Investment banks rely on market data providers for timely, accurate financial information and data to support decision-making. Major providers include Bloomberg, Refinitiv, and FactSet. They collect, process, and distribute real-time market quotes, historical price movements, trading volumes, economic indicators, news, and other data used by investment professionals for research, analysis, and informed investing decisions. Access to high-quality market data from reliable sources is crucial for investment banks' trading, risk management, and overall operations.

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• Risk in the context of investment banking operations refers
to the uncertainty associated with financial markets and
transactions.
• Investment banks engage in various financial activities, such
as trading, underwriting, advisory services, and asset
management.
• These activities expose them to different types of risks, and
effective risk management is crucial for their stability and
success

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Key Types of Risks
• Market Risk - The risk of losses due to changes in market
conditions, such as interest rates, currency exchange rates,
and commodity prices.
• Investment banks use various tools, such as derivatives and
hedging strategies, to manage market risk. Stress testing and
scenario analysis are also common to assess potential losses
under different market conditions.

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• Credit Risk: The risk of financial loss resulting from the
failure of a borrower or counterparty to meet its financial
obligations.
• Credit risk is managed through credit analysis, collateral
requirements, and the use of credit derivatives. Credit limits
are established to control exposure to individual
counterparties.

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• Operational Risk: The risk of loss resulting from inadequate
or failed internal processes, systems, people, or external
events.
• Investment banks implement robust internal controls,
conduct regular audits, and invest in technology to reduce
operational risks. Disaster recovery and business continuity
plans are also in place to ensure operations can continue in
the event of a disruption.

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• Liquidity Risk: The risk that a firm may be unable to meet its
short-term financial obligations due to an imbalance
between its liquid assets and liabilities.
• Liquidity risk is managed through careful monitoring of cash
flows, maintaining a diversified portfolio of liquid assets, and
establishing contingency funding plans.

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• Regulatory Risk: The risk of losses arising from lawsuits,
regulatory fines, or changes in legislation.
• Investment banks engage legal and compliance teams to
ensure compliance with applicable laws and regulations.
Regular assessments are conducted to identify and address
potential legal and regulatory risks.

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• Reputation Risk - The risk of damage to a firm's reputation,
which can lead to loss of clients, revenue, and trust.
• Maintaining a strong corporate culture, transparent
communication, and ethical business practices are essential
to manage reputation risk. Promptly addressing issues and
crises is also crucial.

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• Model Risk - The risk of inaccuracy or inadequacy in financial
models used for decision-making.
• Investment banks validate and test their models regularly to
ensure their accuracy and relevance. Model risk is mitigated
through ongoing monitoring and adjustments.

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Market Risk
• Market risk in investment banking operations involves
analyzing potential losses that may arise from adverse
movements in financial markets.
• Market risk can be categorized into three main types: interest
rate risk, currency risk, and commodity risk.

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• Value at Risk (VaR) - VaR is a statistical measure that
quantifies the potential loss in the value of a portfolio over a
specific time horizon at a given confidence level.
• VaR is calculated by estimating the standard deviation of the
portfolio's returns and multiplying it by the appropriate
factor based on the desired confidence level. It provides a
single, easily interpretable risk measure.

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• Stress Testing - Stress testing involves assessing the impact of
extreme, yet plausible, market movements on a portfolio.
• Investment banks subject their portfolios to simulated stress
scenarios, such as significant market downturns or interest
rate spikes, to understand how the portfolio would perform
under adverse conditions. This helps identify vulnerabilities
and potential weaknesses in risk management.

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• Scenario Analysis - Scenario analysis involves evaluating the
impact of specific market scenarios on a portfolio's value.
• Analysts create hypothetical scenarios (e.g., interest rate
hikes, economic downturns) and assess the portfolio's
performance under each scenario. This helps in
understanding the sensitivity of the portfolio to various
market factors.

