This study aims to examine the effects of using "struggle language" when discussing chronic illnesses. The researcher conducted a survey of 33 participants to assess their awareness and use of struggle language, experiences with chronic illness, and ratings of quality of life. The results of the survey will be analyzed using nonparametric tests to determine if there are relationships between the use of struggle language and patients' perceptions of quality of life. This may provide insights into how the language used to discuss illness impacts chronic illness patients.
Liz Rolf- An Analysis of MRSA from Two Anthropological PerspectivesLiz Rolf
This document provides an overview of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from various anthropological perspectives. It discusses how MRSA screening is conducted in hospitals and risk factors for different types of MRSA infections. Antibiotic overuse is identified as a major factor enabling the spread of MRSA due to evolutionary selection pressures. Sociopolitical factors like economic incentives and inadequate healthcare access are also examined in relation to inappropriate antibiotic usage. The roles of hospitals, healthcare workers, and public behaviors in potentially spreading MRSA infections are analyzed.
This study examined the risk of serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The study identified 181 RA patients with ILD between 1998-2014. It found that these patients faced a high risk of serious infections requiring hospitalization, with an overall rate of 7.4 infections per 100 person-years. The risk was highest for patients with organizing pneumonia ILD (27.1 per 100 person-years) and lower for nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. Use of high-dose prednisone (>10mg per day) was also linked to greater infection risk. Identifying patients at highest risk could help reduce infection-related morbidity.
This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and associated risk factors in London, Ontario from 2000-2001. Over 300 people were newly diagnosed with MRSA, with most cases occurring in people over 70 years old and in hospitals or long-term care facilities. Having a history of hospitalization was identified as the strongest risk factor for MRSA infection. The study concluded that screening patients who had been previously hospitalized upon readmission was needed to reduce the spread of MRSA. However, limitations included that not all patients were screened and the study only examined patients upon admission, not those already hospitalized.
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slicesin74
A study was conducted among 98 University of Baghdad employees and 30 randomly selected individuals to assess their knowledge of cholera. Most participants correctly identified that cholera is transmitted through contaminated water and food and causes watery diarrhea. While over half of the study group identified bacteria as the causative agent, answers varied more among the control group. The results indicate relatively good understanding of cholera transmission and symptoms but lack of complete knowledge about the bacterial cause.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
The document discusses the difficult decisions cancer doctors face in treating patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the risks cancer patients face from both COVID-19 infection and delays or reductions in cancer treatment. Doctors must carefully consider the risks of cancer progression if treatment is stopped or reduced against the risks patients face from immunosuppression and side effects from chemotherapy during the pandemic. The pandemic has added further complexity to the already difficult task of weighing benefits and risks of cancer treatment.
Liz Rolf- An Analysis of MRSA from Two Anthropological PerspectivesLiz Rolf
This document provides an overview of MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus) from various anthropological perspectives. It discusses how MRSA screening is conducted in hospitals and risk factors for different types of MRSA infections. Antibiotic overuse is identified as a major factor enabling the spread of MRSA due to evolutionary selection pressures. Sociopolitical factors like economic incentives and inadequate healthcare access are also examined in relation to inappropriate antibiotic usage. The roles of hospitals, healthcare workers, and public behaviors in potentially spreading MRSA infections are analyzed.
This study examined the risk of serious infection in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and interstitial lung disease (ILD). The study identified 181 RA patients with ILD between 1998-2014. It found that these patients faced a high risk of serious infections requiring hospitalization, with an overall rate of 7.4 infections per 100 person-years. The risk was highest for patients with organizing pneumonia ILD (27.1 per 100 person-years) and lower for nonspecific interstitial pneumonia and usual interstitial pneumonia. Use of high-dose prednisone (>10mg per day) was also linked to greater infection risk. Identifying patients at highest risk could help reduce infection-related morbidity.
This cross-sectional study examined the prevalence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections and associated risk factors in London, Ontario from 2000-2001. Over 300 people were newly diagnosed with MRSA, with most cases occurring in people over 70 years old and in hospitals or long-term care facilities. Having a history of hospitalization was identified as the strongest risk factor for MRSA infection. The study concluded that screening patients who had been previously hospitalized upon readmission was needed to reduce the spread of MRSA. However, limitations included that not all patients were screened and the study only examined patients upon admission, not those already hospitalized.
A study of health comprehension about the cholera among a slicesin74
A study was conducted among 98 University of Baghdad employees and 30 randomly selected individuals to assess their knowledge of cholera. Most participants correctly identified that cholera is transmitted through contaminated water and food and causes watery diarrhea. While over half of the study group identified bacteria as the causative agent, answers varied more among the control group. The results indicate relatively good understanding of cholera transmission and symptoms but lack of complete knowledge about the bacterial cause.
Assessment of Zooplankton Diversity in Kosavampatti Lake at Namakkal District...BRNSS Publication Hub
Kosavampatti Lake is a historical lake situated in Namakkal district. A lake usually helps in recharging groundwater, and the trees in and around the lake serve as a nesting place for birds. Zooplankton is the vital constituents of water flora which aids as the main component of the aquatic food chain. It sustains appropriate equilibrium between biotic and abiotic components of the water ecosystem. The present study aimed to deal with zooplankton diversity in Kosavampatti Lake. The investigation was carried out for 1 year, i.e., October 2017–September 2018. During the study period, the zooplankton population of Kosavampatti Lake water is characterized by five various classes, namely Protozoa, Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracods, and Rotifera, with 19 different species which were noted and documented in Kosavampatti Lake. The main classes of Rotifera are the highest groups among zooplankton and the density of zooplankton community was higher in summer and lesser in monsoon. The results of various kinds of diversity indices strongly indicate that Kosavampatti Lake is absolutely polluted in nature.
The document discusses the difficult decisions cancer doctors face in treating patients during the COVID-19 pandemic. It describes the risks cancer patients face from both COVID-19 infection and delays or reductions in cancer treatment. Doctors must carefully consider the risks of cancer progression if treatment is stopped or reduced against the risks patients face from immunosuppression and side effects from chemotherapy during the pandemic. The pandemic has added further complexity to the already difficult task of weighing benefits and risks of cancer treatment.
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent globally and their distribution is influenced by factors like age, gender, geography, and oral hygiene habits. Gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and prevalence surveys show that it affects a large portion of all populations. The prevalence of periodontitis increases with age, from 35% in 35-40 year olds to 85% in 80-90 year olds. Risk factors for periodontal diseases include tobacco use, diabetes, poor oral hygiene leading to dental plaque and calculus buildup, and specific pathogenic bacteria. Epidemiological studies are important to understand the distribution and determinants of periodontal diseases in populations in order to guide prevention and control efforts.
The document discusses headaches and their symptoms. Headaches usually occur at the end of the day and start as a dull ache in the forehead that spreads to the temples and back of the head. Sometimes the sufferer feels a heavy weight or tight band around their head, or that their head will burst. Headaches typically occur in the evening.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant StaphJoshua Owolabi
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy university students in Nigeria. Swabs were collected from the noses and necks of 100 students. A total of 39 Staphylococcus species were identified, including MRSA and MRCoNS. The MRSA strains showed high resistance to methicillin and several other antibiotics. CoNS also demonstrated moderate to high resistance to several antibiotics tested. This highlights the need for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the community and policies to prevent the spread of resistant infections.
The study examined 101 cases of human ehrlichiosis reported in Texas from 2008 to 2017 using surveillance data from the Texas Department of State Health Services. Key findings include:
1) The number of reported cases increased each year from 2009 to 2017, with a spike of 27 cases occurring in 2008 in rural south Texas.
2) Cases reported in 2008 differed from later years in having a younger median age, lower hospitalization rate, and earlier onset of symptoms.
3) From 2009 to 2017, most cases occurred in central and eastern parts of Texas near major cities, rather than solely in rural south Texas.
4) The 2008 cluster suggests an outbreak from a potential novel Ehrlichia species given unique epidemi
The document provides information on the COVID-19 pandemic as of April 2020. It discusses the epidemiology and spread of the virus globally. Key points include:
- COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 210 countries. As of April 2020, there were over 29 lakh confirmed cases and 200,568 deaths worldwide, with the US becoming the new epicenter.
