This document provides biographical information about the Roman historian Livy and summarizes his major work, Ab Urbe Condita (From the Foundation of the City). It notes that Livy lived during the reign of Augustus and wrote a 142-book history of Rome from its founding in 753 BC to his own time. Only about a quarter of the text has survived. The document discusses Livy's sources, strengths as a historian and writer, and impact, concluding that despite weaknesses, his history provides one of the best accounts of the Roman Republic and its loss is a major gap.
The end of history? Johannes Renner Bremensis and the Livonian Rhymed ChronicleMichael Neecke
Johann Renner's Livonian Histories is the last example of the literature of Deutschordensliteratur, the Teutonic Order. But Deutschordensliteratur is a concept with blurred edges, an area with vague boundaries. The extension of this concept is not closed by a frontier. What still counts as part of Deutschordensliteratur and what no longer does, is no either-or question. This is a historical problem.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
1.Purpose the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness .docxcroysierkathey
1.
Purpose: the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness around stereotyping and how it can be very hurtful to some people.
2.
Audience: Anyone that uses stereotypical jokes or saying around people that are different than them even without realizing that they are making a stereotypical joke or statement.
3.
Genre: the genre that I will be trying to reach out to in this essay will be informational, reason being is that I mainly look at informational online documentaries and stories.
4.
Stance and tone: I’m just a young man who grew up around a lot of people from different places and have different cultures and never paid attention in my younger years to what was happening from stereotyping others that they are different till recently.
5.
Graphic design
: My essay will be a strict academic essay
.
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.2. Talk about the .docxcroysierkathey
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.
2. Talk about the interconnection between the aesthetic and the technical aspects of the film. This should include at least seven of the following: Editing, Film Structure, Cinematography, Lighting, Colors, Screenwriting, Special effects, Sound and Music.
3. After this course, will you see you favorite film in a different light? Why or why not?
.
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan Harlow?
Fargo and Town Manager Harlow are on a slippery slope to corruption. I think that Harlow is handling her position the correct way by trying to remain neutral and sticking to a code of ethics so the problem really comes down to the political actors in the town. It is good that Harlow declined the invite to the dinner party, and cracked down on employees playing politics at work, that is a step in the right direction to removing the possibility of political corruption.
2.What is the basis for your answer to question #1?
At the end of the article Harlow remembers another city manager saying “you never have more authority than the day you walk into your office” What I get from that, and what I think Harlow got from that is that when you come into a position as a public manager everyone is going to want something from you. Political actors are going to want political favors, quid pro quos, you have something that everyone else wants and they are going to try and get that from you.
3.What are your recommended solutions to the problems you identified?
I think the best thing to do would be to continue to try to remain neutral. It will always be impossible to please absolutely everybody so the best thing to do is try to avoid doing everything everyone asks and stick to some sort of code of ethics.
4.What points do you agree, disagree or want further discussion from your fellow classmates and why? (tell them not me)
I think the overarching theme of this article is that people are going to want things from the government. I agree with Harlow's steps to avoid political corruption in her administration by cracking down on political favors with the snow plows and referring to the ICMA code of ethics.
.
1.Writing Practice in Reading a PhotographAttached Files.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Writing: Practice in Reading a Photograph
Attached Files:
Bachman, Ieshia Evans, Baton Rouge (2016).jpg
(277.283 KB)
For this assignment, you will practice analyzing how various rhetorical elements contribute to the overall meaning of a visual image--in this case, a photograph. To begin, click on the attached image.
By way of some context, this photo was taken in 2016 at a protest rally in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The woman in the photo is named Ieshia Evans. The photographer is named Jonathan Bachman. Bachman's photo, which was first published by Reuters, was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in 2017. You can use this information to do more research on the image, if you like.
Now, review once again the Elements and Methods of Visual Rhetoric document and select from it
three
elements that you wish to discuss in relation to this photo. Please note that this is not a formal essay assignment, so do not treat it as such. For example, you do not need to create a formal introduction.
Begin by simply providing an
interpretive claim
--i.e., stating what you believe is the meaning or message of Bachman's photo. Ideally, this should be just
one
sentence (tho you can write two if necessary). After that, your document simply needs to contain
three paragraphs
, one for each rhetorical element you have selected. In each paragraph, you need to explain fully how the particular element contributes to the overall meaning or message of the image.
Note: Your assignment must be submitted as an attached .doc or .docx file. Name your file correctly, using your last name and brief description of assignment (e.g., Martinez, Photograph.docx).
2.
DB: Interpreting Political Ads
In this discussion board, you will be discussing and interpreting a recent political ad entitled "Mourning in America," which was produced by The Lincoln Project, a political action committee (PAC). If you are not familiar with the group, take a moment to research it, as that context will add to your understanding and interpretation. You can
click here
to view the ad.
As you watch "Mourning in America", think carefully about how this political advertisement compares and contrasts with Ronald Reagan's "Morning in America" ad, in terms of its rhetorical methods as well as its overall message. You will be asked to comment on
three
specific rhetorical elements, so decide which ones stand out most to you and take careful notes on those to prepare for the discussion.
When you are ready, click the link above to enter the Discussion Board, and then follow the instructions in the first thread posted in this forum for responding to this material.
Questions:-
Mourning in America
COLLAPSE
Your task here is to share with your peers your ideas on how
three
specific rhetorical elements or your choosing are used in this ad to make its appeal to an audience and to convey a message.
1. Identity the three rhetorical elements that you have selected and then
explain
how each .
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activitie.docxcroysierkathey
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments for both points of view.
2.What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing intelligent systems on mobile data?
3. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from current literature and their impact on data science as a profession.
4.Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment, mass customization, and teamwork.
Note: Each question must be answered in 5 lines and refrences must be APA cited.
.
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences .docxcroysierkathey
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences after abstaining from consuming
alcohol? How do changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems produce these symptoms?