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• Sensitivity Analysis - Sensitivity analysis assesses how
changes in individual market factors impact the portfolio.
• Analysts vary one market variable at a time (e.g., interest
rates, exchange rates) while keeping others constant,
observing the resulting changes in the portfolio's value. This
helps identify the most significant risk drivers.

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• Simulation - By incorporating a range of possible market
scenarios and their probabilities, Monte Carlo simulations
provide a more comprehensive view of potential portfolio
outcomes. This method is particularly useful for complex
portfolios with multiple interacting variables.
• Volatility Analysis - Analysts analyze historical volatility and
implied volatility (from option prices) to understand the
potential range of future price movements. This information
is crucial for estimating potential portfolio losses.

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• Backtesting - Investment banks use historical data to assess
the accuracy of their risk models and make adjustments as
needed. This helps in improving the reliability of risk
assessments.
• Liquidity Risk Assessment - Assessing liquidity risk involves
analyzing the liquidity of individual positions, understanding
market depth, and estimating potential slippage in the event
of large-scale asset liquidation.

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Credit Risk
• While assessing credit risk in investment banking operations
is crucial for managing potential losses arising from the
failure of borrowers or counterparties to meet their financial
obligations.
• Credit risk assessment involves evaluating the
creditworthiness of individual entities or borrowers.

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• Credit Analysis - Analysts review financial statements, cash
flow projections, debt levels, and other relevant financial
metrics. They also assess qualitative factors such as industry
conditions, competitive position, and management expertise.
• Credit Ratings - Investment banks rely on credit ratings from
agencies like Moody's, Standard & Poor's, and Fitch to
quickly gauge the credit risk associated with a particular
entity or security. However, it's important to conduct
additional analysis beyond credit ratings, as they may have
limitations.

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• Credit Scoring Models - Banks develop internal credit scoring
models or use commercially available models to assess the
credit risk of counterparties. These models consider factors
such as financial ratios, payment history, and industry risk.
• Collateral Analysis - Investment banks assess the type and
market value of collateral, as well as its liquidity. Collateral
helps mitigate credit risk by providing a source of repayment
in the event of default.

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• Credit Limits - Investment banks establish credit limits based
on the creditworthiness of counterparties, the type of
transactions, and the overall risk appetite. Regular reviews
and adjustments to credit limits are essential as
circumstances change.
• Credit Derivatives - Investment banks use credit derivatives
to manage and transfer credit risk. For example, purchasing a
CDS (credit default swaps) can provide protection against the
default of a specific borrower.

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• Credit Committees - Credit committees review and approve
credit limits, major credit transactions, and exceptions to
credit policies. They bring together experts from various
areas, such as risk management, legal, and business, to make
informed credit decisions.
• Credit Monitoring - Investment banks employ ongoing
surveillance of credit exposures, regularly updating credit
ratings, financial metrics, and relevant market information.
This proactive approach helps identify potential credit issues
early on.

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Liquidity Risk
• While assessing liquidity risk in investment banking
operations involves evaluating the ability to meet short-term
financial obligations and efficiently convert assets into cash
without causing significant price impact.
• Cash Flow Analysis - Investment banks analyze historical and
projected cash flows to ensure that there is sufficient liquidity
to meet short-term obligations. This includes assessing the
timing of cash receipts from assets, trading activities, and
other sources.

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• Liquidity Ratios - Ratios such as the current ratio (current
assets divided by current liabilities) and the quick ratio (liquid
assets excluding inventory divided by current liabilities)
provide insights into the liquidity position of the investment
bank. Higher ratios generally indicate better liquidity.
• Stress Testing - Investment banks conduct stress tests to
evaluate how their liquidity position would be affected under
adverse scenarios, such as a market downturn or a sudden
surge in redemption requests. This helps identify
vulnerabilities and plan for contingencies.

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• Scenario Analysis - Investment banks model different
scenarios that could impact liquidity, such as a credit rating
downgrade, sudden market volatility, or a loss of confidence
in the financial markets. This helps quantify potential
liquidity needs.
• Funding Diversification - Investment banks diversify their
funding sources, including short-term and long-term debt,
lines of credit, and other financing arrangements. This
reduces dependence on a single source and enhances
flexibility.

