This document lists important figures in the fields of philosophy, linguistics, and grammar from ancient Greece to the 20th century. It includes philosophers like Plato, Socrates, and Aristotle who laid the foundations of Western philosophy. It also mentions grammarians like Apollonius Dyscolus and biblical scholars like St. Jerome who made significant contributions to the study of language and grammar. Later linguistic theorists introduced new scientific approaches to studying language, including Wilhelm von Humboldt, Ferdinand de Saussure, Edward Sapir, and Leonard Bloomfield.
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Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
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The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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4. Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher from the 4th century
BC who laid the first foundations for the fields of philosophy
and theology. He was the student of Socrates and the teacher
of Aristotle.
Socrates is among the most famous figures in world history
for his contributions to the development of ancient Greek
philosophy, which laid the foundations for all Western
Philosophy.
One of the greatest philosophers in history is Aristotle. His
extant writings span a wide range of disciplines, from logic,
metaphysics and philosophy of mind, ethics, and political
theory.
Apollonius Dyscolus is a grammarian of Greece. Apollonius is
considered the founder of the systematic study of grammar.
There are four Apollonius works that survive: Syntax, the
shorter works on Pronouns, Conjunctions, and Adverbs.
5.
6.
7. St. Jerome is a biblical translator and monastic leader,
traditionally regarded as the most learned of the Latin Fathers.
He's known for his Latin translation of the Bible, the Vulgate,
and he's considered a doctor of the church.
Aelfric wrote both to instruct the monks and to spread the
learning of the 10th-century monastic revival. His Catholic
Homilies provided orthodox sermons, based on the Church
Fathers. Author of a Latin grammar, hence his nickname
Grammaticus, he also wrote Lives of the Saints.
Thomas of Erfurt was the most influential member of a group
of later medieval philosophers known as the speculative
grammarians or Modistae (Modists), after the central place
they assigned to the modi significandi (modes of signifying) of
a word in their analyses of human discourse.
8.
9. Manuel Chrysoloras is a Greek scholar who was a pioneer in
spreading Greek literature in the West.
Sībawayh is a celebrated grammarian of the Arabic language.
His monumental work is al-Kitāb fī an-naḥw (“The Book on
Grammar”) or, more simply, al-Kitāb (“The Book”). The work
was frequently used by later scholars.
Italian poet and scholar Dante Alighieri is best known for his
masterpiece La Commedia (known in English as The Divine
Comedy), which is universally considered one of world
literature’s greatest poems.
Petrus Ramus is French philosopher, logician, and rhetorician.
He was a prolific writer; among his most celebrated works are
Dialecticae partitiones (1543), Aristotelicae animadversiones
(1543), Dialectique (1555), and Dialecticae libri duo (1556).
10. Johann Gottfried von Herderwas a German philosopher, poet, critic,
theologian. He is best known for his influence on authors such as
Goethe and the role he played in the development of the larger
cultural movement known as romanticism.
James Harris is an English philosopher, grammarian, and music
patron. Harris also wrote Hermes, or, A Philosophical Inquiry
Concerning Universal Grammar, a scientific theory of Greek, Latin,
and modern grammar.
James Burnett is a Scottish jurist and pioneer anthropologist who
explored the origins of language and society and anticipated
principles of Darwinian evolution.
Sir William Jones was British Orientalist and jurist who did much to
encourage interest in Oriental studies in the West. His Grammar of
the Persian Language was authoritative in the field for a long time.
11.
12.
13. They were the founders of scientific historical linguistics. He first
showed that, in their consonant sounds, words in the Germanic
languages vary with a certain regularity from their equivalents in the
other Indo-European languages.
Wilhelm von Humboldt was language scholar, philosopher,
diplomat, and educational reformer whose contribution to the
development of the scientific study of language became highly
valued in the 20th century.
Ferdinand de Saussure was Swiss linguist whose ideas on structure
in language laid the foundation for much of the approach to and
progress of the linguistic sciences in the 20th century.
14.
15. Edward Sapir is one of the foremost American linguists and
anthropologists of his time, most widely known for his contributions
to the study of North American Indian languages. A founder of
ethnolinguistics, which considers the relationship of culture to
language, he was also a principal developer of the American
(descriptive) school of structural linguistics.
Roman Jakobson led the way in the development of structural
linguistics in the twentieth century, a pioneer whose approach had a
lasting influence on other well-known linguists, anthropologists, and
literary critics. He was also one of the architects of phonology as it is
understood and practiced today. Roman Jakobson developed a
communication model, which became a hallmark of his approach.
16.
17. George Lakoff is a professor of cognitive science and linguistics.
During his time at MIT, Lakoff mainly helped develop Chomsky's
ideas on linguistics. In particular, Noam Chomsky's theory of
transformational grammar was a central focus of the early part of
Lakoff's career.
Franz Boas was one of the principal founders of modern American
Anthropology and Ethnology. He developed one of the foremost
departments of anthropology in the United States.
Leonard Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the
development of structural linguistics in the United States during the
1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language presented
a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics.
