu S K et al A Review of Glass-Ionomer Cements for Clinical Dentistry J. Funct. Biomater. 2016, 7, 16;
SEM of dentine without
surface conditioning
SEM of dentine after
treatment with citric acid

27. Comparative properties of Glass Ionomer Cement
Property TYPE- I TYPE- II TYPE- III
P:L ratio 1.5:1 3:1 3:1
Working time(Min) 3.5 2.0 2.0
Setting time(Min) 7.0 5.0 4.0
Compressive
strength(Mpa)
120 150-200 120
Tensile
sterngth(Mpa)
9-12 15-20 6-10
Flexural strength 12-15 18-20 13-16
Surface hardness 160 200 120
Film thikness(uM) 20 - -
Coeff.thermal
expansion
-
13x10 8x10
Solubility 0.1 0.1 0.1

28. WATER SENSITIVITY
• Conventional glass ionomer cement is very sensitive to
moisture contamination during the initial stage of
setting reaction.
• If moisture contamination occurs in first 24 hours of
setting, calcium and aluminum ions leach out of the
cement, thus they are prevented from forming
polycarboxylates.
• This results in formation of chalky and eroded rough
surface of restoration with low surface hardness.
28

29. 29
EARLY
DESSICATION
DESSICATION
AT LATER
STAGES
RETARDS
SETTING
REACTION
PREVENTS
INCREASE IN
STRENGTH
APPLY VARNISH OR VASELINE AS A PROTECTIVE AGENT

30. Water present in set cement can be classified in to two forms :
• a) loosely bound water
• b) tightly bound water
 It is the water which is readily removed by desiccation.
Water is easily lost and gained by the cement as the loosely
bound water is labile.
30
LOOSELY
BOUND WATER

31. It is the water which cannot be removed
It is associated with the hydration shell of cation –
polyacrylate bond.
As the cement ages the degree of hydration that is the ratio
of tightly bound to loosely bound water increases which in
turn increases strength and modulus of elasticity and
decrease plasticity ( according to Wilson et al 1981).
31
TIGHTLY
BOUND WATER

32. FLUORIDE RELEASE
• At the time of mixing the surface of each powder particle
will be dissolved by the poly(alkenoic acid), and there will
be a considerable release of free fluoride.
• The initial peak may be quite high . But the flow will decline
fairly rapidly over the next 1 -2 months , to finally stabilize
at a low but steady level.
• Cranfield et al & Frosten; maintenance of this level has now
been monitored for atleast 8 years.
32

33. FLUORIDE RECHARGE
• Glass ionomers may have synergistic effects when used with
external fluorides.
• In the presence of an inverse fluoride concentration gradient,
glass ionomers may absorb fluoride from the environment and
release it again under specific conditions.

35. APPLICATION
• Anterior esthetic restorative
material for class III cavities.
• Restorative material for eroded areas
and class V restorations.
• As a luting agent for restorations
and orthodontic brackets.
• As liners and base
• For core build up
• Intermediate restorative material.

36. SANDWICH TECHNIQUE
• First described by Mc Lean and Wilson in 1977.
• The procedure involves :-
Placing GIC as base of cavity .
Etching with 37% phosphoric acid for 1 min causes surface
roughnesss
Dentin bonding agent is applied
Placing composite restoration.
36

37. • ADVANTAGES:-
GIC acts as a dentin substitute
 The high contraction stresses produced (2.8-3.9
Mpa) by the polymerisation shrinkage are reduced
as the amount of composite is reduced.
Microleakage is reduced
Minimization of no. of components increments ,
therefore time is saved.
37

38. AVAILABLE AS:
• Powder /liquid in bottles
• Pre- Proportioned powder/liquid in capsules
• Light cure system
• Powder /distilled water( water settable type)

39. ADVANTAGES
• Adhesion to enamel and dentin.
• Anticariogenic effect.
• Less technique sensitive compared to composites.
• Biocompatibility - pulpal response is favorable.

40. DISADVANTAGES
• Low fracture resistance .
• Low wear resistance.
• Sensitivity to moisture soon after setting
• Esthetics inferior to silicates and composites
• Lacks translucency, rough surface texture, stains
over time.