- The virus spreads mainly person-to-person via respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, though many cases are asymptomatic. Chest CT scans show bilateral lung involvement like ground-glass opacities or consolidation.
- While most cases are mild, the elderly and those
The document summarizes a study of 112 tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh. It finds that over half of patients were female (55.4%) and most were in the productive age range of 15-34 years old (61.7%). A majority had low annual family incomes between 36,000-150,000 taka (69.6%). Over half of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis (50.9%), while 43.7% had extra pulmonary tuberculosis in sites like lymph nodes and pleura. Common symptoms for pulmonary tuberculosis were cough, weight loss, and fever, while weight loss and fever were also common for extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The study aims to understand the socioeconomic patterns and symptoms of tuberculosis patients.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
This document summarizes a study on the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) patients in Mumbai, India before the introduction of the directly observed treatment strategy plus (DOTS plus) program. Key findings include:
- Of the 29 DR TB cases studied, most had pulmonary TB and cavitary lesions on chest x-rays. Resistance profiles showed high levels of multidrug resistance.
- Treatment outcomes were poor, with 51% treatment success rate, 18% mortality, 18% lost to follow up, and 7% treatment failure.
- There was high prevalence of resistance to second-line drugs. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 7 cases.
- The study highlights the
ABSTRACT- Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in post operative
patients. Critically ill patients after extended surgical procedure are more risk to post surgical fungal infections. Life
saving devices like central venous catheters can increases risk for fungal infections. Surgical infections are infections of
the tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during performances of surgical procedure. Mold infection is
increasingly common in post operative patients. Postoperative surgical infection represents an uncommon but potentially
devastating complication of surgery. Unfortunately, medical community is not much aware of such secondary infections
due to fungi in post operative patients leading to grave consequences. Better diagnostic methods are needed to improve
the outcome of successful surgery and better health care for public. The diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the
majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence.
Key-words- Postoperative, Surgical infections, Secondary infections, Diagnostic method
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A Survival Guide For Clinicians. Ntc.08Raul Rojas
This document is a guidebook for clinicians on drug-resistant tuberculosis created by the Francis J. Curry National Tuberculosis Center and the California Department of Public Health. It was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and provides information to help clinicians diagnose and treat cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The guidebook was updated from a previous first edition and contains contributions from tuberculosis experts from various health departments and research institutions.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined risk factors for vertical transmission of Chagas disease from mother to infant. The review identified 27 studies examining a variety of potential risk factors. A meta-analysis of 2 studies found that mothers who transmitted the infection to their infants had significantly higher parasitic loads compared to mothers who did not transmit. A separate meta-analysis of 10 studies found that maternal age was not significantly associated with transmission risk. Overall, the literature suggests that high maternal parasitic load may be a risk factor for congenital Chagas disease, but more studies are needed due to heterogeneity and risk of bias in current studies.
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 3 months of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid treatment (combination therapy group) to 9 months of daily isoniazid treatment (isoniazid-only group) for preventing tuberculosis in high-risk patients. Over 7 years, the study enrolled approximately 4000 patients in each treatment group and followed them for 33 months. The primary outcome was development of tuberculosis. Results showed tuberculosis developed in 7 patients in the combination therapy group and 15 patients in the isoniazid-only group, demonstrating the 3-month regimen was non-inferior. Additionally, the combination therapy had a higher treatment completion rate. Long-term safety monitoring of the combination regimen will continue to be important
Epidemiology of wound_infection_in_a_surgical_ward_of_a_tertiary_care_hospita...Jacob Amofa
This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of wound infections at a tertiary hospital in Northern Ghana. The researchers reviewed medical records from 1096 patients admitted to the surgical ward in 2012. They found that 32.3% of patients had wound infections, with 60.2% acquired in the community and 39.8% acquired in the hospital. Males had a higher prevalence of infections than females. Significant risk factors for wound infection included female gender, living in a rural area, and having diabetes. The study concluded that wound infections were relatively common, with nearly 40% contracted in the hospital setting, and identified several demographic and clinical factors that influenced the risk of infection.
Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a long-Term Care Facility in King County, WashingtonValentina Corona
This document summarizes an investigation into an outbreak of COVID-19 at a skilled nursing facility in King County, Washington. As of March 18th, 167 cases of COVID-19 were linked to the facility, including 101 residents, 50 healthcare workers, and 16 visitors. The median age of infected residents was 83. Hospitalization rates were 54.5% for residents, 50% for visitors, and 6% for staff. The case fatality rate for residents was 33.7% (34 of 101 residents). The investigation identified the need for proactive infection control measures in long-term care facilities to prevent the introduction and spread of COVID-19.
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Alexander Decker
- The study assessed prognostic factors affecting recovery of tuberculosis patients in Ghana's Upper West Region. 400 patients were analyzed.
- Key factors found to significantly contribute to recovery were age, type of patient (pulmonary vs extra-pulmonary), duration of treatment, and HIV status.
- The median recovery time was 25.43 weeks. Older age was found to decrease the risk of relapse. Patients co-infected with HIV had a higher risk of treatment failure.
This case report describes a 35-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who presented with ptosis of both eyes after receiving aminoglycosides for a chest infection. He was initially diagnosed with a post-synaptic neuromuscular junction disorder but later developed progressive symmetrical weakness and respiratory difficulty, confirming a diagnosis of myasthenic crisis. Treatment with high-dose steroids was started. Further evaluation ruled out thymoma or central nervous system involvement. The case report discusses myasthenic crisis as exacerbation of muscle weakness that can lead to respiratory failure and highlights common precipitating factors like infection.
This abstract reviews 8 studies on the use of antibiotics in treating children diagnosed with E. coli O157:H7 diarrhea and the risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). While some studies had conflicting results, most larger studies found that antibiotic use increased the risk of HUS. Certain factors were associated with higher risk, such as severity of illness, starting antibiotics early in the diarrhea phase, and using bactericidal antibiotics. The conclusions indicate an increased risk was seen with larger sample sizes and certain antibiotics, timing of use, and illness severity may influence HUS risk.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and periodontal disease. It defines epidemiology and describes its aims, principles, approaches, tools of measurement, and study designs. Descriptive epidemiology is discussed, including defining a population, disease, and describing disease distribution. Analytical epidemiology studies like case-control and cohort studies are also summarized. Key points covered include the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment, and prevalence and incidence rates.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of HIV positive patients with diagnosis of...Oscar Malpartida-Tabuchi
This document summarizes a study on tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-positive patients at a hospital in Lima, Peru in 2014. It finds that:
- 22 HIV+ patients were diagnosed with TB, most were male with low CD4 counts. Extra-pulmonary TB was most common.
- 21 cases were microbiologically confirmed, with high rates of drug resistance including 30% MDR and 5% XDR.
- Outcomes differed by HIV treatment group: no mortality in groups receiving HIV drugs >6 months or <6 months, but 18.2% mortality in group not receiving HIV drugs.
The document discusses concerns around the evaluation and approval of drugs to treat Covid-19. It notes that President Trump advocated for the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine based on limited evidence, and that the FDA authorized their emergency use while clinical trials are still needed. However, widespread use of unproven treatments risks exposing patients to unnecessary harms and detracting resources from clinical trials. Rigorous randomized trials can still be conducted quickly during a pandemic and are important for determining whether candidate drugs are truly safe and effective.
Hussain Ali is an experienced architect who has worked on various commercial, residential, healthcare, and mixed-use projects in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kabul, and Karachi over the past 14 years. He has expertise in design development, project management, and construction administration. Currently, he works as a design manager at Aga Khan University in Karachi where he oversees healthcare projects. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Architecture and a Master's degree in Project Management.
Periodontal diseases are highly prevalent globally and their distribution is influenced by factors like age, gender, geography, and oral hygiene habits. Gingivitis is the most common form of periodontal disease and prevalence surveys show that it affects a large portion of all populations. The prevalence of periodontitis increases with age, from 35% in 35-40 year olds to 85% in 80-90 year olds. Risk factors for periodontal diseases include tobacco use, diabetes, poor oral hygiene leading to dental plaque and calculus buildup, and specific pathogenic bacteria. Epidemiological studies are important to understand the distribution and determinants of periodontal diseases in populations in order to guide prevention and control efforts.
