PARTS OF THE BODY

1. THE LIVER
LIVER

2. The Liver Cleans Blood
• The liver, as the filtering machine of the body, is located on the right
side of the abdominal cavity below the diaphragm.
• Its primary function is to take away toxins out of the blood.
• During digestion process, the blood that has just been enriched with
vitamins and minerals is cleansed by the liver. The vitamins, minerals
and other nutrients from the food pass through the intestine going
into the bloodstream. The nutrient-rich blood makes a stop at the
liver as it goes out to the rest of the body parts.
• The good stuff is being processed by the liver into forms that the rest
of the body can use. Waste that the body doesn’t need is carried by
the bile back into the intestines and taken out from the body as you
defecate. On the other hand, other waste materials are being
processed by the liver goes through the blood to the kidneys and is
taken out as you urinate.

3. The Liver makes Bile
• As the digestive system moves the food through the body, until
it’s time for its trip out of your body system, the liver still works.
During the digestion process, your body takes the food you ate
and extracts everything your body needs. One of those things
taken out of the food are fats.
• The digestive juice being produced by the liver is called bile. Its
main function is to help the body absorb fats into the
bloodstream. It is thick, yellow green substance found in the
gallbladder that is stored until such time that the body needs
some to digest fats.

4. The Liver Stores Glycogen
• Another important component in food are carbohydrates, which
the liver also uses. Foods such as bread, fruit and milk contain
carbohydrates. Most carbohydrates are broken down by the
body called glucose, a sugar which is the main source of fuel for
our body cells. Glucose that is stored in the liver is commonly
called glycogen.
• When the body needs a quick energy boost, glycogen, which
serves as the back-up fuel, works. The liver breaks down
glycogen and releases glucose into the bloodstream.

5. COMMON AILMENTS OF THE LIVER
• Fatty Liver: It is the result of the accumulation of
excess fat in the liver. When a person’s diet
exceeds the amount of fat needed by his or her
body, fatty tissue slowly builds up. This makes the
liver vulnerable to further injury and may result in
inflammation and scarring of the liver. The most
common cause of fatty liver disease is obesity.
• Hepatitis: It is an inflammation of the liver. The
most common types are Hepatitis A, B, and C.
People usually gets hepatitis A by eating food or
drinking water that’s been contaminated with
feces of an infected person. Hepatitis B and C
can be transmitted from, person to person
through blood transfusion or through other body
fluids. Symptoms of hepatitis include fatigue, loss
of appetite, dark-colored urine, and jaundice
(yellowing of the skin and white part of the eye).

6. • Cirrhosis: It is a progressive liver condition caused by
continuous damage of the liver. This is a long-term disease
possibly caused by other illnesses like fatty liver disease and
hepatitis. The liver becomes irreversibly scarred until the
pathways of the blood in and out of it are blocked. Cirrhosis
gets worse over time and can become potentially life
threatening. It can cause excessive bleeding, liver cancer and
even death.

7. • Liver Cancer – also known as Hepatic Cancer that migrates in
the liver. It is caused by Hepatitis B or Hepatitis C infections,
cirrhosis of the liver, diabetes mellitus, exposure to toxins,
steroids, and smoking. Surgery that includes removal of the
affected section of the liver; liver transplantation;
chemotherapy.

8. WAYS ON HOW YOU CAN TAKE CARE OF
YOUR LIVER:
• Eat right. Your diet should be high in fruits, vegetables,
and other fiber-rich foods. Avoid processed foods and
food with artificial additives.
• Limit your calorie intake. Too much calories in the form
of carbohydrates and fats can contribute to fatty liver.
• Avoid alcohol. The liver becomes injured or seriously
damaged if the person takes in more alcohol than their
liver can process.