41. SETTING
• TYPE I – 7 minutes
• TYPE II – 4 to 5 minutes

42. REINFORCED GICs
• Idea to increase the strength of GIC by changing the
chemical composition.
1. Disperse phase glasses:
1980- Wilson et al observed that clear glasses yielded weaker
cements than glasses containing droplets of a disperse phase.
So, novel glasses were prepared with deliberately large amount
disperse phases of strengthening crystallites in order to
improve the strength. (prosser et al 1986).
Disperse phases: corundum, rutile, baddeleyite.
42
Glass ionomer- past,present and future-a review.
Dental Era-a Journal Of Dentistry.2013;3(4):35-40.

43. Metal reinforced glasses(1980)
To create strong and durable cement.
1.Silver alloy admix(1980 &1983)
43
Silver
alloy:gla
ss
powder
GI
cement
liquid
Miracle mix
Aesthetics
is poor
Resistance
to abrasion
is less
Alloy did not
adhere
strongly to
matrix
More et al 1985
Sikka N, Brizuela M. Glass ionomer cement. StatPearls. 2023 Mar 19.

44. 2.Cermet cement (1985)
Mc Lean & Gasser- 1985
44
Sintered
glass
Pure
silver
powder
G I
cement
liquid
Cermet
cement
Improved
resistance to
abrasion &
flexural strength
Strength is still
insufficient to
replace
amalgam
Fluoride release
rate decreases
over time.
Sikka N, Brizuela M. Glass ionomer cement. StatPearls. 2023 Mar 19.

45. SELF HARDENING GIC/ ANHYDROUS
GIC(1984)
• Here is a trend away from using poly acrylic acid in solution and
toward using it in solid form for blending with glass ionomer
powder.
• The liquid for cement formation is then either plain water or an
aqueous solution of tartaric acid. These cements are called as
water mixed or water hardened cements.
• Products of this type include
CHEM– FIL, KETAC – CEM ETC.
45

46. ANHYDROUS GIC
• Termed ASPA V by Prosser et al -1984.
3-3-2015 46
Low viscosity
in early mixing
stages Easy
manipulation
Improved
shelf life
Improved
strength

47. RESIN MODIFIED GIC
• Low early strength and moisture
sensitivity of the traditional glass
ionomers was the result of slow
acid-base reaction.
• So, polymerizable resin functional
groups has been added to GIC to
impart additional curing process and
allow the bulk of the material to
mature through the acid-base
reaction.
47
Powder- ion-leachable
fluoroaluminosilicate glass
and initiators for light or
chemical curing.
Liquid: water, polyacrylic
acid modified with
methacrylate and
hydroxyethyl methacrylate
monomers.
Powder-liquid ratio- 3:1

48. COMPOSITION
48

49. 49

50. Conventional
GIC
RMGIC
50
LONG
WORKING
TIME
FLUORIDE
RELEASE IS
SUPERIOR
DIAMETRAL
STRENGTH
IS HIGH. 20
MPa
INCREASED
ADHESION TO
COMPOSITE
WHEN USED
AS A BASE

51. Classification of resin modified glass
ionomers
• Depends on the curing mechanism:
Dual cure: visible light cure +acid-base reaction.
Eg: Geristore.
Tricure: visible light cure+ chemical cure of free radical
polymerization+ acid base reaction.
Eg: Vitremer, Fuji II Lc.
Photocure: visible light cure only.
Eg: Variglass, Compoglass, Dyract.
Autocure: chemical cure for methacrylate polymerization only.
Eg: prosthodont.
51

52. HIGHLY VISCOUS GIC (1990)
• This type of GIC was basically
launched to serve as an alternative to
amalgam, for posterior, preventive
restorations.
• This modified, highly viscous GIC has
high strength and better physical
properties.
• Fifty percent of the particles have an
average particle size of about 8µm while
about 90% of the particles have a
particle size of less than 9.6 µm.
• Eg: Ketac Molar, Hi-Fi, Fuji VIII and
IX. 52

53. Indications
• Final restorative material in class I and II primary teeth.
• Geriatric restorative
• Fissure sealing material for permanent teeth.
• Core build up material.
• ART technique.
Compressive strength- 23 Mpa after 1 week.
Modulus of elasticity- 3.3 Gpa after 1 day
53