2.With reference to associative learning principles/models/theories, why does James consume alcohol
to alleviate these symptoms? What motivates his drinking behaviour given that he no longer enjoys this
activity (most of the time)?
3.How do these factors prevent James from quitting his drinking, and lead to a cycle of relapse when he
attempts to do so? Why are these processes important for our understanding of addiction and
substance use disorders.
1 Page
at least 3 sources
APA
.
More Related Content
Similar to LIVY Born c. 59 BC in Patavium, Rome (Ancient state) Di.docx
The end of history? Johannes Renner Bremensis and the Livonian Rhymed ChronicleMichael Neecke
Johann Renner's Livonian Histories is the last example of the literature of Deutschordensliteratur, the Teutonic Order. But Deutschordensliteratur is a concept with blurred edges, an area with vague boundaries. The extension of this concept is not closed by a frontier. What still counts as part of Deutschordensliteratur and what no longer does, is no either-or question. This is a historical problem.
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the organization and the family role in every one of the heritages mentioned about and how they affect (positively or negatively) the delivery of health care.
2. Identify sociocultural variables within the Irish, Italian and Puerto Rican heritage and mention some examples.
References must be no older than 5 years. A minimum of 700 words is required.
.
1. Compare and contrast DEmilios Capitalism and Gay Identity .docxcroysierkathey
1. Compare and contrast D'Emilio's
Capitalism and Gay Identity
with the
From Mary to Modern Woman
reading. What patterns do you see that are similar to the modern American society? What can be said about global notions of gender in the modern age? Feel free to invoke Foucault.
2. How is the writer's experience important in the story being told in
Middlesex
? Describe your reaction to the reading and invoke some of the concepts discussed in the
Queer Theory
reading to try to make sense of sexuality when it does not match your own conventions. Compare both readings, but go deeper to explore your own stereotypes and socialization.
**PLEASE READ THE READINGS IN ODER TO DO THIS ASSIGNMENT.
.
1.Purpose the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness .docxcroysierkathey
1.
Purpose: the purpose of this essay is to spread awareness around stereotyping and how it can be very hurtful to some people.
2.
Audience: Anyone that uses stereotypical jokes or saying around people that are different than them even without realizing that they are making a stereotypical joke or statement.
3.
Genre: the genre that I will be trying to reach out to in this essay will be informational, reason being is that I mainly look at informational online documentaries and stories.
4.
Stance and tone: I’m just a young man who grew up around a lot of people from different places and have different cultures and never paid attention in my younger years to what was happening from stereotyping others that they are different till recently.
5.
Graphic design
: My essay will be a strict academic essay
.
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.2. Talk about the .docxcroysierkathey
1. Tell us why it is your favorite film.
2. Talk about the interconnection between the aesthetic and the technical aspects of the film. This should include at least seven of the following: Editing, Film Structure, Cinematography, Lighting, Colors, Screenwriting, Special effects, Sound and Music.
3. After this course, will you see you favorite film in a different light? Why or why not?
.
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are the main issues facing Fargo and Town Manager Susan Harlow?
Fargo and Town Manager Harlow are on a slippery slope to corruption. I think that Harlow is handling her position the correct way by trying to remain neutral and sticking to a code of ethics so the problem really comes down to the political actors in the town. It is good that Harlow declined the invite to the dinner party, and cracked down on employees playing politics at work, that is a step in the right direction to removing the possibility of political corruption.
2.What is the basis for your answer to question #1?
At the end of the article Harlow remembers another city manager saying “you never have more authority than the day you walk into your office” What I get from that, and what I think Harlow got from that is that when you come into a position as a public manager everyone is going to want something from you. Political actors are going to want political favors, quid pro quos, you have something that everyone else wants and they are going to try and get that from you.
3.What are your recommended solutions to the problems you identified?
I think the best thing to do would be to continue to try to remain neutral. It will always be impossible to please absolutely everybody so the best thing to do is try to avoid doing everything everyone asks and stick to some sort of code of ethics.
4.What points do you agree, disagree or want further discussion from your fellow classmates and why? (tell them not me)
I think the overarching theme of this article is that people are going to want things from the government. I agree with Harlow's steps to avoid political corruption in her administration by cracking down on political favors with the snow plows and referring to the ICMA code of ethics.
.
1.Writing Practice in Reading a PhotographAttached Files.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Writing: Practice in Reading a Photograph
Attached Files:
Bachman, Ieshia Evans, Baton Rouge (2016).jpg
(277.283 KB)
For this assignment, you will practice analyzing how various rhetorical elements contribute to the overall meaning of a visual image--in this case, a photograph. To begin, click on the attached image.
By way of some context, this photo was taken in 2016 at a protest rally in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. The woman in the photo is named Ieshia Evans. The photographer is named Jonathan Bachman. Bachman's photo, which was first published by Reuters, was a finalist for a Pulitzer Prize in 2017. You can use this information to do more research on the image, if you like.
Now, review once again the Elements and Methods of Visual Rhetoric document and select from it
three
elements that you wish to discuss in relation to this photo. Please note that this is not a formal essay assignment, so do not treat it as such. For example, you do not need to create a formal introduction.
Begin by simply providing an
interpretive claim
--i.e., stating what you believe is the meaning or message of Bachman's photo. Ideally, this should be just
one
sentence (tho you can write two if necessary). After that, your document simply needs to contain
three paragraphs
, one for each rhetorical element you have selected. In each paragraph, you need to explain fully how the particular element contributes to the overall meaning or message of the image.
Note: Your assignment must be submitted as an attached .doc or .docx file. Name your file correctly, using your last name and brief description of assignment (e.g., Martinez, Photograph.docx).
2.
DB: Interpreting Political Ads
In this discussion board, you will be discussing and interpreting a recent political ad entitled "Mourning in America," which was produced by The Lincoln Project, a political action committee (PAC). If you are not familiar with the group, take a moment to research it, as that context will add to your understanding and interpretation. You can
click here
to view the ad.
