2. Belshaw, The Essential
Elements of Digital Literacies
Skills are not learned in isolation but
rather developed within a context.
Literacies are plural and not neutral
when it comes to power, social identity
and political ideology.
There is a continuum of skills, through
competencies up to literacies.
Literacies are best taught when the
learner can see the whole picture of what
they are learning and where they are
going (‘progressive encoding’).
4. Recontextualization (Van
Leeuwen, 2008)
Learning “memes”: Connectivism
(Stephen Downes):
“Knowledge is a network phenomenon, to
“know” something is to be organized in a
certain way, to exhibit patterns of
connectivity. To “learn” is to acquire
certain patterns. This is as true for a
community as it is for an individual.”
9. Transaction: Experiential
learning and tool use (McLain,
2014)
“Replicant” apps
◦ replicate or reify ways of learning made
possible by other tools such as flash-
cards or calculators.
“Extender” apps “
◦ “extend the learning experience in ways
not otherwise possible except through
app technology” (p. 196), fostering
alternative learning experiences made
possible through app affordances.