54. Advantages
• They are packable and
condensable.
• They are easy to place.
• They are non-sticky.
• Early moisture sensitivity is
reduced.
• Rapid finishing can be
carried out.
• Improved wear resistance.
• Low solubility in oral fluids
Disadvantages
• Due to their opacity, they have
esthetic disadvantages
• They have limited life
potential.
• Moderately polishable.
54

55. POLY ACID MODIFIED GIC( EARLY 1990s)
The search for a material that has F releasing capability of
conventional gic and the durability of composites has lead to
the introduction of yet another advancement in gic- the
COMPOMER.
They are available as a, light curable material in a syringe
Light curing followed by acid- base reaction.
F releasing capacity is initially high and later falls down
rapidly and no recharge capacity further.
55

56. POLY ACID MODIFIED GIC
56

57. • Commercial products: Dyract, Compoglass, Hytac, Infinity,
Variglass.
F release of conventional gic
RM GIC
PAM-GIC
57

58. Indications
• Sealing and filling of occlusal pits and fissures.
• Restoration of deciduous teeth.
• Minimal cavity preparations.
• Core build up
• Repair of defective margins in restorations.
Contraindications:
Class IV carious lesions.
Lesions involving large areas of labial surface where esthetics
is of prime concern.
58

59. EASILY MIXABLE GLASS IONOMER
CEMENTS
Capsules:
These contain pre-measured glass ionomer powder and liquid
which ensures correct ratio, consistency of mix and a
predictable result.
Angled nozzle that acts as a syringe for accurate placement of
the material into the cavity or crown for cementation.
59
Dental Era: A Journal Of Dentistry. 2013;3(4)

60. PASTE DISPENSING SYSTEM
This system was designed with the objectives of providing
optimum ratio, easy mixing, easy placement, total reliability
using a specially designed cartridge and an easy to use
material dispenser.
In order to provide the material in a paste like consistency
glass powder was ultrafined .
The low particle size provides the cement with a thixotropic
consistency.
60
Dental Era: A Journal Of Dentistry. 2013;3(4)

61. MODIFIED POWDER- LIQUID
SYSTEM
• Specialized processing procedure for powder was followed.
Specialized granulates were used.
61
Improved
wetting of the
powder by the
liquid
Mixing was
much easier
and faster
Dental Era: A Journal Of Dentistry. 2013;3(4)

62. NANOBIOCERAMIC MODIFIED GIC
• Nanobioceramic
Modified GIC
62
• Addition of
hydroxyapatite
powders to GIC
Mechanical
properties and
bond strength to
dentin were
improved
Bioactive glass
Incorporation
of bioactive
nanosilica to
GIC
Introduction
of TiO2
nanoparticles

63. Conventional glass-ionomer cements modified with N-
vinylpyrolidone containing polyacids, nanohydroxyapatite
and fluoroapatite
• The objective was to enhance the mechanical strength of
GICs, while preserving their unique clinical properties.
• Nanoparticles of hydroxyapatite and fluorapatite were added
to the powder and N-vinylpyrolidone (NVP) was added to
the liquid component of the conventional GIC.
• Improvement in the mechanical strength of these materials
was attributed to physiochemical interactions between the
carbonyl group of NVP in the polymer structure and
phosphate, hydroxyl and fluoride ions of apatite.
63
Dental materials 2008;24(10):1381-90.

64. BIOACTIVE GLASS-CONTAINING
GIC
• Bioactive glass (BAG) has been added to GI structure to
improve its bioactivity and tooth regeneration capacity.
• BAG contains silicon, sodium, calcium and phosphorus
oxides with specific weight percentages, which was
introduced by larry hench in 1969 as 45s5 bioglass na2o,
24.5%;
sio2, 45%;
p2o5, 6%; and
Cao, 24.5%.
64

65. • Clinically, this material was initially used as a biomaterial to
replace the lost osseous tissues in the human body.
• It produces a strong bond with bone through production of
hydroxyapatite and formation of a strong bond between the
collagen and the hydroxyapatite and is not rejected by the
body.
65