As you watch "Mourning in America", think carefully about how this political advertisement compares and contrasts with Ronald Reagan's "Morning in America" ad, in terms of its rhetorical methods as well as its overall message. You will be asked to comment on
three
specific rhetorical elements, so decide which ones stand out most to you and take careful notes on those to prepare for the discussion.
When you are ready, click the link above to enter the Discussion Board, and then follow the instructions in the first thread posted in this forum for responding to this material.
Questions:-
Mourning in America
COLLAPSE
Your task here is to share with your peers your ideas on how
three
specific rhetorical elements or your choosing are used in this ad to make its appeal to an audience and to convey a message.
1. Identity the three rhetorical elements that you have selected and then
explain
how each .
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activitie.docxcroysierkathey
1.Some say that analytics in general dehumanize managerial activities, and others say they do not. Discuss arguments for both points of view.
2.What are some of the major privacy concerns in employing intelligent systems on mobile data?
3. Identify some cases of violations of user privacy from current literature and their impact on data science as a profession.
4.Search the Internet to find examples of how intelligent systems can facilitate activities such as empowerment, mass customization, and teamwork.
Note: Each question must be answered in 5 lines and refrences must be APA cited.
.
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences .docxcroysierkathey
1.What is the psychological term for the symptoms James experiences after abstaining from consuming
alcohol? How do changes in the functioning of neurotransmitter systems produce these symptoms?
2.With reference to associative learning principles/models/theories, why does James consume alcohol
to alleviate these symptoms? What motivates his drinking behaviour given that he no longer enjoys this
activity (most of the time)?
3.How do these factors prevent James from quitting his drinking, and lead to a cycle of relapse when he
attempts to do so? Why are these processes important for our understanding of addiction and
substance use disorders.
1 Page
at least 3 sources
APA
.
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with H.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words discussing the benefits of using R with Hadoop. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
2.Write at least 500 words discussing how insurance companies use text mining to reduce fraud. Use APA format and Include at least 3 quotes from your sources enclosed in quotation marks.
.
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010 Why might focusin.docxcroysierkathey
1.What is Starbucks’ ROA for 2012, 2011, and 2010? Why might focusing specifically on ROA be misleading when assessing asset management (aka management efficiency)?
2.Why is ROE considered the most useful metric in measuring the overall ability of a business strategy to generate returns for shareholders?
3. How do the financial statements reveal company strategy (i.e., what story do the numbers tell and does that story align with the strategy of Starbucks?)?
.
1. Discuss the cultural development of the Japanese and the Jewis.docxcroysierkathey
1. Discuss the cultural development of the Japanese and the Jewish heritage.
2. What are the cultural beliefs of the Japanese and Jewish heritage related to health care and how they influence the delivery of evidence-based healthcare?
A minimum of 2 evidence-based references
no older than 5 years is required.
A minimum of 600 words
(excluding the first and references page) is required.
.
1. Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school,.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Discuss at least 2 contextual factors(family, peers, school, community, work, etc.) that might make young people more or less likely to experience adolescence as a period of storm and stress.
2. How might the dramatic physical changes that adolescents undergo—and the accompanying reactions from others—influence other aspects of development, such as social or emotional development?
3. Describe some ways in which adolescent decision making is a product of interactions among puberty, brain development, cognitive growth, and contextual influences such as parents, peers, and community.
.
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use senti.docxcroysierkathey
1.Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use sentiment analysis how political speech affects voters. Use at least 3 references in APA format.
2.Read the below article(link below) on statistics for categorical variables. Write at least 500 words in APA format discussing how to use these statistics to help understand big data.
Link: https://uc-r.github.io/descriptives_categorical
.
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Actthe S.docxcroysierkathey
1.The following clause was added to the Food and Drug Act:
“the Secretary [of the Food and Drug Administration] shall not approve for use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or, after tests, found to induce cancer in animals.”
After this clause was adopted, no new additives could be approved for use in food if they caused cancer in people or animals.
The public loved this and industry hated it.
What do you think of this clause? Do you support it or do you oppose it?
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT or OPPOSE and then give your rationale. Then after you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
2.There was a law that individuals who were indigent and who wished to litigate could apply to the courts for a total waiver of the normal filing fee. In the legislative session, however, a statute was enacted which limits the courts' authority to waive filing fees in lawsuits brought by prisoners against the state government.
Under this new law, a court has to require the prisoner to pay a filing fee "equal to 20 percent ... of the average monthly deposits made to the prisoner's [prison] account ... or the average balance in that account", whichever is greater (unless this calculation yields a figure larger than the normal filing fee).
A prisoner (who was indigent) wanted to appeal his case and was to be charged this fee. He filed suit claiming it was unconstitutional to charge this fee to prisoners.
Choose the side of the prisoner or the side of the state and tell why you would rule for the side you chose.
At the top of your post, please indicate SUPPORT PRISONER or OPPOSE PRISONER and then give your rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
3.A defendant pleaded guilty to receiving and possessing child pornography and was sentenced to 108 months in prison. The sentencing judge raised the defendant’s base offense level….by two levels because "a computer was used for the transmission" of the illegal material.
The appeal filed challenged the punishment enhancement (not his guilt of the base punishment.)
The defendant argued the law did not apply to him because he did not use a computer to transmit the material. (ie He was the receiver, not the sender, of the child pornography.)
Do you believe that the sentence enhancement should be upheld? Give an economic analysis and rational for your choice.
At the top of your post, please indicate SENTENCE UPHELD or SENTENCE REVERSED and then give your economic analysis/rationale. After you can view your classmates' posts, make your case to your fellow students.
4.The ordinance was enacted that gives tenants more legal rights including:
the payment of interest on security deposits;
requires that those deposits be held in Illinois banks;
allows (with some limitations) a tenant to withhold rent in an amount reflecting the cost to him of the landlord's v.
