This document discusses various methodologies for credit risk modeling and risk aggregation. It describes both unconditional models that use limited borrower information and conditional models that incorporate economic factors. Top-down and bottom-up approaches to credit risk aggregation are also outlined. Linear risk aggregation simply sums individual risks while copula models allow for more complex dependence structures. The document also notes that risk is not fully fungible due to legal and tax considerations.
Default Probability Prediction using Artificial Neural Networks in R ProgrammingVineet Ojha
The objective of the project is to analyze the ability of the Artificial Neural Network Model
developed to forecast the credit risk profile of retails banking loan consumers and credit card
customers.
From a theoretical point of view, this project introduces a literature review on the detailed
working and the application of Artificial Neural Networks for credit risk management.
Practically, the aim of this project is presenting a model for estimating the Probability of Default
using Artificial Neural Network to accrue benefit non-linear models.
The system of organized lending can never run out of risks. Be market, liquidity, credit, interest or operational, risk is inevitable for banks and other financial firms.
Hence, a primary importance is given to risk profiling in all financial institutions.
One of the omnipresent risks that have taken a toll on banks regularly is credit risk. In simplest terms, this risk can be defined as non repayment of a loan as per agreed conditions, to the lender, thus ruining the lender’s investment.
The non repayment can be intentional (willful default), due to failure of an industry (systemic risk), failure of cross currency settlement (settlement risk) etc.
In this article, we are going to explore credit risk. We will discuss its basic meaning, types, causes, effects and how banks all over the world have made attempts to monitor, mitigate, transfer and at times, accept the risk.
Interest rate risk management what regulators want in 2015 7.15.2015Craig Taggart MBA
Areas covered in this section
Why Interest Rate Risk (IRR) should not be ignored
• Forward Rate Agreements (FRA’s) Forwards, Futures
• Swaps, Options
Why Bank Regulators continue to have a poor handle on interest rate risk
• Interest Rate Caps, floors, Collars
• LIBOR and UBS & Barclays rigging rates
• How should Financial Institutions determine which IRR vendor models are appropriate?
IRR Measurement methodologies are institutions
Quantifi Whitepaper: The Evolution Of Counterparty Credit Riskamoini
Written by David Kelly (Head of Credit and Counterparty Risk Product Development, Quantifi) and Jon Gregory (former Head of Counterparty Risk at Barclays Capital)
MODULE 3:
Credit Risks Credit Risk Management models - Introduction, Motivation, Funtionality of good credit. Risk Management models- Review of Markowitz’s Portfolio selection theory –Credit Risk Pricing Model – Capital and Rgulation. Risk management of Credit Derivatives.
Default Probability Prediction using Artificial Neural Networks in R ProgrammingVineet Ojha
The objective of the project is to analyze the ability of the Artificial Neural Network Model
developed to forecast the credit risk profile of retails banking loan consumers and credit card
customers.
From a theoretical point of view, this project introduces a literature review on the detailed
working and the application of Artificial Neural Networks for credit risk management.
Practically, the aim of this project is presenting a model for estimating the Probability of Default
using Artificial Neural Network to accrue benefit non-linear models.
The system of organized lending can never run out of risks. Be market, liquidity, credit, interest or operational, risk is inevitable for banks and other financial firms.
Hence, a primary importance is given to risk profiling in all financial institutions.
One of the omnipresent risks that have taken a toll on banks regularly is credit risk. In simplest terms, this risk can be defined as non repayment of a loan as per agreed conditions, to the lender, thus ruining the lender’s investment.
The non repayment can be intentional (willful default), due to failure of an industry (systemic risk), failure of cross currency settlement (settlement risk) etc.
In this article, we are going to explore credit risk. We will discuss its basic meaning, types, causes, effects and how banks all over the world have made attempts to monitor, mitigate, transfer and at times, accept the risk.
Interest rate risk management what regulators want in 2015 7.15.2015Craig Taggart MBA
Areas covered in this section
Why Interest Rate Risk (IRR) should not be ignored
• Forward Rate Agreements (FRA’s) Forwards, Futures
• Swaps, Options
Why Bank Regulators continue to have a poor handle on interest rate risk
• Interest Rate Caps, floors, Collars
• LIBOR and UBS & Barclays rigging rates
• How should Financial Institutions determine which IRR vendor models are appropriate?