66. • It is being used experimentally as:
Bone cement.
Retrograde filling material
For perforation repair
Implant cementation.
Infrabony pocket correction.
66

67. Glass ionomer stabilization and
protection material
• Need for a material to control the active carious lesion where a
temporary restoration is required to seal the cavity during the
period of disease stabilization.
• Need to protect the susceptible tooth surfaces during at risk for
intermediate /high risk patients.
• Eg: Fuji VII
67

68. • It has a pink chroma for easy identification of margins and as
a visual reminder of its temporary nature.
• Is designed as a high fluoride release and thus offers greater
protection to surrounding tooth surfaces and its free-flowing
consistency to ensure effective wetting and intimate
adhesion to tooth surfaces.
68

69. FIBER REINFORCED GIC
• The incorporation of alumina fibres and other fibres such as
glass fibre, silica fibre, carbon fibre etc to the existing glass
powder at suitable filler / glass ratio was tried mainly to
improve the flexural strength of the cement.
• Incorporation of alumina fibers into the glass powder is to
improve its flexural strength.
• This is called the polymeric rigid inorganic matrix material
(PRIMM) developed by Dr.Lars.
• It involves incorporation of a continuous network or scaffold
of alumina and sio2 ceramic fibers.
69
Ravi dhoot et al.Advances in glass ionomer (GIC): review.Iosr-jdms.2016;15:124-126

70. Advantages.
• Due to the ceramic fibers there is increased depth of cure as
light conduction and penetration is enhanced.
• Improved wear resistance and increased flexural strength.
70

71. Giomer
• Developed by shofu.
• Giomer utilizes the hybridization of GIC and composite by using a
unique technology called the pre-reacted glass ionomer
technology.
• The fluoroalumino silicate glass is reacted with polyalkenoic acid
to yield a stable phase of gic and this pre-reacted glass is then
mixed with resin.
• Depending on the amount of glass which is reacted, giomers are
of two types:
F-prg: full glass/entire.
S-prg: surface glass reacted.
Eg: Reactmer Paste, Beautifil
71
Glass ionomer- past,present and future-a review.
Dental Era-a Journal Of Dentistry.2013;3(4):35-40.

72. • Beautifil- 13 shades and supplied in syringes.
no initial burst like release of F as in conventional GICs but
a long term release and less than that of CGIC.
72

73. GIOMER EVOLUTION
73
GLASS IONOMERS
AS
THE BASE
MODIFICATIONS
RESIN MODIFIED
GICS –
DISCOLORED
OVER TIME
COMPOMERS-
RELEASED MUCH
LESS FLUORIDE &
LACKED F
RECHARGE
GIOMERS- RESIN-
BASED PRE-
REACTED GLASS
IONOMER
PARTICLES

74. ADVANTAGES
74

75. AMALGOMER
• Ceramic +Amalgam+ Ionomer.
• In short AMALGOMER is the world's first GIC to pass the ISO
physical test requirements for amalgam as well as that of the
GIC standard .
• Some of the features of AMALGOMER are as follows:
Designed to match the strength and durability of amalgam
Sustained high level of Fluoride release
Minimal cavity preparation
Natural adhesion to tooth structure, Good biocompatibility
Hard, snappy chemical set with good working time
75

76. 3-3-2015 76
Compressive
Strength
Young's
Modulus
Flexural Strength
Tensile
Strength
Amalgam
Specification
300 MPa – – –
GIC 130 MPa 8 GPa 10 MPa 9 MPa
AMALGOMER
(typical)
323 MPa 13.1 GPa 38 MPa 21.5 MPa
Dentine 14.7 GPa – –
Working
Time
Clinical
Setting
Time
Compressive Strength
Dimensional
Stability
Creep
1 hour 24 hours
Amalgam
Specificatio
n
– –
50 MPa
minimum
300 MPa
minimum
-0.15 to
+0.20%
3%
maximum
AMALGOME
R
MAX 1
minute 20
seconds
from start
of mix at
22-24°C
Maximum 3
minutes 30
seconds
from end of
mix
164 MPa 323 MPa +0.10% <0.05%