1.What are social determinants of health Explain how social determ.docxcroysierkathey
1.What are social determinants of health? Explain how social determinants of health contribute to the development of disease. Describe the fundamental idea that the communicable disease chain model is designed to represent. Give an example of the steps a nurse can take to break the link within the communicable disease chain.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
2. Select a global health issue affecting the international health community. Briefly describe the global health issue and its impact on the larger public health care systems (i.e., continents, regions, countries, states, and health departments). Discuss how health care delivery systems work collaboratively to address global health concerns and some of the stakeholders that work on these issues.
Resources within your text covering international/global health, and the websites in the topic materials, will assist you in answering this discussion question.
.
1.This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have ta.docxcroysierkathey
1.
This week, we’ve been introduced to the humanities and have taken some time to consider the role of the humanities in establishing socio-cultural values, including how the humanities differ from the sciences in terms of offering unique lenses on the world and our reality. Since one of the greatest rewards of being a human is engaging with different forms of art, we’ve taken some time this week to learn about what it means to identify and respond to a work of art. We’ve learned about the difference between abstract ideas and concrete images and concepts like structure and artistic form. To help you deepen your understanding of these foundational ideas, your Unit 1 assignment will consist of writing an essay addressing using the following criteria:
Essay Requirements:
• 1,000 words or roughly four double-spaced pages.
• Make use of at least three scholarly sources to support and develop your ideas. Our course text may serve as one of these three sources.
• Your essay should demonstrate a thorough understanding of the READ and ATTEND sections.
• Be sure to cite your sources using proper APA format (7th edition).
Essay Prompt:
• In this essay, you will consider the meaning of art and artistic form by responding to these questions:
o To what extent does Kevin Carter’s Pulitzer Prize-winning photograph (figure 2-5) have artistic form?
o Using what you’ve learned in Chapters 1, 2 and 14 explain if you consider Carter’s photograph a work of art? Be sure to point to specific qualities of the photograph to support/develop your response.
o How do you measure the intensity of your experience in response to Carter’s photograph? What does it make you see/feel/imagine and how does your response/reaction support Carter’s image as a work of art?
.
1.What are barriers to listening2.Communicators identif.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What are barriers to listening?
2.
Communicators identified the following as major listening poor habits. Search what each poor habit means and try to set an example using your own experience.
Poor listening habit:
Pseudo-listening, Stage hogging, Filling in gaps, Selective listening, Ambushing (
Definition & Example)
.
1.Timeline description and details There are multiple way.docxcroysierkathey
1.
Timeline description and details
: There are multiple ways to construct a timeline. Find one that fits you and your information.
Include 10-15 events, each including the following descriptors:
- titles of books or writings or some sort of identifier
- your age or some time reference
- and whether it was a positive or negative experience
.
1.The PresidentArticle II of the Constitution establishe.docxcroysierkathey
1.
The President
Article II of the Constitution established the institution of the presidency. Select any TWO Presidents prior to 1933 and any TWO Presidents since 1933 and for EACH one:
a.
Discuss
any
expressed
power used by each president and the
impact
that decision had on American society at the time of its use
b.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the presidential action taken and
WHY
c.
Describe
one
legislative initiative
promoted by each president and the
impact
on America at the
time of its passage
as well as what the impact of that legislation is
TODAY
d.
Discuss
one
executive order
issued by each president and whether you
agree/disagree
with the order and
WHY
1.
Select any FOUR United States Supreme court decisions related to Civil Rights/Civil Liberties and for
each one
:
a.
Describe
the facts of the case
b.
Discuss
the arguments of each side as it pertains to the
Constitutional issue
being addressed
c.
Explain
the decision citing
Constitutional rationale
of the court including any dissenting opinion if not a unanimous verdict
d.
Explain
whether you
agree/disagree
with the court’s decision and
WHY
.
1.What other potential root causes might influence patient fal.docxcroysierkathey
1.
What other potential root causes might influence patient falls?
2.
Equipped with the data, what would you do about the hypotheses that proved to be unsupported?
3.
Based on the correctly identified hypothesis in the case scenario, what would be your course of action if you were the CEO/president of St. Xavier Memorial Hospital?
4.
What do you think of the CNO’s (Sara Mullins) position of “waiting and seeing what the data tells us” instead of immediately jumping to conclusions?
.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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In this webinar you will learn how your organization can access TechSoup's wide variety of product discount and donation programs. From hardware to software, we'll give you a tour of the tools available to help your nonprofit with productivity, collaboration, financial management, donor tracking, security, and more.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
BÀI TẬP BỔ TRỢ TIẾNG ANH GLOBAL SUCCESS LỚP 3 - CẢ NĂM (CÓ FILE NGHE VÀ ĐÁP Á...
LIVY Born c. 59 BC in Patavium, Rome (Ancient state) Di.docx
1. LIVY
Born: c. 59 BC in Patavium, Rome (Ancient state)
Died: c. 17 AD in Patavium, Rome (Ancient state)
Other Names: Livius, Titus; Titus Livius
Nationality: Roman
Occupation: Historian
Livy (59 BC-17 AD), or Titus Livius, was a Roman historian
who lived in the period when Augustus
was building the Roman Empire out of the ruins of the
republican system. In a life of quiet study,
Livy became the leading historian of his day.
Livy was born in Patavium (Padua), in his day one of the largest
and most prosperous cities in Italy.
St. Jerome gives 59 B.C. as the date of Livy's birth, but it is
probable that he was mistaken and that
Livy was born in 64 B.C. In Patavium he received an education
similar to that given to any wealthy
young Roman except that he did not have the usual culminating
period of study in a Greek city. He
may have started adult life as a teacher of rhetoric in his native
town, and there is some evidence that
he also wrote works on philosophy, which have not survived,
but soon he conceived a project for a
large-scale history of Rome.
By 30 B.C. Livy had moved to Rome, and from this time on he
2. lived and worked mainly in the
capital. He saw no military service and took no part in politics,
and as far as is currently known, he
never traveled outside Italy, apart from a possible trip to
Athens. Soon after his arrival in Rome, he
became acquainted with Augustus and remained on friendly
terms with the Emperor and his family
thereafter, but there is no sign that he depended on imperial
patronage for his livelihood, as Horace
and Virgil depended on the patronage of Maecenas. Livy's
family was prosperous, and he probably
inherited enough property to enable him to devote all his time
and energy to his history, on which
he continued to work almost to the end of his days. He died in
Patavium in A.D. 12 (or 17
according to Jerome.)
