This document discusses decentralization and local governance in Kerala, India. It outlines how Kerala strengthened local bodies through legislation in 1994, transferring powers, functions, and finances. A key program for poverty alleviation was Kudumbashree, which organizes poor women into neighborhood groups for microfinance and development planning. The result of Kerala's decentralized approach is remarkable social development outcomes like high literacy, life expectancy, and low infant mortality, despite relatively low income levels.
Rural local bodies and function Panchayati Raj System (PRIs)Anjum Afroz
Rural Local Bodies play vital role in Indian Democracy as it encompasses Mahatma Gandhi's Gram Swarajya concept and includes people of bottom of pyramid in Gram Sabha. A powerful governance can be expexcted by rejuvenating Panchayati Raj System in India.
Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes fatanews
This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under
General Musharraf. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its
evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this
current decentralization. Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in
Pakistan is interesting because each of the three major reform experiments has
been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a ‘top down’
approach. Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a
wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of
political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. We argue that the
design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to
the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. It is hoped that
analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political
economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing
proponents of decentralization to the local level.
The functions of government executive branchNitashaMaqsood
As, we already know that government is divided into three categories named as Legislative branch, Executive branch and Judicial branch. In earlier session, we've discussed Legislative branch. Now this session is dedicated to the Executive branch.
Rural local bodies and function Panchayati Raj System (PRIs)Anjum Afroz
Rural Local Bodies play vital role in Indian Democracy as it encompasses Mahatma Gandhi's Gram Swarajya concept and includes people of bottom of pyramid in Gram Sabha. A powerful governance can be expexcted by rejuvenating Panchayati Raj System in India.
Local Government Reforms in Pakistan: Context, Content and Causes fatanews
This paper examines the recent decentralization reforms in Pakistan under
General Musharraf. We highlight major aspects of this reform and analyze its
evolution in a historical context to better understand potential causes behind this
current decentralization. Analyzing the evolution of local government reforms in
Pakistan is interesting because each of the three major reform experiments has
been instituted at the behest of a non-representative centre using a ‘top down’
approach. Each of these reform experiments is a complementary change to a
wider constitutional reengineering strategy devised to further centralization of
political power in the hands of the non-representative centre. We argue that the
design of the local government reforms in these contexts becomes endogenous to
the centralization objectives of the non-representative centre. It is hoped that
analyzing the Pakistani experience will help shed light on the positive political
economy question of why non-representative regimes have been willing
proponents of decentralization to the local level.
The functions of government executive branchNitashaMaqsood
As, we already know that government is divided into three categories named as Legislative branch, Executive branch and Judicial branch. In earlier session, we've discussed Legislative branch. Now this session is dedicated to the Executive branch.
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
MANDAL COMMISSION FOR RESERVATION FOR OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES IN PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA, #MANDAL CASE (1992) #SUPREME COURTS RULING FOR EMPLOYMENT RESERVATION FOR OBC #M.LAXMIKANTH #UPSC #INDIAN POLITY
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
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This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
Montesquieu's Doctrine of Separation of PowerA K DAS's | Law
The main theme of Montesquieu doctrine is that each and every organ of the state will exercise of its own power and function, and no one organ will interfere into the functions of another organ. He is the proponent of this theory....
MANDAL COMMISSION FOR RESERVATION FOR OTHER BACKWARD CLASSES IN PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT IN INDIA, #MANDAL CASE (1992) #SUPREME COURTS RULING FOR EMPLOYMENT RESERVATION FOR OBC #M.LAXMIKANTH #UPSC #INDIAN POLITY
Federal system of government
Federal system
Federation and confederation
Difference between federation and confederation
Essential condition of federation:
1.Sense of unity
2.common culture
3.Aspiration to regional autonomy
4.Geographical contiguity
5.Equality in federating units
6.political consciousness
7.Uniformity of political institution
8.economic self sufficiency
Our major goal is to help you achieve your academic goals. We are commited to helping you get top grades in your academic papers.We desire to help you come up with great essays that meet your lecturer's expectations.Contact us now at http://www.premiumessays.net/
this explains concept of Constitution which contains meaning, definition,classification,characteristics of good constitution and brief introduction Constituent Assembly of India
Public Policy Formulation and Analysis-3: Public Policy Formulation in PakistanShahid Hussain Raja
This is part 3 of the 3-part Course on Public Policy Formulation.
