Linnaeus Handout

1. Vasil Penchev, PhD, Assoc. Prof. – SEARCHING Department “Philosophy of History”, & Institute for Philosophical Research of CLASSIFYING the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences E-mail: vasildinev@gmail.com Universal taxonomy of Carolus Linnaeus > mathesis universalis of Leibniz are the ground of Michel http://four.fsphost.com/vasil7penchev Foucault’s conception ‘episteme’ $EVWUDFW $EVWUDFW ‘Episteme’ designates the accepted mode of acquiring and arranging knowledge in a )RXFDXOWDWWHPSWHGWRVKRZKRZDQ given period. An episteme unites the various discourses and guarantees their coherence HSLVWHPHEDVHGRQWKHGHWHFWLRQRI within an underlying structure of implicit UHVHPEODQFHVZDVUHSODFHGLQWKH assumptions about the status of knowledge. WKFHQWXUEDQHZHSLVWHPHRI The term has gained currency from the work GLIIHUHQFHVDQGGLVWLQFWLRQVZKLOH of the French philosopher Michel Foucault, WKHWKFHQWXULQWURGXFHGD especially his Les Mots et les choses (The Order of Things, 1966; Bulgarian edition: IXUWKHUHSLVWHPHRIKLVWRULFDO GZmdZ b badmklh, 1990). HYROXWLRQ HGLVSXWHG/HLEKL]oVLGHDRI nPDWKHVLV $EVWUDFW o0DWKHVLVo DQG oWD[RQRPo %KHUHE URXJKOWKH H[WHQVLYHQHWZRUN XQLYHUVDOLVo nFKDUDFUFWHULVWLFD RIHPSLULFDONQRZOHGJHZDVRXWOLQHG XQLYHUVDOLVo pDSURMHFWRIDJHQHUDO WKDWRIQRQTXDQWLWDWLYHRUGHULQJV VFLHQFHRIRUGHUDWKHRURIVLJQ 0DEHDGLVWDQWEXWSHUVLVWHQW XQLWRI DQDO]LQJWKHZDIRUDQWKLQJWREH DXQLYHUVDO WD[RQRP ZRXOGEH UHSUHVHQWHGq$OOWKHKDSWHU SURPLQHQWIRUWKHHQWLUHFOHDUQHVVDIWHU pODVVLILQJq RI/HV 0RWV HWOHV FKRVHV /LQQéZKHQKHVXJJHVWHGWKDWKHZRXOG LVEDVHGRIERWKWKHPDLQSDSHUVRI EULQJWROLJKWWKHVDPHGLVWULEXWLRQDQG DUROXV/LQQDHXV 6VWHPZ naturaeDQG WKHVDPHRUGHULQDQFRQFUHWHGRPDLQV HVSHFLDOO 3KLORVRSKLHbotanique RIQDWXUHDQGVRFLHW 1

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3. . LQ Les mots et les choses E0)RXFDXOW “:KHQGHDOLQJZLWKWKHRUGHULQJRI The English translation is from: FRPSOH[QDWXUHVUHSUHVHQWDWLRQVLQ JHQHUDODVWKHDUHJLYHQLQ www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/ H[SHULHQFH

4. RQHKDVWRFRQVWLWXWHD foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm WD[LQRPLDDQGWRGRWKDWRQHKDVWR HVWDEOLVKDVVWHPRIVLJQV7KHVH VLJQVDUHWRWKHRUGHURIFRPSRVLWH QDWXUHVZKDWDOJHEUDLVWRWKHRUGHURI VLPSOHQDWXUHVq (p. 71). VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 Copyright © 1970 by Random House, Inc 7RPEVWRQHRI/LQQDHXV 6VWHPZ naturae 3KLORVRSKLHbotanique Linnaeus is credited While the underlying with establishing the details concerning what idea of a are considered to be hierarchical scientifically valid structure of 'observable charac- classification which teristics' has changed is based upon with expanding knowledge, the observable fundamental principle characteristics. remains sound. 2