Early Roman Historiography
When Livy started his work, Romans had been writing history
for 200 years, and the nature of the
genre was well established. Earlier historians had either covered
the whole story of Rome from its
foundation to their own day or had dealt in much greater detail
with a short segment of more recent
history. Most of them were members of the aristocratic ruling
class of Rome and had played some
part in the wars and politics of the republic.
These works were written mostly according to the annalists
system, that is, with all the events of
each year discussed together, even if they had little or no
logical connection with each other. This
was an awkward system, especially for periods when two or
3. three sets of events might be going on
simultaneously for several years in different parts of the
Mediterranean world, but by Livy's day, the
technique had become traditional. Another traditional element
which seems odd to modern readers
is the custom of including in the narrative lengthy speeches
which purport to be the actual words
uttered on various occasions by leading men. This practice,
taken over by Roman historians from
Greek models, Livy also accepted without question.
Livy's History
Livy's great work, Ab urbe condita (From the Foundation of the
City), covered the history of Rome
from its mythical foundation in 753 B.C. to his own day, and its
composition went on continually
throughout his life. The first five books were published between
27 and 25 B.C., and Livy continued
the history's publication thereafter in periodic batches of several
books. It is probable that the last 22
books, covering the career of Augustus to 9 B.C., were not
published until after the Emperor's death
in A.D. 14 and, therefore, also after Livy's own death.
At its completion, Ab urbe condita was an enormous work in no
less than 142 books. Only about a
quarter of the text has survived--we have 35 books complete: I-
X, which cover the first 460 years of
Rome's history, and XXI-XLV, which cover the events of 219-
167 B.C. In addition we
have Periochae, or summaries, of all but two of the lost books
(and of the extant books as well), but
these are very brief and were compiled not from Livy's full text
but from an abridged edition that is
now lost.
4. Moreover, the anonymous compiler of the Periochae was
capable of misunderstanding the text in
front of him, and consequently the summaries give only a very
shadowy picture of the lost books.
The scale of the work increased steadily as Livy got closer to
his own times. Book I covered the
whole of the regal period, nearly 250 years, and the next 9
books dealt with more than 200 years but
the 10 books XXI-XXX cover only the 18 years of the Second
Punic War, and by the time he got
down to the 1st century B.C., Livy was devoting a whole book
to almost every year.
As a Historian
Except for the boldness and scope of his undertaking, and the
untiring industry with which he
worked at it throughout a lifetime, Livy cannot really be classed
as one of the world's major
historians. For the most part he depended for his material on
earlier writers of the second and first
centuries B.C., and there is no sign that he made any attempt to
consult the available documentary
evidence, which was not inconsiderable. It cannot be judged
how he dealt with the history of his
own times, for which he must have had to do most of the
research himself, as the Periochae of the
last 20 books are mostly brief and uninformative.
In his choice of sources to follow, Livy was often quite shrewd,
as when he picked the Greek
historian Polybius as his main guide for the Eastern wars of the
early 2nd century B.C., and if
5. elsewhere his sources were less reliable, that was sometimes
because they were all he had. But Livy's
use of them was quite uncritical, and his choice between
alternative accounts of an event was often
determined not so much by logic or reason as by a preference
for a story that pointed a moral or
redounded to the greater glory of Rome.
Livy's ignorance of war and politics made it hard for him to
judge properly the reliability of his
sources or to allow for any political bias that might have
affected them. In addition, he was
sometimes careless in matters of chronology, and although his
knowledge of geography was slight,
he does not seem to have taken much trouble to see for himself
even those sites which lay close at
hand in Italy. But for all its weaknesses, Livy's history is still
one of the best accounts of the Roman
republic, and the loss of three-quarters of his great work is one
of the most serious gaps in our
knowledge of Roman literature.
As a Writer
Livy's merit as a writer is incontestable. His style, which owed
much to Cicero and to Latin poetry,
was vivid and colorful. He approached his task with a vision of
the greatness and splendor of that
past which was certainly not very realistic but was still a noble
and inspiring concept. He brought to
his work an old-fashioned concept of moral excellence which
may not have enhanced his
performance as a historian, but, together with the attractive
literary style with which he told so
effectively the story of the Roman Republic, and particularly
the half-legendary tales of its earliest
6. days, it has made his history an enduring part of the heritage of
Western Europe.
Credits
"Livy." Encyclopedia of World Biography, Gale, 1998.
Biography In Context,
http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/K1631004004/BIC?u=pepp1
2906&sid=BIC&xid=da
544323. Accessed 4 June 2018.
For an overview of the surviving parts of Livy’s great work, Ab
Urbe Condita Libri on Wikipedia.
page giving
The History of Rome or Ab Urbe Condita
“The Rape of the Sabine Women”
[mid 8th c. BCE]
Book I. 9. The1 Roman State had now become so strong that it
was a match for any of its
neighbours in war, but its greatness threatened to last for only
one generation, since through the
absence of women there was no hope of offspring, and there was
no right of intermarriage with
their neighbours. [2] Acting on the advice of the senate,
Romulus sent envoys amongst the
surrounding nations to ask for alliance and the right of
intermarriage on behalf of his new
community. [3] It was represented that cities, like everything
7. else, sprung from the humblest
beginnings, and those who were helped on by their own courage
and the favour of heaven won for
themselves great power and great renown. [4] As to the origin
of Rome, it was well known that
whilst it had received divine assistance, courage and self-
reliance were not wanting. There should,
therefore, be no reluctance for men to mingle their blood with
their fellow-men.
[5] Nowhere did the envoys meet with a favourable reception.