This course explains the way policies are formulated, the steps involved and the activities to be performed in the various steps.
It also explains the main features of a good public policy and discusses it with reference to policy formulation in Pakistan
In this presentation, we will be discussing the features of public policy formulation in a developing country like Pakistan
It talks about best rural governance practices that are taking place in the state of Kerala,India which has been inspiration to many other counteries, which have localized the same in their countries.
Lo2 india login dhaka_20_october_rakhibaruarakhicdd
Experience on learning travel workshop on "Collectivization of Local Government" held from 22nd August to 2nd September in India, supported by LOGIN-Asia Network funded SDC.
Evaluation of RD policies and ProgrammesJayanta Dutta
This ppt covers the history of rural development programmes and problems in implementing rural development policies and programmes in India. This will be helpful for PG students of State Agril. Universities under their Compulsory Courses
This project is titled as "Enhance Accountability and Promote Inclusion at local government institutions to ensure improved local services for ALL" to be implemented by Centre for Disability in Development (CDD) in Bangladesh. It aims to reinforce inclusive governance by improving policy-implementation, accountability & responsiveness of Local governance to ensure persons with disabilities and other marginalized population will benefit from social services and development outcomes.
By Shruthi Cyriac
The activities of ‘NUTRIMIX’ PRODUCTION and GOAT REARING are studied in this paper. Nutrimix is a baby food supplement and Kudumbashree women are actively involved in the production and supply of this commodity to the ‘anganwadis’ (government nurseries) in the district. The costs and benefits of this enterprise are studied in detail and the problems that these women face Research Paper on Micro Credit and Rural Market enterprise have been discussed. The second enterprise, Goat rearing, has also been critically analysed in detail to find out the costs, benefits and problems.
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Anarchist group ANA Regensburg hosted my online-presentation on 16th of May 2024, in which I discussed tactics of anti-war activism in Russia, and reasons why the anti-war movement has not been able to make an impact to change the course of events yet. Cases of anarchists repressed for anti-war activities are presented, as well as strategies of support for political prisoners, and modest successes in supporting their struggles.
Thumbnail picture is by MediaZona, you may read their report on anti-war arson attacks in Russia here: https://en.zona.media/article/2022/10/13/burn-map
Links:
Autonomous Action
http://Avtonom.org
Anarchist Black Cross Moscow
http://Avtonom.org/abc
Solidarity Zone
https://t.me/solidarity_zone
Memorial
https://memopzk.org/, https://t.me/pzk_memorial
OVD-Info
https://en.ovdinfo.org/antiwar-ovd-info-guide
RosUznik
https://rosuznik.org/
Uznik Online
http://uznikonline.tilda.ws/
Russian Reader
https://therussianreader.com/
ABC Irkutsk
https://abc38.noblogs.org/
Send mail to prisoners from abroad:
http://Prisonmail.online
YouTube: https://youtu.be/c5nSOdU48O8
Spotify: https://podcasters.spotify.com/pod/show/libertarianlifecoach/episodes/Russian-anarchist-and-anti-war-movement-in-the-third-year-of-full-scale-war-e2k8ai4
This session provides a comprehensive overview of the latest updates to the Uniform Administrative Requirements, Cost Principles, and Audit Requirements for Federal Awards (commonly known as the Uniform Guidance) outlined in the 2 CFR 200.
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Learning Objectives:
- Understand the rationale behind the 2024 updates to the Uniform Guidance outlined in 2 CFR 200, and their implications for federal grant recipients.
- Identify the key changes and revisions introduced by the Office of Management and Budget (OMB) in the 2024 edition of 2 CFR 200.
- Gain proficiency in applying the updated regulations to ensure compliance with federal grant requirements and avoid potential audit findings.
- Develop strategies for effectively implementing the new guidelines within the grant management processes of their respective organizations, fostering efficiency and accountability in federal grant administration.
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Jennifer Schaus and Associates hosts a complimentary webinar series on The FAR in 2024. Join the webinars on Wednesdays and Fridays at noon, eastern.