The document discusses headaches and their symptoms. Headaches usually occur at the end of the day and start as a dull ache in the forehead that spreads to the temples and back of the head. Sometimes the sufferer feels a heavy weight or tight band around their head, or that their head will burst. Headaches typically occur in the evening.
Prevalence and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Methicillin Resistant StaphJoshua Owolabi
This document summarizes a study on the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and coagulase-negative Staphylococci (CoNS) isolated from healthy university students in Nigeria. Swabs were collected from the noses and necks of 100 students. A total of 39 Staphylococcus species were identified, including MRSA and MRCoNS. The MRSA strains showed high resistance to methicillin and several other antibiotics. CoNS also demonstrated moderate to high resistance to several antibiotics tested. This highlights the need for surveillance of antibiotic resistance in the community and policies to prevent the spread of resistant infections.
The study examined 101 cases of human ehrlichiosis reported in Texas from 2008 to 2017 using surveillance data from the Texas Department of State Health Services. Key findings include:
1) The number of reported cases increased each year from 2009 to 2017, with a spike of 27 cases occurring in 2008 in rural south Texas.
2) Cases reported in 2008 differed from later years in having a younger median age, lower hospitalization rate, and earlier onset of symptoms.
3) From 2009 to 2017, most cases occurred in central and eastern parts of Texas near major cities, rather than solely in rural south Texas.
4) The 2008 cluster suggests an outbreak from a potential novel Ehrlichia species given unique epidemi
The document provides information on the COVID-19 pandemic as of April 2020. It discusses the epidemiology and spread of the virus globally. Key points include:
- COVID-19 originated in Wuhan, China in late 2019 and has since spread to over 210 countries. As of April 2020, there were over 29 lakh confirmed cases and 200,568 deaths worldwide, with the US becoming the new epicenter.
- The virus spreads mainly person-to-person via respiratory droplets. Common symptoms include fever, cough and shortness of breath, though many cases are asymptomatic. Chest CT scans show bilateral lung involvement like ground-glass opacities or consolidation.
- While most cases are mild, the elderly and those
The document summarizes a study of 112 tuberculosis patients in Bangladesh. It finds that over half of patients were female (55.4%) and most were in the productive age range of 15-34 years old (61.7%). A majority had low annual family incomes between 36,000-150,000 taka (69.6%). Over half of patients had pulmonary tuberculosis (50.9%), while 43.7% had extra pulmonary tuberculosis in sites like lymph nodes and pleura. Common symptoms for pulmonary tuberculosis were cough, weight loss, and fever, while weight loss and fever were also common for extra pulmonary tuberculosis. The study aims to understand the socioeconomic patterns and symptoms of tuberculosis patients.
To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid 19 Patients after Having Vac...YogeshIJTSRD
The severity and mortality of COVID 19 cases has been associated with the Three category such as vaccination status, severity of disease and outcome. Objective presently study was aimed to assess the severity and mortality among covid 19 patients. Methods Using simple lottery random method 100 samples were selected. From these 100 patients, 50 patients were randomly assigned to case group and 50 patients in control group after informed consents of relative obtained. Patients in the case group who being died after got COVID 19 whereas 50 patients in the control group participated who were survive after got infected from COVID 19 patients. Result It has three categories such as a Vaccination status For the vaccination status we have seen 59 patients were not vaccinated and 41 patients was vaccinated out of 100. b Incidence There were 41 patients were vaccinated whereas 59 patients were not vaccinated. c Severity In the case of mortality we selected 50 patients who were died from the Corona and I got to know that out of 50 patients there were 12 24 patients were vaccinated whereas 38 76 patients were non vaccinated. Although for the 50 control survival group total 29 58 patients were vaccinated and 21 42 patients was not vaccinated all graph start. Conclusion we have find out that those people who got vaccinated were less infected and mortality rate very low. Prof. (Dr) Binod Kumar Singh | Dr. Saroj Kumar | Ms. Anuradha Sharma "To Assess the Severity and Mortality among Covid-19 Patients after Having Vaccinated: A Retrospective Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-5 , August 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd45065.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/45065/to-assess-the-severity-and-mortality-among-covid19-patients-after-having-vaccinated-a-retrospective-study/prof-dr-binod-kumar-singh
This document summarizes a study on the clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes of drug-resistant tuberculosis (DR TB) patients in Mumbai, India before the introduction of the directly observed treatment strategy plus (DOTS plus) program. Key findings include:
- Of the 29 DR TB cases studied, most had pulmonary TB and cavitary lesions on chest x-rays. Resistance profiles showed high levels of multidrug resistance.
- Treatment outcomes were poor, with 51% treatment success rate, 18% mortality, 18% lost to follow up, and 7% treatment failure.
- There was high prevalence of resistance to second-line drugs. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 7 cases.
- The study highlights the
ABSTRACT- Invasive fungal infections have become a major source of morbidity and mortality in post operative
patients. Critically ill patients after extended surgical procedure are more risk to post surgical fungal infections. Life
saving devices like central venous catheters can increases risk for fungal infections. Surgical infections are infections of
the tissues, organs or spaces exposed by surgeons during performances of surgical procedure. Mold infection is
increasingly common in post operative patients. Postoperative surgical infection represents an uncommon but potentially
devastating complication of surgery. Unfortunately, medical community is not much aware of such secondary infections
due to fungi in post operative patients leading to grave consequences. Better diagnostic methods are needed to improve
the outcome of successful surgery and better health care for public. The diagnosis of invasion and dissemination in the
majority of cases requires the acquisition and proper interpretation of clinical evidence.
Key-words- Postoperative, Surgical infections, Secondary infections, Diagnostic method
Drug Resistant Tuberculosis. A Survival Guide For Clinicians. Ntc.08Raul Rojas
This document is a guidebook for clinicians on drug-resistant tuberculosis created by the Francis J. Curry National Tuberculosis Center and the California Department of Public Health. It was funded by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and provides information to help clinicians diagnose and treat cases of drug-resistant tuberculosis. The guidebook was updated from a previous first edition and contains contributions from tuberculosis experts from various health departments and research institutions.
This systematic review and meta-analysis examined risk factors for vertical transmission of Chagas disease from mother to infant. The review identified 27 studies examining a variety of potential risk factors. A meta-analysis of 2 studies found that mothers who transmitted the infection to their infants had significantly higher parasitic loads compared to mothers who did not transmit. A separate meta-analysis of 10 studies found that maternal age was not significantly associated with transmission risk. Overall, the literature suggests that high maternal parasitic load may be a risk factor for congenital Chagas disease, but more studies are needed due to heterogeneity and risk of bias in current studies.
This randomized controlled trial compared the effectiveness of 3 months of weekly rifapentine and isoniazid treatment (combination therapy group) to 9 months of daily isoniazid treatment (isoniazid-only group) for preventing tuberculosis in high-risk patients. Over 7 years, the study enrolled approximately 4000 patients in each treatment group and followed them for 33 months. The primary outcome was development of tuberculosis. Results showed tuberculosis developed in 7 patients in the combination therapy group and 15 patients in the isoniazid-only group, demonstrating the 3-month regimen was non-inferior. Additionally, the combination therapy had a higher treatment completion rate. Long-term safety monitoring of the combination regimen will continue to be important
Epidemiology of wound_infection_in_a_surgical_ward_of_a_tertiary_care_hospita...Jacob Amofa
This study examined the prevalence and risk factors of wound infections at a tertiary hospital in Northern Ghana. The researchers reviewed medical records from 1096 patients admitted to the surgical ward in 2012. They found that 32.3% of patients had wound infections, with 60.2% acquired in the community and 39.8% acquired in the hospital. Males had a higher prevalence of infections than females. Significant risk factors for wound infection included female gender, living in a rural area, and having diabetes. The study concluded that wound infections were relatively common, with nearly 40% contracted in the hospital setting, and identified several demographic and clinical factors that influenced the risk of infection.