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• Contingency Funding Plan (CFP) - Investment banks develop
CFPs to identify alternative funding sources and actions that
can be taken in the event of a liquidity crisis. This includes
accessing emergency credit lines, selling liquid assets, or
raising additional capital.
• Market Depth Analysis - Investment banks evaluate the depth of
the markets for their traded instruments to determine how
easily they can buy or sell assets without affecting prices. This
helps in estimating potential slippage and market impact
during liquidation.

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• Liquidity Stress Metrics - Metrics such as the Liquidity
Coverage Ratio (LCR) and Net Stable Funding Ratio (NSFR) are
regulatory requirements that assess an institution's ability to
withstand short-term and long-term liquidity stress,
respectively.
• Collateral Management - Investment banks assess the
quality and liquidity of collateral pledged or received in
transactions. Effective collateral management ensures that
collateral is readily convertible to cash in times of need.

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• Liquidity Risk Committees - Liquidity risk committees are
internal groups responsible for overseeing and managing
liquidity risk.
• These committees monitor liquidity metrics, review stress
test results, and ensure that liquidity risk is within acceptable
limits. They may also make recommendations for adjusting
liquidity risk management strategies.

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Operational Risk
• While assessing operational risk in investment banking
operations involves identifying and managing the potential
risks associated with the inadequacy or failure of internal
processes, systems, people, and external events.
• Operational risk encompasses a wide range of factors that
can disrupt business activities and lead to financial losses or
reputational damage.

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• Risk Identification - Investment banks conduct risk identification
workshops, engage with key stakeholders, and use historical incident
data to compile a comprehensive list of potential operational risks. This
can include technology failures, human errors, fraud, and other
disruptions.
• Risk Assessment and Prioritization - Investment banks use risk
assessment methodologies to assign qualitative and quantitative
measures to operational risks. The risks are then prioritized based on
their potential impact and likelihood of occurrence, allowing the bank to
focus on addressing the most significant risks first.

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• Key Risk Indicators (KRIs) - Investment banks establish KRIs
related to key operational processes. These indicators help
monitor the health of operations and trigger risk
management actions when certain thresholds are breached.
• Loss Data Analysis - Examining past operational incidents
helps identify trends, patterns, and root causes of losses. This
analysis informs risk assessments and the development of
preventive measures.

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• Control Self-Assessments (CSAs) - Business units within
investment banks perform CSAs to identify weaknesses in
control mechanisms. This process involves self-assessment
questionnaires and interviews to evaluate the adequacy of
controls in mitigating operational risks.
• Business Continuity Planning (BCP) - Investment banks
develop and regularly test BCPs to ensure they can continue
essential functions in the face of operational disruptions,
such as natural disasters, cyberattacks, or system failures

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• Incident Reporting and Investigation - Establishing a framework
for reporting and investigating operational incidents.
• Investment banks implement processes for employees to
report operational incidents promptly. Investigations help
identify the root causes and contribute to the development
of corrective and preventive actions.

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• Vendor and Third-Party Risk Management - Investment banks conduct
due diligence on vendors, establish clear contractual obligations, and
regularly assess third-party operational risk. This includes monitoring
the financial health and cybersecurity practices of vendors.
• Training and Awareness Programs - Regular training programs help
employees understand their roles in mitigating operational risks. This
includes training on compliance, security awareness, and adherence to
internal policies and procedures.

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• Operational Risk Committees - Operational risk committees within investment
banks review risk assessments, incident reports, and control effectiveness. They
guide the development and implementation of operational risk management
strategies.
• Investment banks establish mechanisms for continuous monitoring of operational
risk indicators and regularly report findings to senior management and relevant
stakeholders. This ensures that risk management strategies remain effective in
changing environments.