5. 6VWHPD naturae In Systema naturae (1735) he presented his classification of plants, animals, and minerals, and in Genera plantarum (1737) he explained his system for classifying plants largely on the basis of the number of stamens and pistils in the flower. Despite the artificiality of some of his premises, the Linnaean system has remained the basis of modern taxonomy. %HFDXVH/LQQDHXV ZDVWKHILUVWWR DFKLHYHDFRQVLVWHQWDQGHIILFLHQW 7KH6LJQDWXUHRI/LQQDHXV VVWHPRIQRPHQFODWXUHERWDQLVWV DJUHHGLQWRDFFHSWKLV p6SHFLHVSODQWDUXPq YROV

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8. 7KHPDLQSULQFLSOHVRI /LQQHDXVWD[RQRP 7KHRDWRI$UPV RIDUOYRQ/LQQé *UDGXDOO /LQQDHXV DOVRGHYHORSHG DFRQVLVWHQWVVWHPRIQDPHVLQ ZKLFKHDFKVSHFLHVRISODQWDQG DQLPDOKDGDJHQXVQDPHIROORZHG EDVSHFLILFQDPH,WZDVFDOOHG %LQRPLDO1RPHQFODWXUHDQG ODVVLILFDWLRQ Les mots et les choses E0LFKHO)RXFDXOW )UHQFK 'LFWLRQDU DERXW les mots et les choses (1680) /HVPRWVHWOHVFKRVHV 7KH2UGHURI7KLQJVLQ(QJOLVK

9. Frontispiece pfOoKRPPHQoHVWTXoXQH for LQYHQWLRQUéFHQWHXQHILJXUH Foucault's The Order TXLQoDSDVGHX[VLèFOHVXQ of Things, VLPSOHSOLGDQVQRWUHVDYRLUHW 28.5 x 19, acrylic TXoLOGLVSDUDîWUD GèVTXHFHOXL on panel, FLDXUDWURXYé XQHIRUPH 1995. Private QRXYHOOHqS

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12. GHVGLIIéUHQFHV?” (p. 15) p:KDWKLVWRULFDODSULRUL SURYLGHG The English translation is from: WKHVWDUWLQJSRLQWIURPZKLFKLW ZDVSRVVLEOHWRGHILQHWKHJUHDW www.illogicaloperation.com/textz/ foucault_michel_the_order_of_things.htm FKHFNHUERDUGRIGLVWLQFWLGHQWLWLHV HVWDEOLVKHGDJDLQVWWKHFRQIXVHG XQGHILQHGIDFHOHVVDQGDVLW ZHUHLQGLIIHUHQWEDFNJURXQGRI VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, APRIL 1994 GLIIHUHQFHVqS[[LLL

15. $Q,QWHUSUHWDWLRQRI LWVp3DLQWLQJ0RWWRq - 6FKROLD Velaskez’ “Las Meninas” (1656) 7KHUHSUHVHQWLQJGHSLFWLQJFODVVLILQJ 7KHSDLQWHUUHSUHVHQWLQJpOHVPRWVHWOHV FUHDWLQJWKHGLFWLRQDURIpOHVPRWVHWOHV FKRVHVqpWKHZRUGVDQGWKHWKLQJVqDQG FKRVHVqLQ RXUFDVH /LQQéLVZKRKLGHV WKHLUFRQQHFWLRQQDPHOpWKHRUGHURI KLPVHOIfLQWRKLVFUHDWLRQ%DQDORJLD WKLQJVqZDVDVWKHKLGGHQLQYLVLEOHDVWKH HQWLVZHDV/LQQé PDVXJJHVWWKDWWKH UHDOIRFXVRIWKHFDQYDVDQGZKDWLVPRUH UHDWRURI1DWXUHKDVKLGGHQ+LPVHOILQ KHKDGGHSLFWHGKLPKLPVHOIWKHGHSLFWHU VRPHQDWXUDOWKLQJLQVXFKDZDWRRUGHU WKHKLGGHQIRFXVMXVWDVDOHDYLQJSHUVRQ DQGKRSHIXOOWRDOORZIRU+LVUHDWLRQWR IRUPDOO LQWKHEDFNJURXQGEXWWKHWUXH EHFODVVLILHGEXVSHRSOH