Epidemiology of Covid-19 in a long-Term Care Facility in King County, WashingtonValentina Corona
This document summarizes an investigation into an outbreak of COVID-19 at a skilled nursing facility in King County, Washington. As of March 18th, 167 cases of COVID-19 were linked to the facility, including 101 residents, 50 healthcare workers, and 16 visitors. The median age of infected residents was 83. Hospitalization rates were 54.5% for residents, 50% for visitors, and 6% for staff. The case fatality rate for residents was 33.7% (34 of 101 residents). The investigation identified the need for proactive infection control measures in long-term care facilities to prevent the introduction and spread of COVID-19.
Assessing the effects of prognostic factors in recovery of tuberculosis patie...Alexander Decker
- The study assessed prognostic factors affecting recovery of tuberculosis patients in Ghana's Upper West Region. 400 patients were analyzed.
- Key factors found to significantly contribute to recovery were age, type of patient (pulmonary vs extra-pulmonary), duration of treatment, and HIV status.
- The median recovery time was 25.43 weeks. Older age was found to decrease the risk of relapse. Patients co-infected with HIV had a higher risk of treatment failure.
This case report describes a 35-year-old male with acute myeloid leukemia who presented with ptosis of both eyes after receiving aminoglycosides for a chest infection. He was initially diagnosed with a post-synaptic neuromuscular junction disorder but later developed progressive symmetrical weakness and respiratory difficulty, confirming a diagnosis of myasthenic crisis. Treatment with high-dose steroids was started. Further evaluation ruled out thymoma or central nervous system involvement. The case report discusses myasthenic crisis as exacerbation of muscle weakness that can lead to respiratory failure and highlights common precipitating factors like infection.
This abstract reviews 8 studies on the use of antibiotics in treating children diagnosed with E. coli O157:H7 diarrhea and the risk of developing hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS). While some studies had conflicting results, most larger studies found that antibiotic use increased the risk of HUS. Certain factors were associated with higher risk, such as severity of illness, starting antibiotics early in the diarrhea phase, and using bactericidal antibiotics. The conclusions indicate an increased risk was seen with larger sample sizes and certain antibiotics, timing of use, and illness severity may influence HUS risk.
This document provides an overview of epidemiology and periodontal disease. It defines epidemiology and describes its aims, principles, approaches, tools of measurement, and study designs. Descriptive epidemiology is discussed, including defining a population, disease, and describing disease distribution. Analytical epidemiology studies like case-control and cohort studies are also summarized. Key points covered include the epidemiologic triad of agent, host, and environment, and prevalence and incidence rates.
Clinical presentation and outcomes of HIV positive patients with diagnosis of...Oscar Malpartida-Tabuchi
This document summarizes a study on tuberculosis (TB) in HIV-positive patients at a hospital in Lima, Peru in 2014. It finds that:
- 22 HIV+ patients were diagnosed with TB, most were male with low CD4 counts. Extra-pulmonary TB was most common.
- 21 cases were microbiologically confirmed, with high rates of drug resistance including 30% MDR and 5% XDR.
- Outcomes differed by HIV treatment group: no mortality in groups receiving HIV drugs >6 months or <6 months, but 18.2% mortality in group not receiving HIV drugs.
The document discusses concerns around the evaluation and approval of drugs to treat Covid-19. It notes that President Trump advocated for the use of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine based on limited evidence, and that the FDA authorized their emergency use while clinical trials are still needed. However, widespread use of unproven treatments risks exposing patients to unnecessary harms and detracting resources from clinical trials. Rigorous randomized trials can still be conducted quickly during a pandemic and are important for determining whether candidate drugs are truly safe and effective.
Hussain Ali is an experienced architect who has worked on various commercial, residential, healthcare, and mixed-use projects in Dubai, Abu Dhabi, Kabul, and Karachi over the past 14 years. He has expertise in design development, project management, and construction administration. Currently, he works as a design manager at Aga Khan University in Karachi where he oversees healthcare projects. He holds a Bachelor's degree in Architecture and a Master's degree in Project Management.
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Setelah mengikuti materi ini, peserta mampu menjelaskan cakupan standar yaitu : level, subyek dan aspek standardisasi, sifat standar serta tujuan standardisasi dan manfaat standar. Subbab ini membahas:
1. Level standardisasi
2. Subyek standardisasi
3. Aspek standardisasi
4. Sifat standar
5. Tujuan standardisasi dan manfaat standar
El documento hace referencia a un conjunto inmobiliario llamado "Parque Real" desarrollado por las empresas Romero y Rosales S.A. y ConstruiR & R Inmobiliaria.
This document reports on three siblings diagnosed with Wolfram Syndrome, also known as DIDMOAD syndrome, which is a rare genetic disorder characterized by diabetes insipidus, diabetes mellitus, optic atrophy, and deafness. The siblings presented with these symptoms at different ages. Clinical findings and investigations confirmed the diagnosis in all three cases. The document discusses the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of Wolfram Syndrome.
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El documento presenta una tarea escolar en la que los estudiantes deben trabajar en grupos para crear una presentación en PowerPoint sobre virus informáticos. La presentación debe contener al menos 12 diapositivas con texto e imágenes explicando qué son los virus, cómo afectan a las computadoras y cómo pueden evitarse. Los estudiantes deben investigar en varios sitios de Internet y entregar el trabajo para el 39 de noviembre.
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1. Standardisasi
2. Penilaian kesesuaian
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The document provides guidelines for establishing a community learning center. It outlines 6 key steps:
1) Assessing needs and resources in the community
2) Developing a planning committee with representatives from different sectors
3) Creating a mission and goals for the center
4) Identifying suitable facilities and equipment needs
5) Developing programs and services offered by the center
6) Creating an organizational and management plan to operate the center effectively.
Data Storytelling for Insurers PresentationTevje Maillard
This document discusses data storytelling techniques for insurers. It provides three case studies as examples: 1) using visualization to determine why enrollment is down in new areas, 2) visualizing predictive models to identify why some prospects are being underscored, and 3) integrating separate online and offline data sources to accurately measure performance across channels. The case studies demonstrate how data can be combined and visualized to identify issues, evaluate models, and optimize marketing efforts.
El documento define la ecología como la ciencia que estudia las interrelaciones entre los seres vivos y su ambiente. Explica que la ecología surgió en el siglo XIX y analiza las contribuciones de pioneros como Haeckel, Darwin y Odum. También describe la historia de la ecología en Venezuela, los principales ecosistemas del país y su biodiversidad en comparación a América Latina.
Bethany Atwood is pursuing a business management career utilizing strengths in transformational leadership, creativity, vision, and practicality. She is currently an HR Assistant at Emerald Downs Racing where her responsibilities include onboarding, training, audits, and policy work. Previously she has held roles as a delivery driver for Pizza Hut, merchandiser for Pepsi Bottling Group, and shift manager/driver for Pizza Hut. She is set to graduate from Pierce College in June 2016 with a 3.11 GPA and has received academic honors.
The Impact of Patients’ Disease-Labels on Disease Experience Living Longer ...semualkaira
Advances in oncology have resulted in prolonged disease trajectories, also for patients with incurable cancer. This has induced discussions about the ‘right’ medical terminology. The impact of choosing a specific disease-label on well-being can be high.
The Impact of Patients’ Disease-Labels on Disease Experience Living Longer ...semualkaira
Advances in oncology have resulted in prolonged disease trajectories, also for patients with incurable cancer. This has induced discussions about the ‘right’ medical terminology. The impact of choosing a specific disease-label on well-being can be high.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further re.docxpearlenehodge
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Nurses' Preparedness and Perceived Competence in Managing Disasters
Baack, Sylvia, PhD, RN;Alfred, Danita, PhD, RN
Journal of Nursing Scholarship; Sep 2013; 45, 3; ProQuest Central
pg. 281
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
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Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.
CLINICAL SCHOLARSHIP
The Lived Experiences of People With Chronic Obstructive
Pulmonary Disease: A Phenomenological Study
Yi-Ya Chang, MSc, RN1,2, Yu-Tzu Dai, PhD, RN3, Nai-Hui Chien, MSN, RN4,5, & Hui-Ya Chan, MSN, RN6,7
1 Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
2Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
3 Professor, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
4 Lecturer, Department of Nursing, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan City, Taiwan
5Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, National Taipei University of Nursing and Health Sciences, Taipei City, Taiwan
6 Registered Nurse, Department of Nursing, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei City, Taiwan
7Doctoral Candidate, School of Nursing, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei City, Taiwan
Key words
Chronic disease, long-term care,
phenomenology, qualitative research,
respiratory
Correspondence
Yi-Ya Chang, Department of Nursing, Chang
Gung University of Science and Technology,
No.261, Wenhua 1st Rd., Guishan Dist. 33303,
Taoyuan City, Taiwan.