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Regulatory Risk
• Assessing regulatory risk in investment banking operations
involves evaluating the impact of changes in regulations,
compliance requirements, and legal frameworks on the
firm's activities.
• Regulatory risk can arise from new laws, amendments to
existing regulations, or changes in regulatory enforcement.

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• Regulatory Landscape Analysis - Investment banks conduct regular reviews of
relevant laws and regulations affecting their operations. This includes
monitoring regulatory updates, guidance, and consultations from regulatory
bodies.
• Regulatory Impact Assessments - Investment banks analyze the potential
effects of regulatory developments on their operations, compliance costs, and
revenue streams. This involves evaluating changes in capital requirements,
reporting obligations, and business practices.

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• Compliance Risk Assessments - Regular internal audits and compliance risk
assessments help identify areas of non-compliance or potential weaknesses
in compliance processes. This includes assessing the adequacy of internal
controls and the effectiveness of compliance training programs.
• Regulatory Intelligence and Monitoring - Investment banks establish
processes for monitoring regulatory changes, utilizing regulatory intelligence
services, and participating in industry forums to stay informed about
upcoming regulatory initiatives.

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• Engagement with Regulatory Authorities - Investment banks engage in
regular dialogues with regulatory authorities through meetings,
consultations, and submissions to provide input on proposed regulations and
to seek clarification on existing ones. Proactive engagement helps build a
collaborative relationship.
• Legal and Compliance Teams - Investment banks have specialized legal and
compliance teams that continuously monitor and interpret regulations. These
teams work to ensure that the bank's operations align with regulatory
requirements and provide guidance on compliance matters.

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• Regulatory Change Management - Investment banks establish change
management processes to assess the impact of new regulations, implement
necessary changes to policies and procedures, and communicate these
changes to relevant stakeholders.
• Training and Awareness Programs - Investment banks conduct regular
training sessions to ensure that employees are aware of and understand the
regulatory landscape. This includes training on changes in regulations,
compliance policies, and ethical conduct.

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• Legal Risk Assessments - Legal risk assessments involve identifying and
assessing the legal consequences of regulatory non-compliance. This includes
potential fines, legal actions, and reputational damage.
• Regulatory Risk Committees - Regulatory risk committees within investment
banks review the regulatory risk landscape, assess the impact of upcoming
changes, and guide the development of strategies to manage regulatory risk
effectively.

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Market Data Providers
• Market data providers are companies or organizations that collect, process,
and distribute financial information and data related to various financial
instruments, markets, and economic indicators.
• This data includes real-time quotes, historical price movements, trading
volumes, economic indicators, news, and other relevant information.
• Investment professionals use this data to conduct research, perform analysis,
and make informed decisions in the financial markets.

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• Market data providers play a crucial role in investment banking
operations by supplying timely, accurate, and comprehensive financial
information and data to support decision-making processes.
• Investment banks rely heavily on market data to analyze market trends,
assess risks, and make informed investment decisions.

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Players
– Bloomberg - is a global financial information and technology
company. Bloomberg Terminal, one of its flagship products, is widely
used in investment banking for real-time financial data, news, and
analytics.
– Key Features: Real-time market data, analytics, news, and
communication tools.

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– Refinitiv - provides financial data and infrastructure to financial
institutions worldwide. It offers a range of products, including Eikon
and Elektron, providing real-time data, analytics, and trading
platforms.
– Key Features: Real-time market data, analytics, trading platforms.
(now part of London Stock Exchange Group)

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– FactSet - delivers financial data and analytics to investment
professionals. It provides a comprehensive suite of solutions,
including data feeds, analytics, and portfolio management tools.
– Key Features: Financial data feeds, analytics, portfolio management.

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– S&P Global Market Intelligence -offers a wide range of financial
information, analytics, and research. It covers various asset classes,
including equities, fixed income, commodities, and more.
– Key Features: Financial data, research, analytics.

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– Thomson Reuters - now part of Refinitiv, historically provided
financial information and data services. It offered products like Eikon
and DataStream, catering to investment professionals.
– Key Features: Financial data, analytics, news.