Whilst their proposals were treated
with contumely, there was at the same time a general feeling of
alarm at the power so rapidly
growing in their midst. Usually they were dismissed with the
question, ‘whether they had opened an
asylum for women, for nothing short of that would secure for
them inter-marriage on equal terms.’
[6] The Roman youth could ill brook such insults, and matters
began to look like an appeal to force.
To secure a favourable place and time for such an attempt,
Romulus, disguising his resentment,
made elaborate preparations for the celebration of games in
honour of ‘Equestrian Neptune,’ which
he called ‘the Consualia.’ [7] He ordered public notice of the
spectacle to be given amongst the
adjoining cities, and his people supported him in making the
celebration as magnificent as their
knowledge and resources allowed, so that expectations were
raised to the highest pitch. [8] There
was a great gathering; people were eager to see the new City, all
their nearest neighbours-the people
of Caenina, Antemnae, and Crustumerium-were there, and the
whole Sabine population came, with
their wives and families. [9] They were invited to accept
8. hospitality at the different houses, and after
examining the situation of the City, its walls and the large
number of dwelling-houses it included,
they were astonished at the rapidity with which the Roman State
had grown.
[10] When the hour for the games had come, and their eyes and
minds were alike riveted on the
spectacle before them, the preconcerted signal was given and
the Roman youth dashed in all
directions to carry off the maidens who were present. [11] The
larger part were carried off
indiscriminately, but some particularly beautiful girls who had
been marked out for the leading
patricians were carried to their houses by plebeians told off for
the task. [12] One, conspicuous
amongst them all for grace and beauty, is reported to have been
carried off by a group led by a
certain Talassius, and to the many inquiries as to whom she was
intended for, the invariable answer
was given, ‘For Talassius.’ [13] Hence the use of this word in
the marriage rites.2 Alarm and
consternation broke up the games, and the parents of the
maidens fled, distracted with grief, uttering
bitter reproaches on the violators of the laws of hospitality and
appealing to the god to whose
solemn games they had come, only to be the victims of impious
[14] perfidy.
The abducted maidens were quite as despondent and indignant.
Romulus, however, went round in
person, and pointed out to them that it was all owing to the
pride of their parents in denying right of
9. intermarriage to their neighbours. They would live in
honourable wedlock, and share all their
property and civil rights, and —dearest of all to human nature-
would be the mothers of [15]
freemen. He begged them to lay aside their feelings of
resentment and give their affections to those
whom fortune had made masters of their persons. An injury had
often led to reconciliation and love;
they would find their husbands all the more affectionate because
each would do his utmost, so far as
in him lay to make up for the loss of parents and [16] country.
These arguments were reinforced by
the endearments of their husbands who excused their conduct by
pleading the irresistible force of
their passion —a plea effective beyond all others in appealing
to a woman's nature.
1 The Rape of the Sabines.
2 Talassio. —The procession in which the bride was led from
her parents' house to her new home was attended by
minstrels who invoked Tallassius in the nuptial song.
[The Sabines and the Romans go to war with one another.]
13. Then1 it was that the Sabine women, whose wrongs had led
to the war, throwing off all
womanish fears in their distress, went boldly into the midst of
the flying missiles with dishevelled
hair and rent garments. [2] Running across the space between
the two armies they tried to stop any
further fighting and calm the excited passions by appealing to
their fathers in the one army and their
husbands in the other not to bring upon themselves a curse by
staining their hands with the blood
of a father-in-law or a son-in-law, nor upon their posterity the
10. taint of parricide. [3] ‘If,’ they cried,
‘you are weary of these ties of kindred, these marriage-bonds,
then turn your anger upon us; it is we
who are the cause of the war, it is we who have wounded and
slain our husbands and fathers. Better
for us to perish rather than live without one or the other of you,
as widows or as orphans.’
[4] The armies and their leaders were alike moved by this
appeal. There was a sudden hush and
silence. Then the generals advanced to arrange the terms of a
treaty. It was not only peace that was
made, the two nations were united into one State, the royal
power was shared between them, and
the seat of government for both nations was Rome. [5] After
thus doubling the City, a concession
was made to the Sabines in the new appellation of Quirites,
from their old capital of Cures. As a
memorial of the battle, the place where Curtius got his horse out
of the deep marsh on to safer
ground was called the Curtian lake.
[6] The2 joyful peace, which put an abrupt close to such a
deplorable war, made the Sabine women
still dearer to their husbands and fathers, and most of all to
Romulus himself. [7] Consequently
when he effected the distribution of the people into the thirty
curiae, he affixed their names to the
curiae. No doubt there were many more than thirty women, and
tradition is silent as to whether
those whose names were given to the curiae were selected on
the ground of age, or on that of
personal distinction — either their own or their husbands' —or
merely by lot. [8] The enrolment of
11. the three centuries of knights took place at the same time; the
Ramnenses were called after Romulus,
the Titienses from T. Tatius. The origin of the Luceres and why
they were so called is uncertain.
Thenceforward the two kings exercised their joint sovereignty
with perfect harmony.
1 Peace and Union with the Sabines.
2 The Curies and Centuries.
“The Rape of Lucretia”
[509 BCE]
Book I. 57. This1 people who were at that time in possession of
Ardea, were, considering the nature
of their country and the age in which they lived, exceptionally
wealthy. This circumstance really
originated the war, for the Roman king was anxious to repair his
own fortune, which had been
exhausted by the magnificent scale of his public works and also
to conciliate his subjects by a
distribution of the spoils of war. [2] His tyranny had already
produced disaffection but what moved
their special resentment was the way they had been so long kept
by the king at manual and even
servile labour.