77. Journal of Indian Society of Pedodontics and Preventive Dentistry,
2012;30(2):122-6
An estimation of fluoride release from various dental
restorative materials at different pH: in vitro study.
The amalgomer cr showed the highest fluoride release among
all the experimental dental restorative materials.
Amalgomer Cr, Fuji II, Fuji IX, Beautifil II, Dyract Extra.
77

78. Comparative Evaluation of Shear Bond Strength of Three
Commercially Available Glass Ionomer Cements in Primary
Teeth. Journal of International Oral Health 2015; 7(4):1-5
• Mean shear bond strength values :
Miracle mix- 5.39MPa
Ketac molar- 4.84 MPa
Amalgomer- 6.38 MPa
78

79. CHLORHEXIDINE IMPREGNATED
GIC
• Chlorhexidine has been incorporated into glass ionomer
cement inorder to increase the anti-cariogenic property of the
cement.
• USES
Eliminate the recurrence of decay around margins of
restorations.
Inhibit plaque formation on and near restored surfaces, and
Reduce the number of microorganisms in salivary fluids and
the oral cavity.
79

80. In vivo antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine added to glass
ionomer cements
J Dent res 2011.
• Andrea,franklin, compared the antimicrobial effect and
surface morphology of glass ionomer cement (GIC) and
glass ionomer cement containing 1% Chlorhexidine
(GIC+CHX) in vivo.
• Results demonstrated considerable antibacterial effect by the
GIC and GIC+CHX. The antibacterial activity of GIC+CHX
was found to be better than the GIC.
80

81. Antibacterial effects and physical properties of GIC’s
containing chlorhexidine.
Dental materials journal 2008;22:647-652
• Takahashi Y, Imazato S conducted a study to evaluate the
antibacterial effects and physical properties of GIC’s
containing chlorhexidine.
• CHX diacetate combined with CHX dihydrochloride was
added to GIC powder .
• They concluded that CHX containing GIC’s are effective in
inhibiting bacteria but physical and bonding properties are
decreased
81

82. AMINO ACID CONTAINING GIC
• Hema free light cure gic based on amino acid composition
has been developed.
• A number of amino acid acrylate and methacrylate
derivatives, have been used as co-monomers to formulate
light cure GICs.
• Results have shown that methacryloyl beta-alanine exhibited
highest strength due to the formation of salt bridge.
82
Trends in Glass lonomer Cements.
ManipalOdontoscope.2009;1(2):43-45.

83. Amino acid containing GIC
• One of the factors affecting the strength of glass ionomers is
the chemical composition of the polymer matrix.
• Acrylic acid copolymers were modified with n – acryloyl- or
n- methacryl –oylamino acids, such as n –methacryloyl –
glutamic acid, providing a possible path to improved
conventional glass ionomers.
• This type of modification has improved the fracture
toughness of the glass ionomer cement.
83

84. • This type of modification has improved the fracture
toughness of the glass ionomer cement.
• An amino acid-containing GIC had better surface hardness
properties than commercial Fuji IX GIC. This formulation of
fast-set glass ionomer showed increased water sorption
without adversely affecting the amount of fluoride release.
Considering its biocompatibility, this material shows
promise not only as a dental restorative material but also as a
bone cement with low cytotoxicity.
84
Properties of proline-containing glass ionomer dental cement
J prosthet dent. 2013;110(5):408-13.

85. CPP-ACP CONTAINING GIC
• Casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-
ACP) nanocomplexes have been shown to prevent
demineralization and promote remineralization of enamel
subsurface lesions.
• The CPP-ACP nanoparticles have been physically
encapsulated into the set GIC, as has been found with
unreacted glass particles (Matsuya et al., 1984), and
therefore released as the acid eroded the cement in the acidic
buffer.
• The acid-catalyzed release of the CPP-ACP nanoparticles
from the GIC is consistent with the protection of the adjacent
dentin observed during acid challenge
85

86. Incorporation of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate into
a glass-ionomer cement.
Mazzaoui et al. J Dent Res 2003;82(11):914-8
Incorporation of 1.56% w/w CPP-ACP into the GIC significantly increased
microtensile bond strength (33%) and compressive strength (23%) and
significantly enhanced the release of calcium, phosphate, and fluoride ions
at neutral and acidic pH.
• The release of CPP-ACP and fluoride from the CPP-ACP-containing
GIC was associated with enhanced protection of the adjacent dentin
during acid challenge in vitro.
86
group Compressive strength Bond strength
Control group- GIC 138 MPa 8
CPP-ACP GIC 170 10.6