E-mail: [email protected]
Accepted May 7, 2016
doi: 10.1111/jnu.12230
Abstract
Purpose: This study explored the lived experiences of people with chronic
obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) following hospitalization for acute ex-
acerbation or pneumonia.
Design and Method: A phenomenological approach was adopted to collect
data through semistructured interviews. Fourteen participants were recruited
from a medical center in northern Taiwan. Data were collected from January
2013 to January 2014. Giorgi’s phenomenological methodology was adopted
to analyze the interview content.
Findings: Three phenomenological themes emerged: trapped in an invisible
cage, torments in the winter, and striving for wellness.
Conclusions: This study sought to elucidate the lived experiences of peo-
ple with COPD, who perceive.
This document summarizes a systematic review that aimed to identify studies measuring health-related quality of life (HRQL) in tuberculosis (TB) patients using standardized instruments. The review identified 12 original studies meeting the criteria. A variety of generic and disease-specific HRQL instruments were used, with the Short Form-36 being most common. The studies found that TB significantly impacts patients' physical, psychological, and social well-being. Treatment improves HRQL but patients' quality of life remains worse than the general population even after being microbiologically cured. There is a need for a validated TB-specific HRQL instrument.
This document discusses a study that analyzed accounts from parents caring for individuals with severe myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME) using interpretative phenomenological analysis. The study identified several themes in the parents' experiences, including identity change as parents take on caregiving roles, feelings of guilt, feeling like outsiders who are misunderstood, uncertainty regarding the illness, changing perceptions of time, coping mechanisms, and efforts to manage symptoms and potential improvements. The aims of the study were to give voice to caregivers of ME patients who are often stigmatized and to inform future research supporting these caregivers.
Chronic Disease Process of the Obesity.docxstudywriters
Chronic pain is highly prevalent among veterans and often co-occurs with substance abuse disorders and mental health issues. While opioids can provide effective short-term pain relief, their long-term efficacy and safety is unclear. Position papers discuss the need for ethical pain management but also recognize the opioid crisis. They recommend educating patients and their families on overdose prevention and risks of long-term opioid use given lack of evidence for chronic non-cancer pain and high overdose rates. Improving veteran care requires an approach that controls opioid prescription while still addressing pain.
Crimson Publishers: The Impact of Chronic Diseases on Patients and Their Fami...CrimsonGastroenterology
The Impact of Chronic Diseases on Patients and Their Families: Case of Ulceratice Colitis and Crohn’s Disease by Maria Tsoukka in Gastroenterology Medicine & Research: Bowel Disease
Background: The purpose of the study is to identify the potential psychological effects of ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease on patients and their family environment.Aim: The objective aims of this current research are to identify the causal factors creating psychological problems among patients and their family members, exploring ways to eliminate them and create a general picture for their psychological condition in relation to the diseases at a Pancyprian level.Methods: The Greek translation of the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and the Greek translation of the Health Survey (SF-12) will be used for evaluating the psychological effects of ulcerative colitis and Crohn disease on patients and their families. In addition, the Greek translation of the inflammatory Bowel Disease Questionnaire will be used only on the patients. The questionnaires will be handed out to the patients and their attendants in Gastroenterology dispensaries all over Cyprus. Conclusion: In the context of improving health care quality, it was indicated that multifaceted interventions are more effective than simpler interventions and that the insistence on change requires a multi-layered approach. A major focus of health policy is the effective management of long term diseases both for reducing the burden on patients and professionals as well as of the health services also. Studying the Group of patients with IBD could be an important example of study as the patients themselves are chronic patients with 20 years being the peak age onset of the diseases and life expectancy of healthy individuals.
This document summarizes a presentation on prognostication in COPD patients. It discusses how COPD patients often die, trajectories of death, factors that impact prognosis like comorbidities and functional status, and challenges with prognostication. It also reviews prognostic scoring systems like BODE and ADO and their limitations. Finally, it discusses implications for improving COPD care through a palliative care approach, better access to support services, and enhanced prognostic tools to predict outcomes in individual patients.
Meta-Analysis of population studies on the prevalence of chronic pain in UK –...Pubrica
Chronic pain, which includes illnesses like low back pain and osteoarthritis, was recently highlighted as one of the most common causes of disability worldwide by the Global Burden of disease studies in a meta-analysis study.
Reference : https://bit.ly/3Ki4o96
Our services : https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
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Meta-Analysis of population studies on the prevalence of chronic pain in UK –...Pubrica
Chronic pain, which includes illnesses like low back pain and osteoarthritis, was recently highlighted as one of the most common causes of disability worldwide by the Global Burden of disease studies in a meta-analysis study.
Reference : https://bit.ly/3Ki4o96
Our services : https://pubrica.com/services/research-services/meta-analysis/
Why Pubrica:
When you order our services, We promise you the following – Plagiarism free | always on Time | 24*7 customer support | Written to international Standard | Unlimited Revisions support | Medical writing Expert | Publication Support | Biostatistical experts | High-quality Subject Matter Experts.
Contact us:
Web: https://pubrica.com/
Blog: https://pubrica.com/academy/
Email: sales@pubrica.com
WhatsApp : +91 9884350006
United Kingdom: +44-1618186353
This study examined how intensivists make decisions about withholding or withdrawing life-sustaining treatment for critically ill patients at the end of life. In-depth interviews were conducted with 12 intensivists from two hospitals in the UK. The analysis identified three main themes that influenced intensivists' decision-making: their role and responsibilities, considerations of treatment effectiveness, and the patient's best interests. Two overarching tensions also emerged: balancing prolonging life versus quality of life, and balancing their sense of responsibility with the burden of end-of-life decisions. The results provide insight into how intensivists make sense of death and the role that their own beliefs play in complex end-of-life decision-making
This study compared outcomes for head and neck cancer patients based on age. Younger patients (≤40 years old) had significantly better 5-year survival rates (65%) than middle-aged (41-64 years old, 52%) or older patients (≥65 years old, 38%). Younger patients also developed fewer recurrent tumors or new primary tumors. However, the reasons for the differences in outcomes based on age are unclear. The study aimed to analyze outcomes while controlling for other factors like smoking history, tumor stage, and treatment received to better understand the independent impact of age.
Running Head QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SUMMARY1QUANTITATIVE RESE.docxtodd581
Running Head: QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SUMMARY 1
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SUMMARY 10
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH SUMMARY
Student’s Name: Letzy Reyes
Institution: Grand Cayon University
Date: 06/10/2018
Nursing Practice Problem
P-(Problem) – elderly patients aged above 50 years admitted in hospital and having shown blood pressure disease signs. Patients not included in the research were pregnant women.
I-(Intervention) – the patients who are subject in this research will be subjected to therapeutic routine concerning hypertension. The blood pressure of all the patients was tested after administering hypertension medicine to the subjects. The resultant changes were recorded every day to determine the reaction and thus the group will make a conclusion.
C-(Comparison) – institutionalized quality methods will be regulated for hypertension and subjected to the group. The comparison between the groups will be done towards the end of the month in the group.
O-(Outcome) - there will be good relation between the hypertension medication and blood pressure.
T-(Time) – for the next one month the blood pressure will be monitored closely.
The nursing practice portion should be in paragraph form.
PICOT Statement
Elderly patients under hypertension medication together with pharmacological interventions can be maintained in hospitals to improve their blood pressure and with understanding the background and culture of the patients will be of great help in dealing with hypertension. Comment by Doreen Farley: Letzy, I know that this is not the PICOT question that we decided on. What happened to the PICOT?
In patients with hypertension, does the use of meditation along with pharmacological interventions compared to medications alone improve blood pressure? This was the PICOT from out last discussion on 6-1-18
This paper is supposed to be double space only. I am not sure why there is so much space in between concepts.