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17. RWKHUUXOHVRIWKH5HJXOæ “… there must be some general science to explain everything which can be asked concerning measure and order not predicated of any special subject matter. This, I perceived, was called “Universal Mathematics”, not a far fetched designation, but one of long standing which has passed into current use, because in this science is contained everything on account of which others are called parts of mathematics.” 6

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23. Part I. Principles of Universal .DQWoV.ULWLNGHUUHLQHQ9HUQXQIW Science %RRN7KHHOHPHQWVRIHWHUQDO YHULW f DOOWKH FRQWURYHUVLRQV VHWWOH EPHDQVRIFDOFXODWLRQVf %RRN7KHDUWRIGLVFRYHU f %RRN$SODQIRU(QFFORSHGLD IRUDQDFFHVVLRQERRNRIKXPDQ The first edition The second edition NQRZOHGJHWREHFUHDWHGf 3K6ORDQDERXWpWKHELRORJLFDO p.HLPHqDQGp$QODJHqDIWHU.DQW URRWVRI.DQWoVDSULRULq pS

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28. p ,QELUGVRIWKHVDPHFSHFLHVZKLFK IRUDGHWHUPLQDWHXQIROGLQJEHVWLPWHQ KDSSHQWROLYHLQGLIIHUHQWFOLPDWHV $XVZLFNHOXQJ@DUHFDOOHGJHUPVKeime@ OLHJHUPVIRUWKHXQIROGLQJRIDQHZ ZKHQWKLVXQIROGLQJDIIHFWVVSHFLILFSDUWV ODHURIIHDWHUVLIWKHOLYHLQFROG %XWZKHQLWDIIHFWVRQOWKHVL]HRUWKH FOLPDWHVZKLFKZLOOEHVXUSULVHG UHODWLRQVRIWKHSDUWVWRRQHDQRWKHU,FDOO WKHPQDWXUDOSUHGLSRVLWLRQVnatürliche ZKHQWH UHVLGHLQWHPSHUDWXUH Anlagen@q FOLPDWHV@fq pKDQFHRUJHQHUDOPHFKDQLFDOODZV 7UDQVODWLRQE3K6ORDQ [algemeine mechanische Gesetze] FDQQRWEULQJ (op. cit. p. 240) EHLQJIRUWKVXFKDGDSWDWLRQV7KHUHEZH PXVWFRQVLGHUVXFKRSSRUWXQLVWLFXQIROGLQJ [Auswickelungen] DVSUHIRUPHG [vorgebildet]. Immanuel Kant. Kritik der (YHQWKHQZKHUHQRWKLQJSXUSRVLYHLV GLVSODHG, WKHEDUHFDSDFLW [vermögen] WR reinen Vernunft (Hamburh: SURSDJDWHLWVVSHFLDODFTXLUHGFKDUDFWHULV Meiner, 1980), S. 433-435. DOUHDGGHPRQVWUDWLRQHQRXJKWKDWD SDUWLFXODUJHUPRUQDWXUDOSUHGLVSRVLWLRQ Editor: Jens Timmerman [Keime oder natürliche Anlagen] IRULWKDV EHHQGLVFRYHUHGLQRUJDQLFFUHDWLRQq .DQWoV .ULWLN GHU8UWHLOVNUDIW “Wenn man dagegen an dem Verteidiger der Epigenesis den großen Vorzug, den er in Ansehung der Erfahrungsgründe zum Beweise seiner Theorie vor dem ersteren hat, gleich nicht kennete: so würde die Ver- nunft doch schon zum voraus für seine Er- klärungsart mit vorzüglicher Gunst einge- nommen sein, weil sie die Natur in Anse- hung der Dinge, welche man ursprünglich nur nach der Kausalität der Zwecke sich als S. 424 möglich vorstellen kann…” 9