87. ZIRCONIA CONTAINING GIC
Zirconomer defines a new class of restorative that promises the
strength and durability of amalgam with the protective benefits of
glass ionomer while completely eliminating the hazard of mercury.
This high strength restorative has been specially reinforced with
ceramic and zirconia fillers that impart remarkable mechanical
properties.
87

88. Zirconia-glass ionomer cement - A potential substitute
for miracle mix. Journal of non-crystalline solids.
2005;351(6):508-14
• Yttria stabilized zirconia (YSZ) particles were used for the replacement
of amalgam alloy in Miracle Mix.
• The mechanical properties of YSZ-glass ionomer cements were
investigated after 1 day, 1 week and 1 month storage in distilled water.
• Controls- Miracle Mix and Fuji IX GP
• Results showed that the mechanical properties generally increased with
soaking time.
• The diametral tensile strength of YSZ-glass ionomer was, however,
significantly greater than that of Miracle Mix due to the better interfacial
bonding between the particles and the matrix. The YSZ-glass ionomer
also showed comparable mechanical properties to the Fuji IX samples.
• YSZ-glass ionomer may serve as a potential substitute for Miracle Mix
because it is tooth-colored and it has better mechanical properties.
88

89. Jessy P.et.al.Evaluationof Antimicrobial
activity and physical properties of Cinnamon
modified Glass ionomer cement.
89
The cinnamon extract was prepared. The
powder and liquid of conventional GIC was
mixed followed by the addition of the prepared
extract with three different concentrations
Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity against S.mutans was found to be
better at 1:2 concentration and against Lactobacillus conventional GIC was
found better when compared to other group

90. CONCLUSION
90
PATIENT
DENTIST
GIC
TOOTH
Aesthetic
Time saving
Better
handling
properties
Anticariogenic
High strength

91. CONCLUSION
• Since the development of glass ionomer cements nearly four
decades ago, these materials have found increasing
applications in clinical dentistry.
• Clinical experience has defined the practical advantages and
disadvantages of glass ionomer cement system.
• Attempts are being made to further improve this material by
incorporating various co-monomers into the liquid and
different additives to the powder. If these attempts prove to
be successful, it will further extend the clinical applications
of GIC.
91

92. References
• Phillips. Science of dental materials. Eleventh edition.
• Sturdevant’s. art and science of operative dentistry. fifth edition.
• Clinical operative dentistry. Principles and practice. Ramya
Raghu.
• Glass Ionomer Cement – The Different Generations. Trends
Biomater. Artif. Organs,2005;18(2),158-165.
• Trends in Glass lonomer Cements.
ManipalOdontoscope.2009;1(2):43-45.
92

93. • Dental Glass Ionomer Cements as Permanent Filling
Materials? —Properties, Limitations and Future Trends.
Materials 2010, 3, 76-96.
• Experimental studies on a new bioactive material:
HAIonomer cements. Biomaterials. 2002;23(3):955-62.
• Incorporation of casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium
phosphate into a glass-ionomer cement.
Mazzaoui et al. J Dent Res 2003;82(11):914-8
93

94. • Zirconia-glass ionomer cement - A potential substitute
for miracle mix.
• Properties of proline-containing glass ionomer dental
cement.J prosthet dent. 2013;110(5):408-13.
• Antibacterial effects and physical properties of GIC’s
containing chlorhexidine. Dental materials journal
2008;22:647-652.
• In vivo antibacterial effects of chlorhexidine added to
glass ionomer cements
J Dent res 2011.
94

95. • Effects of incorporation of hydroxyapatite and fluoroapatite
nanobioceramics into conventional glass ionomer cements.
Acta biomaterialia 2008;4(2):432-40.
• Dental Era: A Journal Of Dentistry. 2013;3(4).
• Glass-ionomer cements in dentistry: the current position.
Science thought and clinical practice. John W. Nicholson.
• Journal of non-crystalline solids. 2005;351(6):508-14.
95

96. 96