Recordings are on YouTube and the company website.
https://www.youtube.com/@jenniferschaus/videos
Presentation by Jared Jageler, David Adler, Noelia Duchovny, and Evan Herrnstadt, analysts in CBO’s Microeconomic Studies and Health Analysis Divisions, at the Association of Environmental and Resource Economists Summer Conference.
ZGB - The Role of Generative AI in Government transformation.pdfSaeed Al Dhaheri
This keynote was presented during the the 7th edition of the UAE Hackathon 2024. It highlights the role of AI and Generative AI in addressing government transformation to achieve zero government bureaucracy
2. • The 21st century paradigm of development: ‘Government failure’ is much more important
problem than ‘market problem’
• Role of local government is increasing; local economic development and the protection of the
poor has become the responsibility of local bodies
• The State should ensure that all citizens are getting their basic entitlements of public goods and
services and empower the poor so that they have equal rights (and responsibilities) with the
better-off citizens.
• Developing a good local governance system is one of the strategies for sustainable human
development. Particularly for poverty alleviation, interventions are more effective when they are
initiated through local governments.
• The Government of India’s commitment to decentralisation became more explicit with the 73rd
Amendment (for rural areas) and 74th Amendment (for urban areas) to the Constitution of India
in 1992, making local government institutions constitutionally mandatory.
• The state governments, therefore, are to take steps towards the creation of the Panchayats and
Municipalities and to endow them with “such powers and authority as may be necessary to
enable them to function as institutions of self government”.
3. • Kerala – the southernmost state in India – made use of the
opportunity to strengthen the local governance system by
legislating the Kerala Panchayati Raj Act 1994 (for local
bodies in rural areas) and the Kerala Municipality Act 1994 (for
the local bodies in urban areas).
• Powers, Functions and Finance have been transferred to these
local bodies which function as institutions of self-governments.
• A committee system has been introduced at all levels with a view
to further decentralisation within local bodies and to make
more opportunities for participation.
• Local institutions under line departments have been transferred to
the local bodies along with its functionaries.
• The local bodies have been virtually made responsible for
planning for economic development and social justice.
• The decentralisation process in Kerala may be better understood
by means of observing the six principles which governed the
process.
Source:
www.quickeralaholidays.com
4. Autonomy
• Administrative, financial and functional
dimensions
• The administrative autonomy of local bodies limits
the supervision of the state government to the
regulatory functions and makes the elected body
responsible
• Panchayats at all levels are administratively
independent units
• Cooperation, coordination, complementation and
integration among 3 tiers of panchayat:
Development activities
• Based on the functional responsibilities, financial
resources are shared
• 1/3rd of the plan Grant-in-Aid of the state has been
earmarked for the local bodies in Kerala
• Functional autonomy is achieved by earmarking the
functional areas for each local body very clearly by
legislation
Subsidiarity
• Division of functions
• Subsidiarity implies what can be done best
at a particular level shall be done at that
level and only residual functions are given
to the higher level
• Transfers the institutions underline
departments to the local bodies
• 13 departments in Kerala
• The process starts from below, transferring
powers and powers from the level of grama
Panchayats to district Panchayats.