Introduction
Background of the study
The purpose of the study was to evaluate analyze how patients using hypertension medication along with pharmacological interventions compared to medications alone improve blood pressure. The bottom line of the study was to evaluate how different opinions on hypertension and the treatment of the disease and how such opinions differ from one place to another especially due to the difference in culture or ethnicity of these groups. In addition, the study will be evaluated on what the proposed interventions would do to improve the adherence to these groups. Comment by Doreen Farley: The study evaluated…
The proposed interventions from the research on the two articles will be of importance to the nursing field. There is the need for the nurses to connect, care and convey treatment for various groups of patients in our diverse community. These include taking treatment to patients from different ethnic and racial groups. When it comes to hypertension, nurses have been faced with challenges .
Psychometric assessment of the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire.docxamrit47
The document discusses a study that assessed the psychometric properties of the Life Satisfaction Questionnaire (LSQ) using two samples of Swedish women. The study aimed to:
1) Evaluate the validity and reliability of the LSQ in a randomized sample of Swedish women and compare their perceived quality of life to that of women with breast cancer.
2) Examine how perceived quality of life relates to educational background.
Factor analysis identified six factors for the LSQ in the randomized women sample and in the previous breast cancer sample. The samples rated some quality of life domains similarly and some differently. Higher education was linked to higher perceived quality of life.
Human Papillomavirus Vaccination Intentions And Uptake In College WomenKimberly Williams
This study examined factors that influence college women's intentions to receive the HPV vaccine and actual uptake of the vaccine. The researchers surveyed 447 undergraduate women who either did not intend to get the vaccine, intended to get it, or had already received it. They found that negative perceptions of the vaccine's health consequences, a doctor's recommendation, positive attitudes toward the vaccine, and social norms were associated with intentions to get vaccinated. A doctor's recommendation, social norms, and perceptions of HPV susceptibility uniquely predicted who had already been vaccinated, beyond other factors. This suggests social influences may be especially important in motivating young women to get the HPV vaccine after forming an intention.
Epidemiology is the study of disease patterns in human populations and the factors that influence health. It involves measuring disease frequency, investigating causes, and controlling health problems. The goals of epidemiology are to understand and reduce the burden of disease in society. Key aspects include describing disease distribution, identifying risk factors, and evaluating interventions. The history of epidemiology began with early physicians like Hippocrates and made advances through pioneers such as John Graunt, William Farr, and John Snow, who conducted seminal studies linking disease to environmental factors. Epidemiology now covers a wide range of fields and plays an important role in public health.
RunningHead: PICOT Question 1
RunningHead: PICOT Question 7
PICOT Question
Avery Bryan
NRS-433V
Professor Christine Vannelli
May 19, 2019
Clinical Problem
A report from the Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2015 revealed that (9.4%) 30.3 million Americans are diabetic and 84.1 million have prediabetes. This is a total population of over 100 million is at risk of developing type 2 diabetes which is a growing health problem being the seventh leading cause of death in the U.S. An estimated 1.5 million new cases were among 18-year old bracket and the rates of diagnosed diabetes increased proportionally to age. Below 44 years accounted for 4%, below 64 years at 17 % and 25% for those above 65 years across both genders. One-third of adults in America has prediabetes but sadly, they are unaware despite reports released by The National Diabetes Statistics Report every year. These reports elaborate on prevalence and incidence, prediabetes, long-term complications, risk factors, mortality, and cost. Diabetes poses the risk of serious complications like death, blindness, stroke, kidney disorders, cardiac diseases and health problems that lead to amputation of legs. However, the risks can be mitigated through physical body activities, proper dieting and prescribed use of insulin and other related measures to control the blood sugar levels. Diabetes Prevention Program was funded by NIH to research a yearly evidence-based program to improve healthy weight loss through diet and physical activities. There also efforts to determine the effectiveness of public service campaigns in improving the real-life experience in the diagnosis and treatment of diabetes.
PICOT Question.
The population affected by diabetes cuts across all ages, gender, race, and ethnicity. The prevalence is significantly high from 18 years and it increases with age to about 25% above 65 years. In terms of gender, men are at higher risk accounting for 37% while women are at 30% across races and educational levels. On races, the rates were higher among Indians/Alaska natives at 15%, non-Hispanic blacks at 12.7% and Hispanics at 12%. Among Asians, the rates were lower at 8% and 7.4% for non-Hispanic whites.
Intervention indicator for diabetes shows that individuals who do not observe a healthy diet are more exposed to the disease. Some risk behaviors include lack of exercise and excessive intake of junk foods that lead to obesity and increased blood sugar levels. Diabetes prevalence varied according to education levels were those with less than high school education at 12.6% and 7.2% for those higher than high school education.
Comparison and use of a control group from the popularity of Complementary and Alternative Medicine and Traditional Chinese Medicine showed distinct knowledge of diabetes, blood sugar control, and self-care. The experimental group received education through interactive multimedia for three months while the control group received.
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults .
1
WEEK 2 - ASSIGNMENT 1
4
Week 2 - Assignment 1: Associate Research Concept and Research Question
Question one
Question stem: How do differences in age group contribute to chronic disease?
Participants
The main participants in this research study are people of different age groups ranging from youths and older adults of both genders who are at high risk of chronic disease victims. Participants to use in this research study will be grouped to help in collecting reliable information for better decision making.
Research context
Statistically, chronic diseases are common among old age people. The high rate of such infections among older adults is due to a low metabolic rate because to reduce physical activities among older adults. As well, chronic disease is also common among young adult who lives poor lifestyle choices like poor diet, overconsumption of alcohol and frequent smoking (Woolf, Aron, National Academies & Institute of Medicine, 2013)
Purpose and impact of the research
The purpose of this research is to study how differences in age group affect the rate of infection of chronic diseases among people living in the United States. In doing so, data will be collected from different age groups ranging from young adults to old adults.
The main impact of this study is to identify the most affected age group with chronic diseases to find possible causes of action that should be then to reduce the chances of infections. For example, a high rate of infection among young people due to the high rate of smoking can be reduced by advising them to stop engaging such activities (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Aspects of the main focus
The critical element to address in this study is to find possible ways of reducing infection of chronic diseases among the different age groups in the United States. To achieve the goal of the research study, a random sampling method will be done to collect data about how age group differences infection of chronic diseases. In doing so, relevant information will be collected from participants for analysis to answer the research question. Another essential step that should be done in this study is to identify the right participants that will help in collecting relevant information (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
The main research focus
The main focus of this research study is to address or answer the research question. It will pay more attention to how differences in age group contribute to many infections of chronic diseases. Based on past research studies, it evident that differences in age groups affect the risk of being chronic diseases. However, to confirm whether research results that have been discussed by others, it is essential to conduct this to find a possible solution that can help solve the research question (Busse & Blümel, 2011).
Question stem: How does the relationship between ages influence chronic disease affection among different groups of people?
Participants
The key participants in this research study are adults ...
Similar to Liz Rolf-The Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness (20)
Liz Rolf-The Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness
1. Running head: USE OF STRUGGLE LANGUAGE IN CHRONIC ILLNESS 1
The Use Of Struggle Language When Discussing Chronic Illness:
Assessing The Effects On Patients
Liz Rolf
University of Missouri - St. Louis
2. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 2
Introduction
Problem Statement
With the rapid advances in medical technology, the incidence of patients with chronic
illnesses is quickly rising. Chronic illnesses that used to kill patients fairly quickly, such as
diabetes, lupus, or cystic fibrosis, can now be managed. With proper care, most patients with
illnesses such as these can live long lives, possibly even a full natural life span. Of course, as the
population has risen, so has the number of individuals with terminal illnesses, such as
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), that medical science cannot influence the course of.
As of 2005, it is estimated that the population of Americans with chronic illnesses stood
at 133 million, and that 63 million of those individuals had more than one chronic illness
(Bodenheimer, 2009). By 2020, it is estimated that the number of individuals with chronic
conditions will rise to 157 million, of which 81 million individuals will have more than one
chronic condition (Bodenheimer, 2009). As the number of individuals affected by disease grows,
and our culture becomes more open and informed about medical conditions in general, the
discourse on disease increases. In almost all discussion about disease, regardless of the speaker
or the audience, it is discussed using struggle language or combat metaphors. “The war on
cancer”, “cancer survivor”, “a virus invades human cells”, “your immune system defends your
body”; all are examples of discussing disease in terms of war and conquest. The use of such
language gives the impression of dividing patients into groups of “winners” (patients who
triumph over their disease, typically by being cured) and “losers” (those who succumb to illness,
or whose illness is incurable).
3. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 3
Study Objective
While research has been conducted on various aspects of chronic illness, including
population statistics, employment statistics on chronic illness patients, illness perception, and the
effects of specific diseases on patients’ lives, little research has been done on the effects of the
language commonly used when discussing illness, particularly the effects that might be found in
patients with chronic illnesses. Given the growing population of chronic illness patients,
determining the effects of such language on the perceptions of chronic illness and patients with
chronic illnesses seems prudent to this investigator. Awareness of the potential effects on
perception of patients, both how patients see themselves and how other see them, might
influence the language used when discussing illness, which in turn may affect patient perception.
This proposed study would seek to determine the potential impact of struggle language on
perceptions of chronic illness.
Literature Review
Much of the current research on chronic illness focuses on Health-Related Quality of Life
(HRQoL), particularly in patients with specific illnesses. A study conducted in 2014 by Steel, et
al., looked at HRQoL as a predictive factor in life spans of patients with advanced cancer. The
study sought to “investigate the prognostic value of HRQoL in patients with hepatocellular
carcinoma and cholangiocarcinoma after adjusting for sociodemographics, disease-related
factors, and treatment-related factors (Steel, et al., 2014).” The researchers administered the
Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Hepatobiliary instrument to 321 patients. Using Cox
4. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 4
regression, the researchers determined that overall HRQoL was significantly associated with
longer survival rates, even after controlling for the factors listed above. Since HRQoL was found
to be predictive of survival rates of patients with hepatocellular and cholangiocarcinoma, the
researchers recommended that physicians stratify patients when testing new and novel
treatments.
A study conducted in Singapore in 2014 (Venkataraman, et al., 2014) looked at HRQoL
in 3514 individuals from the general community in Singapore. Subjects were tested on their
HRQoL (using the SF-36 health survey version) and checked for three common conditions:
diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Each participant, for each condition, was
categorized as either: having no disease, undiagnosed, diagnosed but not taking medication, or
diagnosed and taking medication. Researchers used one-way ANOVA and multiple linear
regression to determine that disease awareness was associated with lower HRQoL, while
undiagnosed disease was associated with higher HRQoL. The researchers concluded that these
results indicate a reason why these individuals do not seek regular medical care.
A recent study conducted in the United Kingdom (Parker, et al., 2014) sought to study the
impact of chronic conditions and multimorbidity in the elderly, in order to determine which of 15
common chronic conditions impacted HRQoL the most, and what interventions might be
appropriate. Researchers studied a community-based population of individuals ages 65 and older.
The mean age of participants was 74.6 years, and of those subjects, 49.2% were male.
Multivariate modeling was used to determine that 13 of the 15 conditions studied significantly
impaired HRQoL. The three conditions that caused the greatest impact were osteoarthritis,
neurological disease, and depression. The researchers recommend that their results be used to aid
5. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 5
in clinical decision making, particularly when setting treatment priorities for patients with
multimorbidity.
In Norway, a study was recently conducted that analyzed illness perception (IP) in
patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) (Borge, et al., 2014). Illness
perception refers to how patients evaluate how they live with a disease. The researchers sought to
determine whether breathlessness, a common symptom of COPD, was a precursor of IP, and
whether IP was in turn linked to HRQoL. The researchers conducted a cross-sectional survey
using 154 COPD patients. The researchers used multiple regression analyses to determine that
patients with a high IP score (high IP indicates that patients consider their condition to be a
significant threat) experienced more breathlessness. Researchers suggest that their findings might
have implications for patient counseling, possibly by helping patients learn to cope with their
COPD by restructuring their personal models of illness, which could reduce their breathlessness.
The other main focus area in chronic illness research is employability of individuals with
chronic illnesses. A study that sought to analyze the long-term effects of cancer and cancer
treatment on employment was conducted in 2008 by Short, Vasey, and BeLue. The researchers
had two objectives with this study: “(1) to quantify the increase in work disability attributable to
cancer in a cohort of adult survivors who were an average of 46 months post-diagnosis and (2) to
compare disability rates in cancer survivors to individuals with other chronic conditions (Short,
Vasey, & BeLue, 2008). “ The study compared data from two groups: 647 cancer survivors, aged
55-65, in a sample taken from the Penn State Cancer Survivor Study, and 5988 similarly aged
subjects sampled from the Health and Retirement Study. The researchers used multivariate
6. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 6
logistic regression to develop estimated adjusted odds ratios for work disability for cancer
survivorship, heart disease, diabetes, stroke, lung disease, and arthritis. The results demonstrated
few significant differences in work disability for cancer survivors versus subjects with other
chronic conditions, and both subject groups had significantly higher work disability rates than
similarly aged individuals without any chronic medical conditions. The researchers concluded
that, given the elevated work disability rate, cancer survivorship should be considered a chronic
illness.
Researchers in the Netherlands recently studied the impact of illness duration and age at
diagnosis on labor participation chances (Rijken, et al., 2013). The researchers surveyed several
cohorts of individuals who have been diagnosed with a chronic illness since 1998, and studied
4634 subjects in total. Multi-level logistic regression analyses were used to determine that the
age at illness onset had a significant negative effect on labor participation chances, as did the
duration of illness. The duration of illness negative effect on employment had a stronger impact
on men that it did on women. The researchers suggest that further studies should be conducted to
study different diagnostic groups, and perhaps develop programs to guide young people with
chronic illnesses to help them develop suitable careers.
Research Questions and Hypotheses
Does the use of struggle language and combat metaphors in relation to disease affect
perceptions of disease or perceptions of individuals with a chronic illness? Does the frequency
with which the patient and/or others use struggle language in relation to illness have any
correlation to patients’ quality of life? Are there any demographic factors that correlate with
7. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 7
quality of life ratings? It is hypothesized that the use of struggle language and combat metaphors
has a negative effect on patients’ quality of life. It is also hypothesized that awareness of struggle
language usage will be connected to how frequently it is used.
Methods
Instruments
Questionnaire: The participants completed a 14 question self-reporting questionnaire.
Basic demographic information was collected, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, educational
background, and employment status. Given that the study is about the use of struggle language
and chronic illness, subjects were also asked whether they had worked in the health care field,
whether they or someone they knew had a chronic illness, whether they were aware of the use of
struggle language in regards to chronic illness, and how often they and others around them used
struggle language in regards to chronic illness. Subjects were also asked to rate their quality of
life, their satisfaction with their career path, and the quality of life of someone they knew who
had a chronic illness, using the following scale: 1= Very Low, 2= Low, 3= Neutral, 4= High, 5=
Very High.
Sampling and Data Collection
The sample was obtained through a convenience sampling. There were 33 participants in
this survey. To maintain each participant’s confidentiality, the consent form was signed and filed
separately from the completed surveys. Data from the surveys was then entered into SPSS 22 for
analysis by the researcher.
Variables
8. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 8
The independent variables of this study are awareness of struggle language, struggle
language use, and whether the participant has a chronic illness, or is close to someone who does.
The dependent variables of this study are quality of life of the participant and the participant’s
rating of the quality of life of someone they know with a chronic condition. These variables are
ranked on an ordinal scale, which is as follows: 1= Very Low, 2= Low, 3= Neutral, 4= High, 5=
Very High. These variables will help to determine whether struggle language use is related to
quality of life.
Analysis Strategy
For this study, there are many different ways that both the independent variables and the
dependent variables can be analyzed. Since most of the variables of interest are ordinal and
nominal variables, the tests used will be nonparametric. An Independent Samples Mann-Whitney
U test can be performed to present a significance value and an M place score to determine
whether there is a significant relationship between the respondent’s quality of life score and their
chronic illness status. An Independent Samples Mann-Whitney U test can also be used to
examine the relationship between the respondent’s chronic illness status and awareness of the
use of struggle language. An Independent Samples Kruskal-Wallis Test can be performed to
determine whether there is a relationship between the frequency with which the respondent uses
struggle language and what rating they give to the quality of life of someone with a chronic
illness. This will offer a significance value and an H score. A Spearman’s rho correlation test can
be performed to determine the relationship between an individuals’ awareness of the use of
struggle language and the frequency with which they use struggle language in relation to chronic
illness. This test will offer a significance value and a rho score.
9. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 9
Ethical Concerns
The potential ethical concerns were minimal; regardless, participants were informed of
the concerns in the informed consent form and in the cover letter. Participants were made aware,
both verbally and in writing, that their participation was voluntary, and that they could withdraw
from the survey at any time. Furthermore, participants were made aware of the separation of
signed consent form from completed survey, so as to protect their anonymity.
Results
The demographics are given in Table 1, below this paragraph. There were 33 participants
in the study. Ages ranged from 17 to 62 years old, with a mean age of 40.24 years old and a
median age of 42 years old. Most of the participants were female (n=25), while only 24.2% were
male (n=8). Most of the participants were White/Non-Hispanic (n=31), while one participant
was African American and one participant described themselves as Other. The largest proportion
of participants had Bachelor’s Degrees (n=12), followed by some college but no diploma (n=10),
high school diploma/GED (n=5), Master’s Degrees (n=2), some high school but no diploma
(n=2), Associate’s Degree (n=1), and one participant had a professional degree. Most
participants were employed for wages (n=27), while some were self-employed (n=3), students
(n=2), or homemakers (n=1).
10. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 10
Table 1
Demographic information and independent and dependent variables
N=33 Frequency Percent Mean Median Minimum Maximum
Demographics
Gender
Female 25 75.8% ---- ---- ---- ----
Male 8 24.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Age, years ---- ---- 40.24 42.0 17 62
Ethnicity
African American 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Other 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ….
White/Non-Hispanic 31 31.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Education
Some High School, No Diploma 2 6.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
High School Diploma/GED 5 15.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Some College, No Diploma 10 30.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
Associate’s Degree 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Bachelor’s Degree 12 36.4% ---- ---- ---- ----
Master’s Degree 2 6.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Professional Degree 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Employment Status
Employed for Wages 27 81.8% ---- ---- ---- ----
Self-Employed 3 9.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Homemaker 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Student 2 6.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Independent Variable
Current or Former Health Care Worker
Yes 7 21.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
No 26 78.8% ---- ---- ---- ----
Awareness of Struggle Language Use
Yes 17 51.5% ---- ---- ---- ----
Somewhat Aware 7 21.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Not Sure 2 6.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
No 7 21.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Respondent has a Chronic Illness
Yes 5 15.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
No 28 84.8% ---- ---- ---- ----
Respondent Knows Someone with a Chronic Illness
Yes 22 66.7% ---- ---- ---- ----
No 11 33.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
11. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 11
Table 1, Continued
Demographic information and independent and dependent variables
N=33 Frequency Percent Mean Median Minimum Maximum
How Frequently does Respondent use Struggle Language
Often 4 12.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Sometimes 9 27.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
Rarely 9 27.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
Never 11 33.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
How Frequently do Others Use Struggle Language
Often 6 18.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Sometimes 15 45.5% ---- ---- ---- ----
Rarely 6 18.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Never 6 18.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Dependent Variable
Respondent’s Quality of Life
Neutral 5 15.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
High 18 54.5% ---- ---- ---- ----
Very High 10 30.3% ---- ---- ---- ----
Respondent’s Satisfaction With Career Path
Low 3 9.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Neutral 7 21.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
High 16 48.5% ---- ---- ---- ----
Very High 7 21.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Respondent’s Rating of Quality of Life of Someone with a Chronic Illness
Very Low 1 3.0% ---- ---- ---- ----
Low 6 18.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Neutral 16 48.5% ---- ---- ---- ----
High 8 24.2% ---- ---- ---- ----
Very High 2 6.1% ---- ---- ---- ----
Independent and Dependent Variable
Independent Variable: Of the participants, 7 had previously worked or volunteered in the health
care field, while most had not (n=26). The majority of participants were aware of the use of
struggle language in relation to chronic illnesses (n=17), while some were somewhat aware
(n=7), not aware (n=7), or not sure (n=2). Only a few participants had a chronic illness (n=5),
while most did not (n=28). The majority of participants did know someone with a chronic illness
(n=22), while the minority did not (n=11). A small majority of participants never use struggle
12. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 12
language in reference to chronic illness (n=11), while some participants rarely used it (n=9), or
used it sometimes (n=9); only 4 participants used struggle language often. More participants
were accustomed to hearing others use struggle language sometimes (n=15), while equal
numbers of participants heard other use struggle language often (n=6), rarely (n=6), or never
(n=6).
Dependent Variable: The majority of participants rated their quality of life as high (n=18), while
others rated their quality of life as very high (n=10), or neutral (n=5). Most participants rated
their career path satisfaction as high (n=16), while equal amounts rated their career path as either
very high (n=7) or neutral (n=7); only 3 participants rated their career path satisfaction as low.
When asked to rate the quality of life of someone they know/knew with a chronic illness, the
majority of participants rated the person’s quality of life as neutral (n=16), followed by high
(n=8), low (n=6), very high (n=2), or very low (n=1).
Statistical Tests
The statistical test results are given in Table 2, below this section. A Mann-Whitney U
test was used to examine the difference in quality of life scores between individuals who did and
did not have chronic illnesses. The significance level is 0.290 and the U-value is 91.50 with 33
degrees of freedom. These results do not appear to be significant. A Mann-Whitney U test was
used to examine the levels of awareness of struggle language use between individuals who did
and did not have chronic illnesses. The significance level is 0.045 and the U value is 110.0 with
33 degrees of freedom. This result is significant because the significance level is below 5%,
which indicates that there is a connection between struggle language awareness and chronic
illness status. Participants who have a chronic illness were significantly more likely to be aware
13. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 13
of the use of struggle language (M place = 9.00) than individuals who do not have a chronic
illness (M place = 18.43). A Kruskal-Wallis test was conducted to examine the relationship
between a respondent’s quality of life rating for someone with a chronic illness and the
frequency with which the respondent uses struggle language in relation to chronic illness. No
significant relationship was found (H(3)=.742, P=.863), indicating that the there were no
significant differences. A Spearman rho correlation coefficient was calculated for the
relationship between a respondent’s awareness of struggle language and the frequency with
which they use struggle language. A strong positive correlation was found (rho(31)=.458,
P=.007), indicating a significant relationship between awareness and usage. Participants who
were more aware of the use of struggle language in regards to chronic illness were more likely to
use struggle language themselves.
Table 2
Results from Statistical Tests
Independent Variable Dependent Variable Test Conducted Results
Respondent’s Chronic Illness Status Quality of Life Mann-Whitney U test U=91.50 P=0.290
Respondent’s Chronic Illness Status Awareness of Struggle Lang. Mann-Whitney U test U=110.0 P=.045
Respondent’s QoLRating for Person Frequency of Struggle Kruskal-Wallis test H(3)=.742 P=.863
With Chronic Illness Language Usage
Awareness of Struggle Language Frequency of Struggle Spearman Correlation rho(31)=.458 P=.007
Language Usage
Limitations
There are many limitations that may have affected the results of this survey. The sample
size was small, and it was heavily female and white, which is likely partly due to the distribution
process. There was also a very small population of respondents who had chronic illnesses, which
could certainly skew the results. And because the surveys were self-reported, respondents
falsifying their answers is always a possibility.
14. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 14
Conclusion
Implications
The results of this study might be useful in future practice if more work was done to
survey chronic illness patients to determine their feelings about the use of struggle language, and
if those feelings are negative, then perhaps society could work towards building a more person-
focused, less combat-focused vocabulary for chronic illness. Currently, this study is helpful in
proving that individuals, both with and without chronic illnesses, are aware of the use of struggle
language, and that awareness of such language is connected to how frequently it is used.
Conclusions
The results of this study have been inconclusive in proving my hypothesis that increased
use of struggle language would be connected to lower quality of life ratings in people with
chronic illnesses, as no such connection was found. My hypothesis that awareness of struggle
language usage and frequency of struggle language usage was not disproven, although I did
expect the opposite result (higher levels of awareness would result in less frequent usage).
15. Use of Struggle Language in Chronic Illness 15
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