9. • Answer Liver Profile Test p. 99

10. • ASSIGNMENT – September 19, 2022
Using the internet sources, research on the types of hepatitis
A,B,C and their differences in terms of causes, symptoms, and
treatment.
CAUSES SYMPTOMS TREATMENT
HEPA A
HEPA B
HEPA C

11. STOMACH

12. The Stomach
• It is an elastic, large, muscular, pear shaped bag with a multi-chambered organ
located crosswise in the abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm.
• Its main function is for the digestion of food.
• It produces gastric juices that break down, mix, churn food being taken to
become thin liquid.
• The food materials start their way through your body after they have been
swallowed. They move along the pharynx and esophagus. A valve regulates the
entry of food materials into the stomach. When the valve relaxes, it opens and
lets the food materials in, then the valve contracts and closes the opening. This
makes sure that the food materials stay in the stomach.
• Peristalsis is the movement when muscles relax and contract in the digestive
tract.
• Pepsin, a hydrochloric acid and enzymes secreted by the stomach. Proteins in
the food materials are initially digested by these secretions.
• Bacteria present in the food materials are also killed in the stomach.
• Digestion in the stomach usually takes from 2 to 3 hours before it passes through
an opening leading to the small intestine.

13. INTESTINES

14. The Intestines
• The muscular tube that extends from the lower end of
your stomach to your anus is called the intestine, which
is the lower opening of the digestive tract.
• This is also called the bowel or bowels.
• Food and other products of digestion pass through the
intestine, which is divided into two sections called the
small intestine and large intestine.

15. Small Intestine
• It is an organ made up of three segments: duodenum, jejunum,
ileum.
• It is formed through a passage from your stomach going to your
large intestine; the opening between your stomach and the small
intestine is called pylorus.
• As food reaches you small intestine, the stomach has broken it up
and turned it into liquid.
• The small intestine carries out most of the digestive process.
• It absorbs almost all the nutrients you get from the food going into
your bloodstream.
• The walls of the small intestine are those that make digestive juices
or enzymes. They work together with enzymes from the liver and
pancreas.

16. DUODENUM JEJUNUM ILEUM
• Receives semi-
digested food from
your stomach going
to the pylorus.
• The small intestine’s
middle section
• The longest part of
your small intestine
• To help digest food,
it uses bile from your
gallbladder, liver,
and pancreas.
• Brings food rapidly
with wave-like
muscle contractions
going to the ileum
• The segment where
most of the food
nutrients are
absorbed before
emptying into the
large intestine

17. Large Intestine
• Your large intestine measures about 5 feet long.
• It is much broader than the small intestine.
• It takes much straighter path through your belly or the
abdomen.
• Its main function is to absorb water and salts from the material
that has not been digested as food. It also helps get rid of any
waste products left.
• Most digestion and absorption has already taken place by the
time the food is mixed with digestive juices as it reaches the
large intestine.

18. PART/S DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONS
Cecum About two inches long
that looks like a pouch
Digested liquid is taken
in from the ileum and
passes it going to the
colon
Colon
- Ascending colon
- Transverse colon
- Descending colon
The major sections of
the large intestine
Absorb salts when
needed and is the
location where water
reabsorption happens
Rectum Measures from 1 to 1.6
inches, which is the final
section of the digestive
tract
Waste collector or
leftover collector

19. SEVERAL DISORDERS AND AILMENTS THAT CAN AFFECT
THE STOMACH AND INTESTINES
• Indigestion – is characterized by pain
in the abdomen caused by too much
eating, eating too fast, or eating too
spicy and fatty foods.
• Diarrhea – is the frequent passing of
loose and watery stool. It is caused by
bacteria from contaminated food or
water.

20. • Constipation – is the difficulty in bowel
movement. It is characterized by hard
and dry feces. It is caused by lack of
fiber and fluid intake and delaying the
urge to pass stool.
• Gastric ulcer – is a sore in the lining of
the stomach. The stomach acids injure
the lining of the stomach. Symptoms for
gastric ulcer are abdominal pain, loss
of appetite, nausea, belching, and
vomiting.

21. Ways on how you can care for the stomach:
• Eat the right kind and amount of food. Include
fiber-rich food in your diet. Fiber helps in
digestion and excretion of waste.
• Drink sufficient amount of water.
• Chew your food well.
• Eat on time.
• Practice regular bowel movement.