IRR Measurement methodologies are institutions
Quantifi Whitepaper: The Evolution Of Counterparty Credit Riskamoini
Written by David Kelly (Head of Credit and Counterparty Risk Product Development, Quantifi) and Jon Gregory (former Head of Counterparty Risk at Barclays Capital)
MODULE 3:
Credit Risks Credit Risk Management models - Introduction, Motivation, Funtionality of good credit. Risk Management models- Review of Markowitz’s Portfolio selection theory –Credit Risk Pricing Model – Capital and Rgulation. Risk management of Credit Derivatives.
Managing Credit Risk
• A major part of the business of financial institutions is making loans,
and the major risk with loans is that the borrow will not repay.
• Credit risk is the risk that a borrower will not repay a loan according
to the terms of the loan, either defaulting entirely or making late
payments of interest or principal.
• Concepts of adverse selection and moral hazard provides framework
to understand the principles that is used to minimize credit risk, yet
make successful loans.
Tracking money and fund flows from one financial entity to another will lead to a long chain or network of entities spread all over the world. Along with the funds financial risks also flow across the network. They can have a devastating cascading effect when one entity collapses. The financial melt down of global markets in 2007-08 was precipitated by failure in such networks. We present the dimensions and complexity in modelling fund flows in these networks.
Risk Rating Improvements for the ALLL in Banks and Credit UnionsLibby Bierman
Risk Ratings will play a pivotal role under CECL at banks and credit unions. In this presentation, find out how to improve risk rating systems, including PD/LGD or Probability of Default as well as internal matrices.
Building out a Robust and Efficient Risk Management - Alan CheungLászló Árvai
Credit Derivatives are off-balance sheet financial statements that permit one party to transfer the risk of a reference asset, which it typically owns, to another one party (the guarantor) without actually selling the assets.
General Principles of Lending:
When a request for a loan is received, it is important to ensure that the borrower has the legal capacity to borrow. The other matters upon which the information should be obtained are: the purpose of advance, the amount involved, the duration of the advance, the sources of repayment, the profitability of transaction, and, where applicable, the security offered. The most fundamental principle of all is that the bank should have confidence in the integrity, competence and continuing credit worthiness of the borrower.
• Know Your Customer:
While entertaining a proposal for advance, the branch has to first ensure compliance with the KYC norms.
• Pre- Sanction Stage:
Obtain/compile the following:
• Bio-data/declaration of assets owned by the borrower and guarantor along with latest income tax/wealth tax assessment copies and compilation of opinion reports.
• Particulars of immediate family members/legal heirs along with their father’s name and age.
• Audited balance sheets for the previous 3 years, estimated balance sheet for the current year and projected balance sheet for the next year.
• Particulars of existing borrowing arrangements and credit reports/no objection letters from existing banks if any.
• It should be followed by independent verification by the branch incumbent.
• Details of associate/group concerns, their borrowing arrangements and their latest balance sheets.
• No objection letter from term loan lender(s) if already financed by them and their permission/willingness to cede pari passu/ second charge on their security.
• The position of term working capital liabilities with various banks/FIs and details thereof viz., Limit, DP, Out standings, Irregularities (if any).
• Conduct a search/obtain a search report from Registrar of Companies to ascertain position of charges created already.
•
• Due Diligence:
• Branch Manager should do adequate Due Diligence before bringing an asset to the Bank’s books. This will avoid NPA.
• Thorough inquiry about the prospective borrower (with other banks, Financial Institutions, etc.) market intelligence, his past track record of performance and repayment of obligations, credit worthiness (Net Worth) must be done.
• Personal visit to his office/place of business will give an idea of his business.
• Processing of Applications:
While processing the applications, the following should be looked into and commented upon in the proposal:
• Due diligence on promoters’ background, their track record of repayment by checking with their existing bankers (NPA status) (any rephasements, any compromise entered into), credit worthiness, market reputation etc.
• Latest RBI defaulters’ list and willful defaulters' list —Company and their Directors.
• Bank’s loan policy.
• Contractual capacity of the borrower regarding borrowing powers/any restrictions on borrowings and names of persons authorized to borrow by verifications of:
• Partnership deed
Managing Credit Risk
• A major part of the business of financial institutions is making loans,
and the major risk with loans is that the borrow will not repay.
