Literature Review and Proposal Portfolio Action Research IST8101 Student Name Table of Contents List of Tables and Figures Literature Review A literature review is a research paper about your topic. This section is usually three (3) to four (4) pages and should be as detailed and specific as possible. You will find that specific examples may be difficult to find when doing Action Research, you will need to select at least eight (8) professional references to be included in your research. Your topic should address development, usage, and/or functionality of portfolio. Most likely, your literature review will discuss electronic portfolios…research and analysis that will benefit you throughout the process. Proposal This is where you provide a high-level overview of how you intend to lay out your iterations. Think of your portfolio in two-week segments, each serving as an iteration. Remember, this is a high-level description and may change as you progress. You will most likely have approximately five or six iterations to describe accounting for ten to twelve weeks of design and development activity Example: Iteration 1 – Develop a storyboard…provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you plan to accomplish Iteration 2– Requirements…. …provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you expect to occur Iteration 3 –Design… …provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you expect to occur Iteration 4 – Development …provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you expect to occur Iteration 5 – Redesign/Redevelopment …provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you expect to occur Iteration 6 – etc… …provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what you expect to occur Complete the following diagram to provide the reader a visual of the Internship flow… Iteration 1 Storyboard Reflect Act Plan Observe Iteration 2 Requirements Reflect Act Plan Observe Iteration 3 Design Reflect Act Plan Observe Iteration 4 Development Reflect Act Plan Observe Iteration 5 Redesign/ Redevelopment Reflect Act Plan Observe Observe Act Plan Iteration 6 Etc… Reflect References  Each of your replies should be at least 200 words. As such, the replies must have citations and references in APA notation. Your list of references for each reply should include all of the course material that has informed your reply, in addition to any research that you have obtained on your own.  Your replies should focus on the specific examination presented by your fellow student and these should include an examination of whether or not the characteristics of the ethical theory and/or economic system ...

1. Literature Review and Proposal
Portfolio
Action Research
IST8101
Student Name
Table of Contents
List of Tables and Figures
Literature Review

2. A literature review is a research paper about your topic. This
section is usually three (3) to four (4) pages and should be as
detailed and specific as possible. You will find that specific
examples may be difficult to find when doing Action Research,
you will need to select at least eight (8) professional references
to be included in your research. Your topic should address
development, usage, and/or functionality of portfolio. Most
likely, your literature review will discuss electronic
portfolios…research and analysis that will benefit you
throughout the process.
Proposal
This is where you provide a high-level overview of how you
intend to lay out your iterations. Think of your portfolio in
two-week segments, each serving as an iteration. Remember,
this is a high-level description and may change as you progress.
You will most likely have approximately five or six iterations to
describe accounting for ten to twelve weeks of design and
development activity
Example:
Iteration 1 – Develop a storyboard…provide a few sentences
(short paragraph) describing what you plan to accomplish
Iteration 2– Requirements…. …provide a few sentences (short
paragraph) describing what you expect to occur
Iteration 3 –Design…
…provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what

3. you expect to occur
Iteration 4 – Development
…provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what
you expect to occur
Iteration 5 – Redesign/Redevelopment
…provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what
you expect to occur
Iteration 6 – etc…
…provide a few sentences (short paragraph) describing what
you expect to occur
Complete the following diagram to provide the reader a visual
of the Internship flow…
Iteration 1

4. Storyboard
Reflect
Act
Plan
Observe
Iteration 2 Requirements
Reflect
Act
Plan
Observe
Iteration 3
Design

5. Reflect
Act
Plan
Observe
Iteration 4
Development
Reflect
Act
Plan
Observe
Iteration 5
Redesign/
Redevelopment

6. Reflect
Act
Plan
Observe
Observe
Act
Plan
Iteration 6
Etc…
Reflect
References
the replies must have citations and references in APA notation.
Your list of references for each reply should include all of the
course material that has informed your reply, in addition to any
research that you have obtained on your own.
should focus on the specific examination
presented by your fellow student and these should include an
examination of whether or not the characteristics of the ethical
theory and/or economic system were identified well, and
whether or not their application and analysis were also carried
out successfully. Providing such an examination is not an attack
on your fellow student but an attempt to work together with
your fellow student toward the better understanding of the