[3] An attempt was made to take Ardea by assault; when that
failed recourse was had to a regular
investment to starve the enemy out. [4] When troops are
12. stationary, as is the case in a protracted
more than in an active campaign, furloughs are easily granted,
more so to the men of rank however,
than to the common soldiers. [5] The royal princes sometimes
spent their leisure hours in feasting
and entertainments, and at a wine party given by [6??] Sextus
Tarquinius at which Collatinus, the son
of Egerius, was present, the conversation happened to turn upon
their wives, and each began to
speak of his own in terms of extraordinarily high praise. [7] As
the dispute became warm Collatinus
said that there was no need of words, it could in a few hours be
ascertained how far his Lucretiawas
superior to all the rest. ‘Why do we not,’ he exclaimed, ‘if we
have any youthful vigour about us
mount our horses and pay your wives a visit and find out their
characters on the spot? [8] What we
see of the behaviour, of each on the unexpected arrival of her
husband, let that be the surest test.’
They were heated with wine, and all shouted: ‘Good! Come on!’
[9] Setting spur to their horses they
galloped off to Rome, where they arrived as darkness was
beginning to close in; Thence they
proceeded to Collatia, where they found Lucretia very
differently employed from the king's
daughters-in-law, whom they had seen passing their time in
feasting and luxury with their
acquaintances. She was sitting at her wool work in the hall, late
at night, with her, maids busy round
her. [10] The palm in this competition of wifely virtue was
awarded to Lucretia. She welcomed the
arrival of her husband and the Tarquins, whilst her victorious
spouse courteously invited the royal
princes to remain as his guests. Sextus Tarquin, inflamed by the
beauty and exemplary purity
of Lucretia, formed the vile project of effecting her dishonour.
13. [11] After their youthful frolic they
returned for the time to camp.
1 The Story of Lucretia.
58. A few days afterwards Sextus Tarquin went, unknown to
Collatinus, with one companion to
Collatia. [2] He was hospitably received by the household, who
suspected nothing, and after supper
was conducted to the bedroom set apart for guests. When all
around seemed safe and everybody fast
asleep, he went in the frenzy of his passion with a naked sword
to the sleeping Lucretia, and placing
his left hand on her breast, said, ‘Silence, Lucretia! I am Sextus
Tarquin, and I have a sword in my
hand; if you utter a word, you shall die.’ [3] When the woman,
terrified out of her sleep, saw that no
help was near, and instant death threatening her, Tarquin began
to confess his passion, pleaded, used
threats as well as entreaties, and employed every argument
likely to influence a female heart. [4]
When he saw that she was inflexible and not moved even by the
fear of death, he threatened to
disgrace her, declaring that he would lay the naked corpse of
the slave by her dead body, so that it
might be said that she had been slain in foul adultery. [5] By
this awful threat, his lust triumphed
over her inflexible chastity, and Tarquin went off exulting in
having successfully attacked her
honour. Lucretia, overwhelmed with grief at such a frightful
outrage, sent a messenger to her father
at Romeand to her husband at Ardea, asking them to come to
her, each accompanied by one faithful
14. friend; it was necessary to act, and to act promptly; a horrible
thing had happened. [6] Spurius
Lucretius came with Publius Valerius, the son of Volesus;
Collatinus with Lucius Junius Brutus, with
whom he happened to be returning to Rome when he was met by
his wife's messenger. They
found Lucretia sitting in her room prostrate with grief. [7] As
they entered, she burst into tears, and
to her husband's inquiry whether all was well, replied, ‘No!
what can be well with a woman when her
honour is lost? The marks of a stranger Collatinus are in your
bed. But it is only the body that has
been violated the soul is pure; death shall bear witness to that.
But pledge me your solemn word that
the adulterer shall not go unpunished. [8] It is Sextus Tarquin,
who, coming as an enemy instead of a
guest forced from me last night by brutal violence a pleasure
fatal to me, and, if you are men, fatal to
him.’ [9] They all successively pledged their word, and tried to
console the distracted woman , by
turning the guilt from the victim of the outrage to the
perpetrator, and urging that it is the mind that
sins not the body, and where there has been no consent there is
no guilt ‘It is for you,’ she said, ‘to
see that he gets his deserts: [10] although I acquit myself of the
sin, I do not free myself from the
penalty; no unchaste woman shall henceforth live and plead
Lucretia's example.’
[11] She had a knife concealed in her dress which she plunged
into her, heart, and fell dying on the
floor. [12] Her father and husband raised the death-cry.1
1 As soon as life was extinct, those round the death-bed raised a
loud cry of woe and called out the name of the
deceased. For a similar custom among the Hebrews, comp. 2
15. Sam. xviii. 33.
59. Whilst1 they were absorbed in grief, Brutus drew the knife
from Lucretia's wound and holding it,
dripping with blood, in front of him, said, ‘By this blood - most
pure before the outrage wrought by
the king's son —I swear, and you, 0 gods, I call to witness that I
will drive hence Lucius Tarquinius
Superbus, together with his cursed wife and his whole brood,
with fire and sword and every means
in my power, and I will not suffer them or any one else to reign
in Rome.’ [2] Then he handed the
knife to Collatinus and then to Lucretius and Valerius, who
were all astounded at the marvel of the
thing, wondering whence Brutus had acquired this new
character. They swore as they were directed;
all their grief changed to wrath, and they followed the lead of
Brutus, who summoned them to
abolish the monarchy forthwith. [3] They carried the body of
Lucretia from her home down to the
Forum, where, owing to the unheard-of atrocity of the crime,
they at once collected a crowd. [4]
Each had his own complaint to make of the wickedness and
violence of the royal house. Whilst all
were moved by the father's deep distress, Brutus bade them stop
their tears and idle laments, and
urged them to act as men and Romans and take up arms against
their insolent foes. [5] All the high-
spirited amongst the younger men came forward as armed
volunteers, the rest followed their,
example. A portion of this body was left to hold Collatia, and
guards were stationed at the gates to
16. prevent any news of the movement from reaching the king; the
rest marched in arms to Rome with
Brutus in command. [6] On their, arrival, the sight of so many
men in arms spread panic and
confusion wherever they marched, but when again the people
saw that the foremost men of the
State were leading the way, they realised that what-ever the
movement was it was a serious one. [7]
The terrible occurrence created no less excitement in Rome than
it had done in Collatia; there was a
rush from all quarters of the City to the Forum. When they had
gathered there, the herald
summoned them to attend the ‘Tribune of the Celeres’; this was
the office which Brutus happened
at the time to be holding. [8] He made a speech quite out of
keeping with the character and temper
he had up to that day assumed. He dwelt upon the brutality and
licentiousness of Sextus Tarquin,
the infamous outrage on Lucretia and her pitiful death, the
bereavement sustained by her, father,
Tricipitinus, to whom the cause of his daughter's death was
more shameful and distressing than the
actual death itself. [9] Then he dwelt on the tyranny of the king,
the toils and sufferings of the
plebeians kept underground clearing out ditches and sewers —
Roman men, conquerors of all the
surrounding nations, turned from warriors into artisans and
stonemasons! [10] He reminded them of
the shameful murder of Servius Tullius and his daughter driving
in her accursed chariot over her
father's body, and solemnly invoked the gods as the avengers of
murdered parents. [11] By
enumerating these and, I believe, other still more atrocious
incidents which his keen sense of the
present injustice suggested, but which it is not easy to give in
detail, he goaded on the incensed
17. multitude to strip the king of his sovereignty and pronounce a
sentence of banishment against
Tarquin with his wife and children. [12] With a picked body of
the ‘Juniors,’ who volunteered to
follow him, he went off to the camp at Ardea to incite the army
against the king, leaving the
command in the City to Lucretius, who had previously been
made Prefect of the City by the king.