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– Morningstar - known for its research, ratings, and data on mutual
funds, ETFs, stocks, and other investment products. It serves both
individual investors and financial institutions.
– Key Features: Investment research, fund ratings, data.

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– ICE Data Services - Intercontinental Exchange (ICE) Data Services
provides a wide range of data, including pricing, analytics, and
reference data for various asset classes.
– Key Features: Pricing data, analytics, reference data.

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– IHS Markit - offers data, analytics, and solutions for various
industries, including finance. It provides information on fixed income,
equities, derivatives, and more.
– Key Features: Financial data, analytics, solutions.

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• Nasdaq OMX - offers market data solutions, including real-time quotes,
trading data, and analytics, with a focus on equities and derivatives.
• CME Group - provides market data for futures and options markets,
including real-time quotes, historical data, and indices.
• Quandl - specializes in alternative data and financial, economic, and
alternative datasets. It was acquired by Nasdaq.

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• Real-time market data: This includes real-time prices, quotes, and trading volumes
for various financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, commodities, and
currencies.
• Historical market data: This includes historical prices, trading volumes, and other
relevant information for financial instruments over a specific time period. This data
is crucial for analyzing past market trends and making informed investment
decisions.
• Reference data: This includes information about various financial instruments, such
as their ticker symbols, exchange codes, company names, industry classifications,
and other relevant details. Reference data helps investment banks in accurately
identifying and tracking different securities.
Specific types of data - IB

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• News and market analysis: Market data providers also offer news feeds and market
analysis reports to investment banks. These reports provide insights into market
trends, economic indicators, company news, and other factors that can impact
investment decisions.
• Economic data: Investment banks rely on economic data to assess the overall health
of the economy and make macroeconomic forecasts. Market data providers offer
various economic indicators such as GDP growth rates, inflation rates, employment
data, and consumer sentiment indices.
• Alternative data: In recent years, market data providers have started offering
alternative data sets to investment banks. This includes non-traditional data sources
such as social media sentiment analysis, satellite imagery, credit card transaction
data, and web scraping. Alternative data can provide unique insights into consumer
behavior, supply chain dynamics, and other factors that can impact investment
decisions.

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Investment banks use market data providers
• Trading and Investment Decisions: Investment banks rely on market data to make
informed trading and investment decisions. They analyze real-time market prices,
trading volumes, and other relevant information to identify investment
opportunities, manage risk, and execute trades.
• Research and Analysis: Market data is crucial for investment banks' research and
analysis activities. They use historical and current market data to conduct research
on various financial instruments, sectors, and markets. This helps them generate
insights, forecasts, and recommendations for their clients.
• Risk Management: Investment banks use market data to assess and manage risk.
They monitor market trends, volatility, and correlations to identify potential risks
and adjust their risk management strategies accordingly. Market data also helps
them evaluate the performance of their portfolios and assess the impact of market
events on their positions.

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• Pricing and Valuation: Market data is essential for pricing and valuing
financial instruments. Investment banks use market data to determine the
fair value of securities, derivatives, and other complex financial products. This
information is crucial for pricing these instruments accurately and providing
valuations to clients.
• Regulatory Compliance: Investment banks need market data to comply with
various regulatory requirements. They use market data to report trades,
monitor compliance with market regulations, and ensure transparency in
their operations.

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Factors – IB consider - Market data provider
• Data Quality and Accuracy: Investment banks rely on accurate and reliable market
data for making informed decisions. It is essential to evaluate the data provider's
track record for accuracy, completeness, and timeliness of their data.
• Data Coverage: Investment banks deal with various asset classes and financial
instruments. The market data provider should offer comprehensive coverage across
multiple markets, including equities, fixed income, derivatives, commodities, and
currencies.
• Data Delivery: Investment banks require real-time or near-real-time data to stay up-
to-date with market movements. Consider the data provider's delivery mechanisms,
such as APIs, direct feeds, or web-based platforms, to ensure they can provide data
in the required format and frequency.