• Credit risk is the risk that a borrower will not repay a loan according
to the terms of the loan, either defaulting entirely or making late
payments of interest or principal.
• Concepts of adverse selection and moral hazard provides framework
to understand the principles that is used to minimize credit risk, yet
make successful loans.
Tracking money and fund flows from one financial entity to another will lead to a long chain or network of entities spread all over the world. Along with the funds financial risks also flow across the network. They can have a devastating cascading effect when one entity collapses. The financial melt down of global markets in 2007-08 was precipitated by failure in such networks. We present the dimensions and complexity in modelling fund flows in these networks.
Risk Rating Improvements for the ALLL in Banks and Credit UnionsLibby Bierman
Risk Ratings will play a pivotal role under CECL at banks and credit unions. In this presentation, find out how to improve risk rating systems, including PD/LGD or Probability of Default as well as internal matrices.
Building out a Robust and Efficient Risk Management - Alan CheungLászló Árvai
Credit Derivatives are off-balance sheet financial statements that permit one party to transfer the risk of a reference asset, which it typically owns, to another one party (the guarantor) without actually selling the assets.
General Principles of Lending:
When a request for a loan is received, it is important to ensure that the borrower has the legal capacity to borrow. The other matters upon which the information should be obtained are: the purpose of advance, the amount involved, the duration of the advance, the sources of repayment, the profitability of transaction, and, where applicable, the security offered. The most fundamental principle of all is that the bank should have confidence in the integrity, competence and continuing credit worthiness of the borrower.
• Know Your Customer:
While entertaining a proposal for advance, the branch has to first ensure compliance with the KYC norms.
• Pre- Sanction Stage:
Obtain/compile the following:
• Bio-data/declaration of assets owned by the borrower and guarantor along with latest income tax/wealth tax assessment copies and compilation of opinion reports.
• Particulars of immediate family members/legal heirs along with their father’s name and age.
• Audited balance sheets for the previous 3 years, estimated balance sheet for the current year and projected balance sheet for the next year.
• Particulars of existing borrowing arrangements and credit reports/no objection letters from existing banks if any.
• It should be followed by independent verification by the branch incumbent.
• Details of associate/group concerns, their borrowing arrangements and their latest balance sheets.
• No objection letter from term loan lender(s) if already financed by them and their permission/willingness to cede pari passu/ second charge on their security.
• The position of term working capital liabilities with various banks/FIs and details thereof viz., Limit, DP, Out standings, Irregularities (if any).
• Conduct a search/obtain a search report from Registrar of Companies to ascertain position of charges created already.
•
• Due Diligence:
• Branch Manager should do adequate Due Diligence before bringing an asset to the Bank’s books. This will avoid NPA.
• Thorough inquiry about the prospective borrower (with other banks, Financial Institutions, etc.) market intelligence, his past track record of performance and repayment of obligations, credit worthiness (Net Worth) must be done.
• Personal visit to his office/place of business will give an idea of his business.
• Processing of Applications:
While processing the applications, the following should be looked into and commented upon in the proposal:
• Due diligence on promoters’ background, their track record of repayment by checking with their existing bankers (NPA status) (any rephasements, any compromise entered into), credit worthiness, market reputation etc.
• Latest RBI defaulters’ list and willful defaulters' list —Company and their Directors.
• Bank’s loan policy.
• Contractual capacity of the borrower regarding borrowing powers/any restrictions on borrowings and names of persons authorized to borrow by verifications of:
• Partnership deed
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
36. Contingency Funding Planning Best Practices
Contingency funding plans provide clarity during deteriorating
liquidity conditions
̶ Robust CFPs clarify strategies, roles and responsibilities when total focus
should be given to mitigating the firm’s exposure to potential or realized
adverse liquidity conditions
̶ Management should assess the operating stage and execute the
applicable remediating actions
̶ Fully integrated with stress testing framework
Know your business and available sources of liquidity
̶ Considers existing sources of liquidity and whether it is sufficient to fund
normal operating requirements under stress events
̶ Identifies potential alternative contingent liquidity sources
̶ Considers the firm’s specific legal, regulatory, and tax related
encumbrances to available sources of liquidity