7. ethical theories employed, as well as their application.
1. For this week post, I selected the case of the pharmaceutical
company Merck & Company. In this case, P. Roy Vagelos
former Research Director and later CEO at Merck made the call
to produce and distribute the drug Ivermectin at no cost to
anybody that needed it. Ivermectin is a drug used to treat
onchocerciasis (River Blindness). this disease is transmitted by
the black mosquito and attacks the skin and eyes. Untreated this
disease can result in blindness or even death. At the time of the
decision the drug Ivermectin was a great product to kill
parasites in animals but since it was ineffective on hook worms
and tape wars it was no test or further researched as a product
for human’s consumption (Annual Reviews. 2012). The issue
that I want to present in this case is that before the drug was
administered to the first group of people in Dakar Senegal it had
not been tested on humans. This constitutes yet again the used
of underprivileged people to conduct the human test of a drug.
In the united states, the human test of any drug is closely
regulated by the Food and Drug Administration(FDA). The FDA
regulation governing human drug testing are covered under the
Code of Federal Regulations Title 21. One of the section of
Title 21 which I think is important and completely essential for
a person to consent to be a part of a drug test is Sec. 50.20
(General requirements for informed consent). This section
requires the company to provide people enough information to
enable them to make an educated decision on whether or not
participate in a drug test.
I believe that the decision made by P. Roy Vagelos is morally
bad. Since this case involves a pharmaceutical company and a
lot of us have blind faith when it comes to doctors and
medication. I will use the Deontology moral standard to validate
my moral position of this case.
There are two principles of Deontology that I would like to
apply to this case.
- Doing what can be universalized: if it is morally good for
Meck to use human for testing without providing them ample

8. information to enable them to make an educated decision on
whether or not participate in a drug test. It is ok for a car
company to trick people into becoming crash test dummies or
for the government to test different types of weapons on the
population without informing them.
- Not treating persons as means to and end but only as ends in
themselves: in this case, people were used as the means for
testing the drug. Maybe the goal was to cure the disease but the
outcome of the drug use was unknown at the time of issue.
For these two main reasons, I believe that Meck’s actions were
morally bad (Zúñiga & Postigo 2015).
References
Annual Reviews. (2012, February 3). A conversation with P.
Roy Vagelos [Video file]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/-
fRpgGkgA-c
Zúñiga y Postigo, G. (2015). The moral good in three traditional
ethical theories [PowerPoint Slides].
2. Identify the problem:
I would like to discuss the problem of employment
discrimination at Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company.
Employment discrimination is: “the type of discrimination
referring to prejudicial treatment of people in hiring, promotion,
and termination decisions” (Fieser, J., 2015). The Ledbetter v.
Goodyear Tire & rubber Company case was one brought upon
the company based off of intentional discrimination whereas the
business was paying female employees less than their male
counterparts. This later led to the implementation of the Lilly
Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 which “restarts the clock on the
deadline for suing each time the employee affected by an
allegedly discrimination pay decision” (Bader. H., 2013).
Law affecting the operations of the business:
The main law that covers this type of issue is Title VII of the
Labor Law-which is “the main federal anti-employment-
discrimination statute” (Brake, D. L., & Grossman, J. L., 2007).

9. This statute was enacted to prevent companies from
discriminating in at all levels of an organization. Fairness and
equality are of the upmost importance.
Moral position to defend:
In my opinion, there shouldn’t be a question here; as human
beings we should be treated equally. If a woman is doing the
same job as a man, with the same qualifications, and they
complete the job with the same degree of efficiency they need
to be paid the same amount of money. I understand there are
other factors that play into the overall determination of pay but
it should be comparable nonetheless. It is my moral position
that discrimination needs to be a thing of the past and we move
past it, treating everyone as equals regardless of the race,
religion, gender, disability, or anything else that makes us an
eclectic nation.
Ethical theory to employ:
Again, I believe Deontology is the theory to employ in this
situation. Equality and fairness are moral standards we are born
with, discrimination is a learned behavior. It is best to
remember to follow the golden rule, treat others the way you
would like to be treated and do what is objectively right.
References:
Bader. H. (2013). Misconceptions about Ledbetter v. Goodyear
Tire & Rubber Co.Engage, 13(3), 26-30. Retrieved from
http://www.fed-soc.org/publications/detail/misconceptions-
about-ledbetter-v-goodyear-tire-rubber-co
Brake, D. L., & Grossman, J. L. (2007). Title VII’s protection
against pay discrimination: The impact of Ledbetter v.
Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.Regional Labor Review, 10(1), 28-
36.