[13] During the commotion Tullia fled from the palace amidst
the execrations of all whom she met,
men and women alike invoking against her father's avenging
spirit.
1 The Expulsion of the Tarquins.
60. When the news of these proceedings reached the camp, the
king, alarmed at the turn affairs were
taking, hurried to Rome to quell the outbreak. Brutus, who was
on the same road, had become
aware of his approach, and to avoid meeting him took another
route, so that he reached Ardea and
Tarquin Rome almost at the same time, though by different
ways. [2] Tarquin found the gates shut,
and a decree of banishment passed against him; the Liberator of
the City received a joyous welcome
in the camp, and the king's sons were expelled from it. Two of
them followed their father, into exile
amongst the Etruscans in Caere. Sextus Tarquin proceeded to
Gabii, which he looked upon as his
kingdom, but was killed in revenge for the old feuds he had
kindled by his rapine and murders.
[3] Lucius Tarquinius Superbus reigned twenty-five years. The
18. whole duration of the regal
government from the foundation of the City to its liberation was
two hundred and forty-four years.
Two consuls were then elected in the assembly of centuries by
the prefect of the City, in accordance
with the regulations of Servius Tullius. They were Lucius
Junius Brutus and Lucius Tarquinius
Collatinus.
“Cincinnatus, the Dictator”
[458 BCE]
Book III. 26. An immense body of Sabines came in their
ravages almost up to the walls of the City.
The fields were ruined, the City thoroughly alarmed. Now the
plebeians cheerfully took up arms, the
tribunes remonstrated in vain, and two large armies were levied.
[2] Nautius led one of them against
the Sabines, formed an entrenched camp, sent out, generally at
night, small bodies who created such
destruction in the Sabine territory that the Roman borders
appeared in comparison almost
untouched by war. [3] Minucius was not so fortunate, nor did he
conduct the campaign with the
same energy; after taking up an entrenched position not far from
the enemy, he remained timidly
within his camp, though he had not suffered any important
defeat. As usual, the enemy were
emboldened by the lack of courage on the other side. [4] They
made a night attack on his camp, but
as they gained little by a direct assault they proceeded the
following day to invest it. Before all the
19. exits were closed by the circumvallation, five mounted men got
through the enemies' outposts and
brought to Rome the news that the consul and his army were
blockaded. Nothing could have
happened so unlooked for, so undreamed of; the panic and
confusion were as great as if it had been
the City and not the camp that was invested. [5] The consul
Nautius was summoned home, but as he
did nothing equal to the emergency, they decided to appoint a
Dictator to retrieve the threatening
position of affairs. [6] By universal consent L. Quinctius
Cincinnatus was called to the office.
It is worth while for those who despise all human interests in
comparison with riches, and think that
there is no scope for high honours or for virtue except where
lavish wealth abounds to listen to this
story.
[7] 1The one hope of Rome, L. Quinctius, used to cultivate a
four-acre field on the other side of
the Tiber, just opposite the place where the dockyard and
arsenal are now situated; it bears the name
of the ‘Quinctian Meadows.’ [8] There he was found by the
deputation from the senate either
digging out a ditch or ploughing, at all events, as is generally
agreed, intent on his husbandry. [9]
After mutual salutations he was requested to put on his toga that
he might hear the mandate of the
senate, and they expressed the hope that it might turn out well
for him and for the State. He asked
them, in surprise, if all was well, and bade his wife, Racilia,
bring him his toga quickly from the
cottage. [10] Wiping off the dust and perspiration, he put it on
and came forward, on which the
deputation saluted him as Dictator and congratulated him,
20. invited him to the City and explained the
state of apprehension in which the army were. [11] A vessel had
been provided for him by the
government, and after he had crossed over, he was welcomed by
his three sons, who had come out
to meet him. They were followed by other relatives and friends,
and by the majority of the senate.
Escorted by this numerous gathering and preceded by the
lictors, he was conducted to his house.
[12] There was also an enormous gathering of the plebs, but
they were by no means so pleased to
see Quinctius; they regarded the power with which he was
invested as excessive, and the man
himself more dangerous than his power. Nothing was done that
night beyond adequately guarding
the City.
1 The Story of Cincinnatus.
Credits
Livy. History of Rome. English Translation by. Rev. Canon
Roberts. New York, New York. E. P.
Dutton and Co. 1912. 1. Livy. History of Rome. English
Translation. Rev. Canon Roberts. New
York, New York. E. P. Dutton and Co. 1912.
http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:latinLit:phi0914.phi001
1.perseus-eng3:1
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