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• Customization and Flexibility: Investment banks often have unique requirements
and may need customized data solutions. Look for a market data provider that offers
flexibility in tailoring their services to meet specific needs, such as creating custom
indices or integrating with internal systems.
• Cost: Market data can be expensive, so investment banks should carefully evaluate
the pricing models offered by different providers. Consider the overall cost
structure, including any additional fees for data usage, support, or integration.
• Support and Service Level Agreements (SLAs): Timely and reliable customer
support is crucial when dealing with market data. Evaluate the provider's support
capabilities and SLAs to ensure they can address any issues promptly and efficiently.

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• Data Security and Compliance: Investment banks handle sensitive financial
information, so data security is paramount. Ensure that the data provider has robust
security measures in place to protect against unauthorized access or data breaches.
Additionally, consider their compliance with industry regulations such as GDPR or
financial market regulations.
By considering these factors, investment banks can make an informed decision
when selecting a market data provider that aligns with their specific requirements and
helps them make accurate investment decisions

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Reference Data
Reference data refers to the information on various financial
instruments, such as securities, bonds, equities, derivatives, etc., that are
used by market participants for investment decision-making, risk
management, and trade processing. Market data providers collect,
validate, and distribute this reference data to ensure accuracy and
timeliness.

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Sources of Reference Data
• Exchanges: Market data providers often obtain reference data from exchanges,
which can provide information on securities, indices, and other financial
instruments.
• Regulators: Regulatory bodies such as the Securities and Exchange Commission
(SEC) provide reference data on companies, securities, and other financial
instruments.
• Data vendors: Market data providers may also obtain reference data from other
data vendors, who specialize in collecting and aggregating financial data.
• Corporate actions: Market data providers may also obtain reference data from
corporate actions such as mergers, acquisitions, and stock splits.
• News sources: Market data providers may also obtain reference data from news
sources, which can provide information on corporate events, economic indicators,
and other market-moving events.

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The Quality and Accuracy of Reference Data
• Data Validation: Market data providers employ rigorous validation processes to
ensure the accuracy and integrity of reference data. This involves cross-checking
data against multiple sources, conducting data cleansing and normalization, and
verifying data consistency.
• Data Governance: Market data providers establish robust data governance
frameworks to maintain data quality. This includes defining data standards,
implementing data quality controls, and regularly monitoring and auditing data
sources.
• Data Vendor Relationships: Market data providers often have partnerships with data
vendors who specialize in specific types of reference data. These partnerships
involve regular communication and collaboration to ensure the accuracy and
reliability of the data being provided.

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• Data Feeds and APIs: Market data providers offer data feeds and application
programming interfaces (APIs) that allow clients to access reference data in real-
time. These feeds and APIs are designed to provide accurate and up-to-date
information to clients.
• Quality Assurance Processes: Market data providers have dedicated quality
assurance teams that conduct thorough testing and validation of reference data
before it is made available to clients. This includes performing data integrity checks,
conducting sample audits, and ensuring compliance with industry standards.

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Challenges
Data
quality
Data
volume
Data
integration
Data
governance
Data
timeliness
Technology
infrastructure
Cost
management

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Reference Data used by FI
Trade
Execution and
Settlement
Risk
Management
Regulatory
Reporting
Portfolio
Management
Client
Onboarding
and KYC
Market Data
Integration

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Market Data
Market data by market data providers refers to the information and
statistics related to the financial markets that are collected, analyzed, and
distributed by data vendors. The data typically includes real-time or
delayed price quotes, trading volumes, bid and ask prices, historical data,
and other relevant information that is used by traders, investors, and
financial institutions for research, analysis, and decision-making purposes.