5. Complementarity
• Integration of functions is the most important
task in the decentralised planning
• Activities of higher level should complement those
of the lower levels
• Local needs and priorities of a local body are
considered during the implementation of
programmes and also in the integrated local plan
Uniformity
• Norms and criteria for the selection of
beneficiaries, the identification of sites,
the prioritisation of activities and the
pattern of assistance in a given local body
shall be the same for a particular
programme irrespective of the agency
sponsoring such programmes
Participation of people
• Decentralised Governance: people take their own
decisions after analysing their problems
• An Institutional Framework for Participatory
democracy: local self-government
• People’s participation is expected in all stages of
development programmes, including the
identification of needs, formation of schemes, its
implementation, monitoring and evaluation
• Local self government institutions are
primarily accountable to the people and this
ensures transparency in its functioning
• Social audit system: performance of LB’s
• Grama sabhas: social auditing of
development programmes in the area
• For every decision taken, the rationale
behind it has to be made public
Transparency & Accountability
6. Grama Sabha
• Understands
the felt needs of
the people and
also identifies
the potential
areas of
intervention
• Group
discussions are
conducted
• All the
suggestions of
the sabha are
forwarded to the
local body
Development
Seminar
• Analysis
• Publication of
draft
Panchayat/
Municipality
Development
Report
• The seminar will
discuss and
suggest
strategies and
identify projects
to be taken up
for the
development of
the region
• Development
Report will be
published
• 1215 local
bodies in Kerala
Preparation of
Projects
• The
development
strategy will be
transformed
through in the
form of
projects
• Done by task
forces
• 10 working
groups
• Details of
project include
specific
objectives,
expected costs,
source
resources,
contribution
from
beneficiary,
mode of
execution,
mechanism for
monitoring and
the time frame
Preparation of
Plan Document
• Local bodies
finalise their
plan document
• Projects
prepared by the
working groups
are to be
prioritised
within the
resource limit
and long term
perspective of
the people for
local level
development
• Allocation
based on
priorities
• Projects are
included in the
published plan
document
Plan approval by
district planning
committee
• District
Planning
Committee
(DPC) approves
every local
government's
plan
• Technical
Advisory
Committee
(TAC) assists
DPC
• TAC examines
the technical
viability of the
projects and
recommend for
the approval of
DPC
• TAC neither
rejects nor
changes the
priority of the
project
Implementation,
monitoring and
evaluation
• Each plan will
be implemented
under the
supervision and
control of local
bodies
• Monitoring
committee
monitors the
progress of the
work
• Grama Sabha
examines the
progress and the
other details of
the project
• Local bodies do
not have the
authority to
change the
priorities given
by the grama
sabhas
7. • In 1998, Kudumbashree was introduced for ensuring comprehensive social protection
• ‘Kudumbashree’ means prosperity for the family, which is a participatory poverty eradication
programme
• The mission of Kudumbashree is “to eradicate absolute poverty through concerted community
action under the leadership of local governments, by facilitating organisation for the poor
combining self-help with demand-led convergence of available services and resource to tackle the
multiple dimensions and manifestations of poverty holistically.”
• A major departure from conventional poverty alleviation programmes is the process of
identification of poor by means of survey based on the following nine indicators of risk factors:
Poor quality of house
Lack of access to drinking water
Lack of access to sanitary latrines
Number of illiterate adults in the family
Single income households
Number of individuals getting barely two meals a day or less
Number of children below the age of five in the family
Number of cased of alcoholism or drug addiction in the family and
Scheduled caste or scheduled tribe families (socially disadvantaged groups).
The households with four out of nine factors are considered as poor
8. • It has a three-tier system.
• At the lowest level there are Neighbourhood Groups (NHGs) of 15-40 adult women, one each
from the identified risk families.
• Area Development Societies (ADS) are formed at the middle level by federating the NHGs
within a ward of a local body.
• At the local body level there are Community Development Societies (CDS), federating the ADS
in the local body.
• At present, there are 1,25,735 NHGs, 13,766 ADS and 1,049 CDS functioning in the State
covering 26,45,369 families below poverty line.
A major function of the organisation is to act as an informal bank for the poor. Women pool their
savings at the weekly NHG meetings. The ADS is authorised to open bank accounts in banks to
deposit the savings.
NHGs ADs CDS
DECENTRALISED PLANNING PROCESS:
• Prepares micro plans
based on previous
surveys and
discussions
• Mini plan for the ward of
panchayat/ Municipality
• A monitoring and advisory
committee is formed
• Prepares development
plans at the local level by
consolidating the plans
prepared by the ADs
9. • A human development approach to poverty alleviation considers the situation of
appalling deprivation – in conditions of hunger, ill-health, homelessness, illiteracy and
different forms of class, caste, and gender oppression.
• Among the states of India, Kerala’s performance in the spheres of social development is
remarkable.
• It is very important to underline the fact that all these achievements are made with a
relatively low per capita income.
• Thus the Kerala experience indicates that the well-being of the people can be improved,
and social, political, and cultural conditions transformed, even at low levels of income,
when there is appropriate social mobilisation and public action.
S. No Factors Kerala National
1 Literacy rate 90.2% 65.38%
2 Life expectancy at birth 73.3 yrs. 61.1 yrs.
3 Infant mortality rate 14 70