29. “ … doch wenigstens, was die Fort- pflanzung betrifft, als selbst hervor- bringend, nicht bloß als entwickelnd, betrachtet, und so doch mit dem kleinst- $FFRUGLQJWR.DQWWKHWKHRURI möglichen Aufwande des Übernatürlichen HSLJHQHVLVFRQVLGHUHGQDWXUHQRW alles Folgende vom ersten Anfange an der RQODVGHYHORSLQJEXWDOVRDV Natur überläßt (ohne aber über diesen VHOIJHQHUDWLYHQDWXUH ersten Anfang, an dem die Physik überhaupt scheitert, sie mag es mit einer Kette der Ursachen versuchen, mit welcher sie wolle, etwas zu bestimten)” .DQWoV .ULWLN GHU UHLQHQ9HUQXQIW “Folglich bleibt nur das zweite übrig (gleichsam ein System der Epigenesis der reinen Vernunft): daß nämlich die Kategorien von seiten des Verstandes die Gründe der Möglichkeit aller Erfahrung überhaupt enthalten.” S. 128 7UDQVODWHGE-0'0HLNOHMRKQ .DQWoV .ULWLN GHU UHLQHQ9HUQXQIW www.ilt.columbia.edu/academic/digitexts/kant/ pure_reason/pure_reason.txt pRQVHTXHQWOQRWKLQJUHPDLQVEXW WRDGRSWWKHVHFRQGDOWHUQDWLYH ZKLFKSUHVHQWVXVZLWKDVVWHP DVLWZHUHRIWKH HSLJHQHVLV RISXUH UHDVRQ

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31. Der transzendentalen Analytik Die Analytik der Begriffe Translated by J. M. D. Meiklejohn p:LUZHUGHQ DOVRGLH UHLQHQ%HJULIIH p:HVKDOOWKHUHIRUHIROORZXSWKHSXUH ELV]XLKUHQHUVWHQ.HLPHQ XQG$QODJHQ FRQFHSWLRQVHYHQWRWKHLUJHUPVDQG LPPHQVFKOLFKHQ9HUVWDQGHYHUIROJHQLQ EHJLQQLQJVLQWKHKXPDQXQGHUVWDQGLQJ GHQHQVLHYRUEHUHLWHWOLHJHQ ELVVLH LQZKLFKWKHOLHXQWLOWKHDUH HQGOLFKEHL*HOHJHQKHLW GHU (UIDKUXQJ GHYHORSHGRQRFFDVLRQVSUHVHQWHGE HQWZLFNHOW XQG GXUFKHEHQGHQVHOEHQ H[SHULHQFHDQGIUHHGEWKHVDPH 9HUVWDQGYRQGHQLKQHQ DQKäQJHQGHQ XQGHUVWDQGLQJIURPWKHHPSLULFDO HPSLULVFKHQ%HGLQJXQJHQEHIUHLWLQ FRQGLWLRQVDWWDFKLQJWRWKHPDUHVHW LKUHU/DXWHUNHLWGDUJHVWHOOWZHUGHQq IRUWKLQWKHLUXQDOORHGSXULWq RQFOXVLRQ Two centuries later, Michel Foucault attempted to classify analogically all XVII century, the century of Linné passed under the sign of classification. It the knowledge not by its was sanctioned by a leaving His Creation correspondence to things, but by its Creator, however yet remaining the focus coherence with itself. The hidden of things, the order of thing as a specific focus of his notion of “epistema”, of part of the world allowing for people to that coherence of words with classify all the plants and animals… themselves, turned out Linné’s principle of classification… 11

Linnaeus Handout

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