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Sources of Market Data
• Direct Feeds: Market data providers often receive direct feeds from
exchanges and trading platforms. These direct feeds provide real-time data on
various financial instruments such as stocks, bonds, commodities, and
currencies.
• Data Aggregation: Market data providers aggregate data from multiple
sources. They collect data from various exchanges, alternative trading
systems, and other market participants to create a comprehensive view of the
market.
• APIs and Web Scraping: Some market data providers use application
programming interfaces (APIs) provided by exchanges and other data sources
to access and collect market data. They may also use web scraping techniques
to extract data from websites and other online sources.

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• Contributed Data: Market data providers may also receive contributed data
from market participants such as banks, brokerages, and other financial
institutions. These participants provide their own proprietary data, which is
then integrated into the market data feed.
• Data Vendors: Market data providers may collaborate with other specialized
data vendors who collect and provide specific types of market data, such as
historical data, news feeds, or sentiment analysis.

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Importance of Market Data
• Price Discovery: Market data helps traders and investors determine the current
market prices of assets and securities, enabling them to make informed decisions
regarding buying or selling. It provides real-time or historical data on bid and ask
prices, trade volumes, and transaction details.
• Market Analysis: Market data allows traders and investors to analyze trends,
patterns, and movements in various financial markets. By studying historical data
and identifying market indicators, they can gain insights into market behavior,
identify potential opportunities, and make informed investment decisions.
• Risk Management: Accurate market data is essential for assessing and managing
risks associated with investments. It enables traders and investors to monitor
market volatility, track price fluctuations, and evaluate the potential risks and
rewards of different investment options.

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• Trading Strategies: Market data helps traders develop and implement effective
trading strategies. By analyzing historical data, identifying patterns, and
understanding market dynamics, traders can make more informed decisions about
when to enter or exit trades, set stop-loss or take-profit levels, and manage their
positions effectively.
• Market Transparency: Market data enhances transparency in financial markets by
providing detailed information about the trading activities of various participants.
This helps traders and investors assess market liquidity, identify potential
manipulation or irregularities, and make more informed trading decisions.
• Competitive Advantage: Access to timely and accurate market data can provide
traders and investors with a competitive edge. It allows them to stay updated with
the latest market developments, react quickly to changing market conditions, and
capitalize on emerging opportunities before others.

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Market Data Used - FI
Price
discovery
Trading
decisions
Risk
management
Investment
research
Regulatory
compliance

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References
• Investment Banking Guide, Allison Otto – Published by Vanderbilt University – By
• Invest Banking & Financial Services – Published by Gopalan College of Engineering & Management
• Securities Operations – A Guide to Trade & Position Management - Michael Simmons – Published by John Wiley & Sons, LTD.
• Introduction to Investment Banking Career, Readintrobooks.com
• Investment Banking, Concepts, Analysis and Cases, Pratap Giri S, Mc Graw Hill India.
• Investment Banking, Pradeep Subramaniyam, McGraw Hill Education
• Custody Services - Comptroller’s Handbook Jan 2002
• The Custody Services of Banks – July 2016 – Published by The Clearing House
• Investment Banking: Valuation, LBOs, M&A, and IPOs, Joshua Rosenbaum · Joshua Pearl, - Published by Wiley
• Investment Banking and Financial Service s, Dr.S.K.Yadav,
• NISM – Series VII – Securities Operations & Risk Management – Published by National Institute of Securities Markets
• Minimum Capital Requirements for Market Risk – Jan 2019 – Published by Basel Committee on Banking Supervision
• CISI – Global Securities Operations – Edition 16, April 2020 – Published by Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment – Author -
Kevin Petley, Chartered FCSI
• Investment Banking, CA. Tapan Jindal, Published by Bharat Law House Pvt. Ltd.
• Risk and Market Data Providers, Dr.K.M.Bhattacharya, Published by Himalaya Publishing House Pvt., Ltd.
• The Trade Lifecycle: Behind the Scenes of the Trading Process, Robert P Baker, John Published by Wiley & Sons Inc
• Fundamentals of Fund administration – Published by CESR
• Fundamentals of Fund Administration, David Loader, Published by Butterworth-Heinemann